List of paintings by Caravaggio
Caravaggio, born Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (also Michele Angelo Merigi or Amerighi da Caravaggio; /ˌkærəˈvædʒioʊ/, US: /-ˈvɑːdʒ(i)oʊ/; Italian: [mikeˈlandʒelo meˈriːzi da (k)karaˈvaddʒo]; 29 September 1571[1] – 18 July 1610), was an Italian painter active in Rome for most of his artistic life. His paintings have been characterized by art critics as combining a realistic observation of the human state, both physical and emotional, with a dramatic use of lighting, which had a formative influence on Baroque painting.[2][3][4]
Caravaggio employed close physical observation with a dramatic use of chiaroscuro that came to be known as tenebrism. He made the technique a dominant stylistic element, transfixing subjects in bright shafts of light and darkening shadows. Caravaggio vividly expressed crucial moments and scenes, often featuring violent struggles, torture, and death. He worked rapidly with live models, preferring to forgo drawings and work directly onto the canvas. His inspiring effect on the new Baroque style that emerged from Mannerism was profound. His influence can be seen directly or indirectly in the work of Peter Paul Rubens, Jusepe de Ribera, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, and Rembrandt. Artists heavily under his influence were called the "Caravaggisti" (or "Caravagesques"), as well as tenebrists or tenebrosi ("shadowists").
Caravaggio's innovations inspired Baroque painting, but the latter incorporated the drama of his chiaroscuro without the psychological realism.[dubious – discuss] The style evolved and fashions changed, and Caravaggio fell out of favour. In the 20th century, interest in his work revived, and his importance to the development of Western art was reevaluated. The 20th-century art historian André Berne-Joffroy stated: "What begins in the work of Caravaggio is, quite simply, modern painting."[5]
There is disagreement as to the size of Caravaggio's oeuvre, with counts as low as 40 and as high as 80. In his monograph of 1983, the Caravaggio scholar Alfred Moir wrote, "The forty-eight color plates in this book include almost all of the surviving works accepted by every Caravaggio expert as autograph, and even the least demanding would add fewer than a dozen more",[6] but there have been some generally accepted additions since then. One, The Calling of Saints Peter and Andrew, was in 2006 authenticated and restored; it had been in storage in Hampton Court, mislabeled as a copy. Richard Francis Burton writes of a "picture of St. Rosario (in the museum of the Grand Duke of Tuscany), showing a circle of thirty men turpiter ligati" ("lewdly banded"), which is not known to have survived. The rejected version of Saint Matthew and the Angel, intended for the Contarelli Chapel in San Luigi dei Francesi in Rome, was destroyed during the bombing of Dresden, though black and white photographs of the work exist. In June 2011 it was announced that a previously unknown Caravaggio painting of Saint Augustine dating to about 1600 had been discovered in a private collection in Britain. Called a "significant discovery", the painting had never been published and is thought to have been commissioned by Vincenzo Giustiniani, a patron of the painter in Rome.[7]
List of paintings
[edit]Main source: Spike, John T. Caravaggio. New York : Abbeville Press, 2001: p. 253–54.
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Footnotes
[edit]- ^ "Caravaggio - The Complete Works - caravaggio-foundation.org". www.caravaggio-foundation.org.
- ^ Vincenzio Fanti (1767). Descrizzione Completa di Tutto Ciò che Ritrovasi nella Galleria di Sua Altezza Giuseppe Wenceslao del S.R.I. Principe Regnante della Casa di Lichtenstein (in Italian). Trattner. p. 21.
- ^ "Italian Painter Michelangelo Amerighi da Caravaggio". Gettyimages.it. 24 October 2003. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
- ^ "Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi da (Italian painter, 1571–1610)". Getty.edu. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
- ^ Quoted in Gilles Lambert, "Caravaggio", p.8.
- ^ Alfred Moir, "Caravaggio", p.9
- ^ Alberge, Dalya (19 June 2011). "Unknown Caravaggio painting unearthed in Britain". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
- ^ Hibbard, Howard (1983). Caravaggio. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp. 15–17. ISBN 978-0-06-430128-2.
- ^ a b "Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (Milan 1571-Port' Ercole 1610) - Boy Peeling Fruit". www.rct.uk.
- ^ Brown, Beverley Louise, ed. (2001). The Genius of Rome, 1592–1623. London: Royal Academy of Arts.
- ^ "Caravaggio".
- ^ "Caravaggio tra originali e copie". news-art.it.
- ^ Spike, John T. (2010). Caravaggio, 2nd revised edition. London: Abbeville Press.
- ^ a b Pilo, Giuseppe Maria (2017). Arte | Documento n. 33, Arte a Venezia, Arte a Europa (in Italian). Giuseppe Maria Pilo, Centro per lo Studio e la Tutela dei Beni Culturali Venice. Venezia. pp. 156–161. ISBN 978-88-6512-576-2. OCLC 1010736069.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d Robb, Peter (1998). M: The Man who Became Caravaggio. New York City: Picador. p. 501. ISBN 0-312-27474-2.
- ^ "Madonna of the Palafrenieri". Borghese Gallery. Archived from the original on 2005-10-25.
- ^ McGivern, Hannah. "'Caravaggio' found in French attic unveiled in Milan". Art Newspaper. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
- ^ Gignoux, Sabine. "New leads in the Toulouse Caravaggio enigma". La Croix International. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
- ^ Christiansen, Keith. "Study day at Brera". Retrieved 23 April 2018.
- ^ Heritage Malta (2022). "A painting historically attributed to Caravaggio displayed at MUŻA".
- ^ "David with the Head of Goliath". Borghese Gallery. Archived from the original on 2005-11-24.
Further reading
[edit]- Gash, John (2003). Caravaggio. University of California. ISBN 978-1-904449-22-5.
- Gilbert, Creighton E. (1995). Caravaggio and His Two Cardinals. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-01312-1.
- Hibbard, Howard (1985). Caravaggio. Westview Press. ISBN 0-06-433322-1.
- Longhi, Roberto (1968). Caravaggio. translated by Karen Craig. Giunti. ISBN 88-09-21445-5.
- Moir, Alfred (1989). Caravaggio. Harry N Abrams. ISBN 978-0-8109-3150-3.
- Puglisi, Catherine (1998). Caravaggio. Phaidon. ISBN 9780714839660.
- Robb, Peter (2000). M : The Man Who Became Caravaggio. Henry Holt & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-312-27474-2.
- Schütze, Sebastian (2017). Caravaggio: The Complete Works. Taschen. ISBN 9783836562867.
- Spike, John T (2010). Caravaggio. Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-0-7892-1059-3.
- Vodret, Rossella (2010). Caravaggio: The Complete Works. Silvana Editoriale. ISBN 9788836616626.
- Zuffi, Stefano (2001). Caravaggio : Quadrifolio. Rizzoli (Rizzoli Quadrifolio).