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Paleobiota of the Green River Formation

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The Green River Formation is a geological formation located in the Intermountain West of the United States, in the states of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. It comprises sediments deposited during the Early Eocene in a series of large freshwater lakes: Lake Gosiute, Lake Uinta, and Fossil Lake (the last containing Fossil Butte National Monument). It preserves a high diversity of freshwater fish, birds, reptiles, and mammals, with some sections of the formation (including Fossil Lake and the Parachute Creek member of Lake Uinta) qualifying as Konservat-Lagerstätten due to their extremely well-preserved fossils.

Cartilaginous fish

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Asterotrygon A. maloneyi Fossil Lake A stingray of uncertain affinities.[1]
Heliobatis H. radians A stingray of uncertain affinities.

Bony fish

[edit]

Primarily based on Grande (2001), with changes where necessary:[2]

Acipenseriformes

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Crossopholis C. magnicaudatus Fossil Lake A paddlefish.

Lepisosteiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Atractosteus A. atrox Fossil Lake A gar related to the alligator gar. A. atrox is the largest of the Green River gar species.
A. simplex Fossil Lake, possibly Lake Gosiute
Cuneatus C. cuneatus Lake Gosiute, Lake Uinta, possibly Fossil Lake A gar.
C. wileyi Lake Uinta
Lepisosteus L. bemisi Fossil Lake A gar.[3]
Masillosteus M. janeae Fossil Lake A gar.

Amiiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Amia A. pattersoni Fossil Lake, Lake Gosiute An amiid related to modern bowfins.
Cyclurus C. gurleyi Fossil Lake Only 8 specimens known An amiid.

Hiodontiformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Eohiodon E. falcatus Fossil Lake A hiodontid.

Osteoglossiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Phareodus P. encaustus Fossil Lake, Lake Gosiute A bonytongue.
P. testis Fossil Lake

Ellimmichthyiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Diplomystus D. dentatus Fossil Lake, Lake Gosiute, & Lake Uinta An armigatid ellimmichthyiform.

Clupeiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Gosiutichthys G. parvus Lake Gosiute A clupeiform.
Knightia K. alta Fossil Lake, Lake Gosiute & Lake Uinta A clupeid.[4] The most commonly found articulated vertebrate fossil in the world.[5]
K. eocaena The most common fish of the formation.

Gonorynchiformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Notogoneus N. osculus Fossil Lake A beaked sandfish.

Cypriniformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Amyzon A. gosiutensis Lake Gosiute A sucker.
A. aggregatum, a related species

Siluriformes

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Astephus A. antiquus Lake Gosiute, Lake Uinta, Fossil Lake Only one specimen known from Fossil Lake. An ictalurid catfish.
Hypsidoris H. farsonensis Lake Gosiute A hypsidorid catfish.
H. oregonensis, a related species

Esociformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Esox E. kronneri Fossil Lake Only a single specimen known. A pickerel.

Percopsiformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Amphiplaga A. brachyptera Fossil Lake A relative of trout-perch.
Erismatopterus E. levatus Lake Gosiute, Lake Uinta A relative of trout-perch.

Perciformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Mioplosus M. labracoides Fossil Lake, Lake Uinta A relative of lates perches.[5]

Moroniformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Cockerellites C. liops Fossil Lake A temperate bass.[5]
Hypsiprisca H. hypsacantha Fossil Lake A temperate bass.[5]
H. sp.
Priscacara P. serrata Fossil Lake, Lake Uinta A temperate bass.[5]
P. sp. a Fossil Lake
P. sp. b.

Incertae sedis

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Asineops A. squamifrons Fossil Lake, Lake Gosiute, Lake Uinta An acanthomorph of uncertain affinities, possibly a percopsiform, polymixiiform, or perciform.[6]
A. sp. Fossil Lake

Amphibians

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Frogs

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Aerugoamnis A. paulus Fossil Lake Only two specimens known. A relative of parsley frogs.[7]

Salamanders

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Paleoamphiuma P. tetradactylum Fossil Lake A sirenid salamander.

Reptiles

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Squamates

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Afairiguana A. avius Fossil Lake A stem-anole.[8]
Bahndwivici B. ammoskius A relative of the Chinese crocodile lizard.
Boavus B. idelmani A boa.
Dunnophis D. sp. Possibly a dwarf boa.[9]
Saniwa S. ensidens A stem-monitor lizard.
Shinisauridae indet. Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) A relative of the Chinese crocodile lizard, unusually preserved with a mineralized body without a skeleton.[10]

Crocodilians

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Borealosuchus B. wilsoni Fossil Lake A eusuchian of uncertain affinities.
Tsoabichi T. greenriverensis A caiman.[11]

Turtles

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Axestemys A. sp. Fossil Lake A softshell turtle.
Baptemys B. wyomingensis A dermatemydid.
Chisternon C. undatum A baenid.
Echmatemys E. wyomingensis A geoemydid.[12]
Oliveremys O. uintaensis A softshell turtle.
Plastomenus P. thomasii A softshell turtle.

Birds

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Lithornithiformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Calciavis C. grandei Fossil Lake A lithornithid.[13]
Pseudocrypturus P. cercanaxius A lithornithid.

Anseriformes

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Paakniwatavis P. grandei Fossil Lake An anseriform of uncertain affinities.
Presbyornis P. pervetus A presbyornithid anseriform.

Galliformes

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Gallinuloides G. wyomingensis Fossil Lake A gallinuloid galliform.

Coliiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Anneavis A. annae Fossil Lake A sandcoleid mousebird.

Leptosomiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Plesiocathartes P. major Fossil Lake A stem-cuckoo roller.[14]
P. wyomingensis

Coraciiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Paracoracias P. occidentalis A coraciiform.[15]
Primobucco P. mcgrewi Fossil Lake A primobucconid coraciiform.

Piciformes

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Neanis N. schucherti Fossil Lake A possible piciform of uncertain affinities.
Pristineanis P. kistneri A possible piciform of uncertain affinities.[16]

Strisores

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Eocypselus E. rowei Fossil Lake A eocypselid apodiform.[17]
Fluvioviridavis F. platyrhamphus A basal strisore, possibly a stem-frogmouth.[18][19]
Prefica P. nivea A stem-oilbird.[20]

Musophagiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Foro F. panarium Fossil Lake A stem-turaco.[21]

Mirandornithes

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Juncitarsus J. merkeli Fossil Lake A mirandornithine, possibly an early phoenicopteriform.

Suliformes

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Limnofregata L. azygosternon Fossil Lake An early frigatebird.
L. hasegawai

Pelecaniformes

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Vadaravis V. brownae Fossil Lake Potentially a stem-ibis.[22]

Charadriiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
?Recurvirostridae indet. Lake Uinta A trackway of three footprints. A shorebird and potentially the earliest record of recurvirostrids, known from only three footprints.[23]

Gruiformes

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Messelornis M. nearctica Fossil Lake A messelornithid.
Specimen of a related species

Eufalconimorphae

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Avolatavis A. tenens Fossil Lake A quercypsittid.
Cyrilavis C. colburnorum A halcyornithid.
C. olsoni
Eofringillirostrum E. boudreauxi A psittacopedid.[24]
Eozygodactylus E. americanus A zygodactylid.[25]
Tynskya T. eocaena A messelasturid.
Zygodactylus Z. grandei A zygodactylid.[26]

Neoaves incertae sedis

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Nahmavis N. grandei Fossil Lake Either a stem-gruiform or a stem-charadriiform.[27]

Two other genera, Eoeurypyga (a stem-sunbittern) and Wyomingcypselus (an early apodiform) are mentioned only in a 2002 dissertation,[28] and are presently nomina nuda.

Mammals

[edit]

Partially based on Grande (1984). Aside from the few well-preserved mammals found in Fossil Lake, a majority of Green River mammals are based on isolated bones and teeth:[29]

Metatheria

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Herpetotherium H. innominatum Lake Gosiute & Lake Uinta An opossum-like basal metatherian. Originally placed in Peratherium.
H. huntii, a related species
H. knighti Lake Gosiute

Cimolesta

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Palaeosinopa P. didelphoides Fossil Lake A pantolestid.

Chiroptera

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Icaronycteris I. gunnelli Fossil Lake 2 skeletons.[30] An icaronycterid bat.
I. index
Onychonycteris O. finneyi An onychonycterid bat.

Eulipotyphla

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Nyctitherium N. nitidum Lake Gosiute A nyctitheriid. Originally identified as Talpavus nitidus.
N. sp. Lake Uinta

Pan-Carnivora

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
"Miacis" "M." gracilis Lake Uinta A carnivoraform of uncertain affinities.
Sinopa S. minor Lake Uinta A sinopid hyaenodont.
S. rapax, a related species
Viverravus V. minutus Lake Uinta A viverravid.
Vulpavus V. profectus Lake Gosiute A miacid.

Pan-Perissodactyla

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Hyopsodus H. minusculus Lake Gosiute & Lake Uinta A hyopsodontid.
H. paulus (=H. vicarius) Lake Uinta
H. wortmani Fossil Lake
Lambdotherium L. popoagicum Fossil Lake A small-sized basal brontothere.
Protorohippus P. venticolus 2 skeletons. An equid.
Tapiromorpha indet. 1 skeleton A juvenile tapiromorph, the largest mammal specimen known from the formation. Initially identified as a Heptodon calciculus.[31]

Apatotheria

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Apatemys A. chardini Fossil Lake 1 skeleton. An apatemyid.

Rodentia

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Paramys P. sp. Lake Uinta A ischyromyid rodent.
P. delicatus
Sciuravus S. eucristadens Lake Uinta A sciuravid rodent. Originally identified as Viverravus eucristadens.
S. sp.
Thisbemys T. sp. Lake Gosiute A ischyromyid rodent.
T. plicatus

Primatomorpha

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Microsyops M. elegans Lake Gosiute A microsyopid stem-primate.
M. cardiorestes, a related species
Notharctus N. sp. Lake Gosiute A notharctid adapiform.
N. tenebrosus
Omomys O. carteri (=O. pucillus)[32] Lake Uinta An omomyid primate.
Smilodectes S. gracilis Lake Uinta A notharctid adapiform. Formerly placed in Notharctus matthewi.
Tetonius T. sp. Lake Uinta An omomyid primate.
T. homunculus
Uintasorex U. parvulus Lake Gosiute A microsyopid stem-primate.
Washakius W. insignis Lake Gosiute An omomyid primate.

Arthropoda

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Crustacea

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Bechleja B. rostrata Fossil Lake A palaemonid shrimp.[33]
Cyclestherioides C. wyomingensis Lake Gosiute (Laney) A clam shrimp.[34]
Procambarus P. primaevus Fossil Lake A cambarid crayfish.
Prolynceus P. laneyensis Lake Gosiute (Laney) A clam shrimp.[34]

Insecta

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Odonata

[edit]

Primarily based on Bechly et al (2020):[35]

Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Carlea C. eocenica Fossil Lake A carleid damselfly.
Cordulibellula C. inopinata Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) A cordulibellulid dragonfly, the last member of an ancient lineage.[36]
Dysagrion D. fredericii Lake Gosiute (Laney) A dysagrionid damselfly.
D. integrum Fossil Lake
D. lakesii
Eocalopteryx E. atavina A calopterygid damsefly.
Eodysphaea E. magnifica Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) A euphaeid damselfly.
Eolestes E. syntheticus An eolestid damselfly.
Eopodagrion E. scudderi A damselfly of uncertain affinities.
Epallagites E. avus A euphaeid damselfly.
Kohlslibellula K. lini Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) A urolibellulid dragonfly
Labandeiraia L. americaborealis Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) A euphaeid damselfly.
L. riveri Fossil Lake
Litheuphaea L. coloradensis Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) A euphaeid damselfly.
Oreodysagrion O. tenebris Fossil Lake A thaumatoneurid damselfly.
Petrolestes P. hendersoni Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) A dysagrionid damselfly.
Protamphipteryx P. basalis Fossil Lake An amphipterygid damselfly.
Tenebragrion T. shermani Fossil Lake A dysagrionid damselfly.
Tynskysagrion T. brookeae Fossil Lake A thaumatoneurid damselfly.
Urolibellula U. eocaenica Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) A urolibellulid dragonfly
Viridiflumineagrion V. aasei Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) A "megapodagrionid" damselfly.[37]
Zacallites Z. balli A zacallitid damselfly.
Z. cockerelli Fossil Lake

Orthoptera

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Arethaea A. solterae Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) 1 specimen A roundhead katydid.[38]

Arachnida

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Hersiliola H. sp. Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) A tree trunk spider.[39]
Miagrammopes M. sp. A uloborid spider.[39]
Selenopidae indet. A selenopid spider.[39]
Thomisidae indet. A crab spider.[39]
Uintascorpio U. halandrasi 1 specimen A buthid scorpion.[40]
Uloboridae indet. A uloborid spider.[39]

Mollusks

[edit]

Based on Grande (1984):[29][41]

Bivalvia

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Plesielliptio P. priscus Lake Gosiute A unionid river mussel.
P. sp. "A"
Sphaerium S. sp. A fingernail clam.
S. rhomboideum, a modern species

Gastropoda

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Biomphalaria B. aequalis Lake Gosiute A ramshorn snail.
B. storchi
B. pseudoammonius
?Drepanotrema ?D. sp. A ramshorn snail.
Elimia E. tenera A pleurocerid, the most common fossil snail of the formation and the source of the famous "Turritella agate".
Gastrocopta G. sp. A gastrocoptid land snail.[41]
Gyraulus G. militaris A ramshorn snail.
Holospira H. sp. A urocoptid land snail.[41]
Hydrobia H. aff. utaensis A mud snail.
H. sp. "A."
Lymnaea L. similis A pond snail.
L. sp. "B."
Omalodiscus O. cirrus A ramshorn snail.
Oreoconus O. sp. "A." A bulimulid land snail.
Physa P. bridgerensis A bladder snail.
P. longiuscula
P. pleromatis
P. sp. "A."
Pleurolimnaea P. tenuicosta A pond snail.
Valvata V. subumbilicata A valve snail.
V. cf. filosa
Viviparus V. paludinaeformis A river snail.
V. trochiformis

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ Grande, Lance (2001), Gunnell, Gregg F. (ed.), "An Updated Review of the Fish Faunas From the Green River Formation, the World's Most Productive Freshwater Lagerstätten", Eocene Biodiversity: Unusual Occurrences and Rarely Sampled Habitats, Topics in Geobiology, vol. 18, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1–38, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1271-4_1, ISBN 978-1-4615-1271-4, retrieved 2024-08-17
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