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Rani Durgavati

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Rani Durgavati
Portrait of Rani Durgavati by a Mughal Artist
PredecessorDalpat Shah
SuccessorVir Narayan
Born5 October 1524 (1524-10-05)
Kalinjar Fort
Died24 June 1564(1564-06-24) (aged 39)
Narrai Nala, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh
SpouseDalpat Shah
IssueVir Narayan
FatherSalbaham
ReligionHinduism[1]

Rani Durgavati (5 October 1524 – 24 June 1564) was the queen regent of Gondwana in 1550–1564 AD. She married King Dalpat Shah, the son of King Sangram Shah of Gondwana. She served as regent of Gondwana during the minority of her son, Vir Narayan, from 1550 until 1564. She is chiefly remembered for defending Gondwana against the Mughal Empire.

Life

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Durgavati was born on 5 October 1524 at the fortress of Kalinjar. She was born in the family of the Chandela Rajput king Shalbaham, who ruled the Mahoba kingdom.[2]

In 1542, she wed Dalpat Shah, the eldest son of the king Sangram Shah of the Garha Kingdom.[3][2] The Chandelas of Mahoba and Rajgonds of Garha-Mandla dynasties became allies through this marriage.[4]

Queen regent

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King Dalpat Shah died in 1550 CE when his successor Crown Prince Vir Narayan was merely 5 years old. His wife, Queen Durgavati rose to take the reins of the Gondwana kingdom as regent during the new king's minority. Diwan Adhar Kayastha and Minister Man Thakur helped the Queen in looking after the administration successfully and effectively. Queen Durgavati promoted peace, trade, and good will throughout her realm.[5]

Rani Durgavati moved her capital from Singorgarh fort to Chauragarh fort. It was a fort of strategic importance situated on the Satpura hill range.[2]

After the death of Sher Shah Suri, Shuja Khan captured Malwa and was succeeded by his son Baz Bahadur in 1556.[6] After ascending to the throne, Baz invaded Rani Durgavati's Gondwana but the invasion was repulsed with heavy losses for the former earning the latter a lot of prestige.[7]

Mughal Invasion of Gondwana

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In 1562, Akbar vanquished the Malwa ruler Baz Bahadur and conquered Malwa, made it a Mughal dominion. Consequently, the state boundary of the Rani touched the Mughal Empire. Rani's contemporary was a Mughal General, Khwaja Abdul Majid Asaf Khan who defeated King Ramchandra Singh, the Monarch of Rewa. He desired the Queen Durgavati and the wealth of Gondwana. He led the Mughal invasion of the Rani's realm after gaining permission from Mughal emperor Akbar.[citation needed]

When the Rani heard about the invasions by Mughal General Asaf Khan she decided to defend her kingdom with all her might although her Diwan, Beohar Adhar Simha (Adhar Kayastha)[citation needed] warned about the strength of the invading Mughal forces. The Rani maintained that it was better to die respectfully than to live a disgraceful life.[citation needed]

To fight a defensive battle, she went to Narrai, situated between a hilly range on one side and two rivers Gaur and Narmada on the other side. It was an unequal battle with trained soldiers and modern weapons in multitude on the invading Mughal side and a few untrained soldiers with older weapons on the side of Rani Durgavati. Her Faujdar, Arjun Das was killed in the battle. The Rani then decided to lead the defense herself. As the enemy entered the valley, the soldiers of the Rani attacked them. Both sides lost some men but the Rani lost more.[8]

The Rani's domains were very federal, much more decentralised than an average non-tribal kingdom. There were fortress districts, which were administrative units and were controlled either directly by the monarch or through subordinate feudal lords (jagirdars) and junior rajas. Around half of the villages were in the hands of feudal lords. These local rajas recruited and contributed much of the soldiers, and also contributed arms to their sovereign during the times of war. The recruitment standards, training and equipment of these soldiers were not uniform, and were often substandard. Also, the feudal lords held much sway over sections of the army during a war. This decentralized structure created disadvantages during the war against the invading Mughals.[9]

At this stage, the Rani reviewed her strategy with her counselors. She wanted to continue with guerilla attacks on the invading Mughal forces in the night, but her chiefs discouraged her and insisted that she took on the invading forces in open combat in nightlight. But by the next morning, the Mughal general Asaf Khan summoned the big guns. The Rani rode on her elephant Sarman and came for the battle. Her son, the Crown Prince Vir Narayan also took part in this battle. He forced the invading Mughal army to move back three times but at last, he got wounded and had to retire to a safe place. In the course of the battle,the Rani also got injured badly near her ear with an arrow. Another arrow pierced her neck and she lost consciousness. On regaining consciousness she perceived that defeat was imminent. Her mahout advised her to leave the battlefield but she refused and took out her dagger and killed herself on 24 June 1564. Her martyrdom day (24 June 1564) is commemorated as "Balidan Diwas".[8]

Legacy

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ICGS Rani Durgavati
ICGS Rani Durgavati

The Madan Mahal Fort in Jabalpur is famous for its association with the Queen Durgavati and her son, the Crown Prince Vir Narayan.[citation needed]

In 1983, the government of Madhya Pradesh renamed the university of Jabalpur as Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya in her memory.[citation needed]

The Government of India issued a postal stamp commemorating her death, on 24 June 1988.[10]

The train between Jabalpur Junction and Jammutawi was named Durgavati Express (11449/11450) in her honor.[citation needed]

The Indian Coast Guard on 14 July 2018 commissioned ICGS Rani Durgavati, the third Inshore Patrol Vessel (IPV) of its kind.[11]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Chasteen, John Charles (14 November 2023). After Eden: A Short History of the World. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-324-03693-7.
  2. ^ a b c Beveridge, H. (1907). "Conquest of the country of Gadha Katanga by the sword of the genius of Khwaja Abdul Majid Asaf Khan". The Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl : Vol. II. pp. 323–333. Archived from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  3. ^ Dikshit, R. K. (1976). The Candellas of Jejākabhukti. Abhinav Publications. p. 8. ISBN 978-81-7017-046-4. According to Abu Fazl however, Durgavati husband, Dalpat Shah was the son of a Kachavaha Rajput, who had been adopted by the raja of Gadha Mandla
  4. ^ Archana Garodia Gupta (20 April 2019). The Women Who Ruled India- Leaders. Warriors. Icons (Ebook). Hachette India. ISBN 9789351951537.
  5. ^ Knight, Roderic (2000). "The "Bana", Epic Fiddle of Central India". Asian Music. 32 (1): 101–140. doi:10.2307/834332. JSTOR 834332.
  6. ^ Gupta, Parmeshwari Lal (1969). Coins. National Book Trust. p. 128. ISBN 9788123718873.
  7. ^ Abul Fazl, Henry Beveridge (1907). Akbarnama Volume-2. pp. 327–328.
  8. ^ a b Prem Chowdhry (2009). Gender Discrimination in Land Ownership. SAGE Publications India. p. 143. ISBN 9788132105367.
  9. ^ Sengupta, Nandini. "A new biography visits the life of Durgawati, warrior queen of the tribal kingdom of Garha Mandla". Scroll.in. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  10. ^ "Rani Durgavati Stamp, Government of India, 1988".
  11. ^ "Coast Guard commissions 3rd IPV 'Rani Durgavati' at Vizag". The Economic Times.
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