Pillage of Sigtuna
The Pillage of Sigtuna was the raid of the Swedish town of Sigtuna by pagans from the Eastern Baltic in 1187, leading to its destruction.[1] The pillage is most commonly attributed to Estonians, Curonians, Karelians, or Novgorodians.[2]
Pillage
[edit]According to chronicles, the town of Sigtuna was burned down on 12 August 1187, and Archbishop Johannes of Uppsala was killed at Almarestäket.[3] The killing of Jon Jarl in Asknäs has also been sometimes connected to the attack.[4] Researchers mostly agree that the raid took place, but question the extent of damage and the identity of the attackers.[5] Archeological records from Sigtuna provides no clear evidence of a major attack, no layer of burnt buildings or other evidence has been found.[6]
Identity of the raiders
[edit]
The oldest sources mentioning the raid are the Annals of Visby, which describe the attackers simply as heathens.[7]
The earliest source to identify the raiders is Erik's Chronicle from 1320s, which describes them as Karelians, but its reliability is not considered very high.[4] Erik's Chronicle was written at the period of Swedish conflict with Novgorod, which at the time included Karelia, so blaming the raid on them may have been a way to justify attacks in the 14th century.[8] Karelians were not normally described as pirates in written sources, and historian Hain Rebas has questioned whether the ships they commonly used on the Lake Ladoga were even suited for sailing to Sigtuna.[6] Additionally, there is no mention of the raid in Russian chronicles, which suggests that the identity of the attackers were not Karelians or Russians.[9] Russian chronicles also do not tell of spectacular naval expeditions conducted by the Novgorodians; instead, there are mentions of merchants and princes visiting countries overseas.[6]
In the 1540s, Olaus Petri wrote his Swedish Chronicle, making use of Erik's Chronicle and other sources which do not exist anymore, and he stated that Estonians burned down Sigtuna. Other 16th-century historians, including Laurentius Petri and Johannes Magnus, also attributed the attack to Estonians. Several researches regard this version more reliable, especially as Estonians definitely had ships and ability to sail to Sigtuna.[10] For example, Livonian Chronicle of Henry mentions Estonian raid to Sweden in 1203, and states that such attacks were a common occurrence.[11]
17th-century historian Johannes Messenius mentions the raid in his Scondia illustrata, blaming it in different parts of text once on Curonians and once on Estonians.[11] Some researchers consider Curonian participation possible, as they actively engaged in piracy, and were known to cooperate with Estonians.[7][12]
Erik's Chronicle
[edit]According to Erik's Chronicle:
Sweden then suffered serious harm from the Karelians, causing great alarm. They sailed into Lake Mälar from the sea whether calm or stormy it might be, secretly within the Svealand isles in stealthily advancing files. Once their minds to the idea did turn that they the town of Sigtuna should burn, and so thoroughly they put it to the flame that it since then has never been the same. There Archbishop Jon was killed, a deed that many a heathen thrilled.[13]
References
[edit]- ^ Line 2007, pp. 96, 184.
- ^ Shkvarov, Alexei (2012). Россия и Швеция. История военных конфликтов 1142-1809 [Russia and Sweden. The history of military conflicts 1142-1809] (in Russian). Saint-Petersburg: RME Group Oy:Алетейя. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-5-91419-754-1.
- ^ Tarvel 2007, p. 24.
- ^ a b Mägi 2018, p. 363.
- ^ Mägi 2018, p. 362, Researchers mostly agree that the event really happened, but the question is who caused it and how extensive was the damage.
- ^ a b c Mägi 2018, p. 364.
- ^ a b Mägi 2018, p. 362.
- ^ Mägi 2018, p. 363, The reliability of the Eric Chronicle is normally considered to be not very high. It reflected a period when Sweden was in conflict with Russia, and therefore also with Karelia, which formed part of Russia.
- ^ Mägi 2018, p. 363, The most convincing argument against accepting the version naming the Karelians and Russians as those attacking Sigtuna is that the event was not mentioned in Russian chronicles.
- ^ Mägi 2018, pp. 363–364.
- ^ a b Tarvel 2007, pp. 26–27.
- ^ Žulkus 2011, p. 62.
- ^ Carlquist, Hogg & Österberg 2011, p. 52.
Bibliography
[edit]- Line, Philip (2007). Kingship and State Formation in Sweden: 1130 - 1290. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-15578-7.
- Carlquist, Erik; Hogg, Peter C.; Österberg, Eva (2011). The Chronicle of Duke Erik: A Verse Epic from Medieval Sweden. Nordic Academic Press. ISBN 9789185509577.
- Mägi, Marika (2018). In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication across the Baltic Sea. BRILL. ISBN 9789004363816.
- Tarvel, Enn (2007). "Sigtuna hävitamine 1187. aastal" (PDF). Tuna (in Estonian) (2). ISSN 1406-4030. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
- Žulkus, Vladas (2011). "Settlements and piracy on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea: the Middle Ages to modern times" (PDF). Archaeologia Baltica. 16: 58–71. doi:10.15181/ab.v16i0.34. ISSN 1392-5520. Retrieved 19 July 2022.