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Oral repositories are people that have been trusted with mentally recording information constituting oral tradition within a society, serving a crucial role in oral cultures and illiterate societies as repositories of knowledge, values, and morals.[1][2][3][4] They have been termed "walking libraries", leading to the saying "whenever an old man dies, it is as though a library were burning down".[5][6][7] Roles vary, and can be titular, formal or informal, some professional specialists such as the Caucasian ashik, or more commonly amateurs and knowledgeable generalists such as the Kuba bulaam.[8]: 36–39  Types of information could be genealogies, law, religious lore, literature and poetry (of which history is often entwined), songs and music, and knowledge. In many indigenous societies, such as Native American and San, these roles are fulfilled in a general sense by elders.[9][10] In some societies anyone could become a generalist or traditionalist regardless of their social class, and acquisition depended solely on individual aptitude, while in others the roles were hereditary and dependent on class or caste.[11]: 192–193 

They are sometimes religious figures, and can play important roles in rituals and ceremonies.[12] With regard to narrative traditions, they usually perform from their repertoire and apply their own distinct style while innovating on a well-known tale or work, seeking to create an experience by leading, involving, and responding to the audience.[8]: 34  In some cases with regard to poetry they engage in improvised competitions, like the Central Asian aytysh, the Kabyle imusnawen, the Spanish repentismo [es], or the Ewe halo.[13][14] In many parts of the world they continue to serve as custodians of culture despite growing literacy rates.

Africa

[edit]
Term Type/s of information Society/ies Period
Abacurabwenge[15][16] Genealogy Rwandan
Abasizi[15][16] Poetry/panegyrics Rwandan
Abateekerezi[15][16] Royal memoirs Rwandan
Abiru[15][16] Code of kingship Rwandan
Akewi[17] Poetry,[18] eg. oríkì Yoruba To present
Akomfo[19][20] Religious lore Akan To present
Arókin[21] (griot) General Yoruba To present
Amdyaz[22][23] Poetry Berber To present
Amusnaw General, eg. asefru Kabyle[24]
Anechchad[25] Songs Berber To present
Azmari Poetry and songs Amharic[26]
Babalawo Religious lore Yoruba To present
Bambudye/Mbudye General Luba To present
Bulaam[27]: 17  History, literature, and poetry Kuba To present
Debtera Religious lore Ethiopian and Eritrean[28][29]
Gawlo[30] (griot) General Fula and Toucouleur To present
Gesere/Jaare[31][32] (griot) General Soninke To present
Géwël[33] (griot) General Wolof and Serer To present
Halaiqui[34][35] Literature Moroccan To present
Iggiw/Ighyuwn/Iggawen (griot) General Hassaniya To present
Imbongi Poetry Southern African, eg. Xhosa and Zulu To present
Jèli/Jali General Mandinka, Dyula, Mossi, and Bambara To present
Mahosi [ve][36] General Venda To present
Maroka[37] (griot) General Hausa To present
Mbomo mvet[38][39] Songs and literature Fang To present
Mganga[40] Religious lore Swahili
Mmoki[41] Poetry Tswana To present
Moreti[42] Poetry Bapedi To present
Mpikabary[43] Public speaking Merina To present
Mukhodi[44] Poetry Venda To present
Muphati[45] Poetry Tsonga To present
N'anga[46] Religious lore Shona To present
Nganga Religious lore Kongo To present
Ogbu Avu[47][48] General Igbo To present
Okyeame General Akan
Omwevugi[49] General, eg poetry Banyankore and Bahima To present
Sangoma Religious lore, general Nguni, Sotho, and Tsonga To present
Sarungano[50] Literature Shona To present
Seroki[51] Poetry, genealogies Sotho To present
Ughoro[52] General Edo
Ugogo[53] Literature (ntsomi or izinganekwane [zu]) Xhosa and Zulu To present

Asia

[edit]
Term Type/s of information Society/ies Period
Aqyn Poetry and songs Kazakh and Kyrgyz
Ashik/Ashugh Poetry and songs Azerbaijani,[54]: 225  Georgian, and Armenian[55][56]: 47 
Babaylan Religious lore Filipino Until 20th century
Bagshy Literature Turkmen To present
Baxshi [uz] Poetry Uzbek To present
Bhanaka Religious texts Asian (Buddhist) Until 1st century BCE[57]
Bhāts Genealogy, sometimes poetry and storytelling Indian[58]
Bobohizan Religious knowledge Kadazan-Dusun (Malay) To present
Bomoh Religious knowledge Malay and Sumatran To present
Charan General, eg. Rajasthani and Gujarati literature Rajasthani, Gujurati, Baloch, and Sindhi[59][60]
Dalang Literature Indonesian To present
Dastango[61] Literature Pakistani Until 20th century (revived)
Dengbêj Literature and songs Kurdish
Dukun Religious knowledge Malay and Indonesian To present
Gusans Poetry Armenian
Hakawati[62] Literature Arab To present
Kamishibaiya[63] Literature Japanese To present
Kathakar[64] Literature Indian To present
Maggid Religious lore, literature Jewish
Manaschi[65] Literature Kyrgyz To present
Meddah Literature Turkish[66] Until 20th century
Mo phi[67] Religious knowledge Thai
Naqqal[68] Literature Iranian To present
Ozan (singer) [ru] General Turkish
Pawang Religious knowledge Malay and Indonesian To present
Qawwāl[69] Religious songs Asian (Sufi) To present
Rāwī Poetry, literature, and religious texts Arabic Until 8th century CE
Sėsėn Literature Bashkir[70] To present
Setsuwa (term for the genre, not performer) Literature Japanese Until 14th century
Sorikkun[71] Pansori Korean
Tuulchi[72] Literature Mongolian To present
Wu Religious lore Chinese Until ?
Zajjalin[73] Poetry Andalusian, Lebanese, Palestinian, Syrian,
Jordanian, Moroccan, and Algerian		 To present
Zhyrau[74][75] Poetry, eg. Kazakh literature Turkic, eg. Kazakh To present


Europe

[edit]
Term Type/s of information Society/ies Period
Aoidos Poetry and songs Ancient Greek Until ?
Aois-dàna Genealogy Scottish Highlander Until 17th century
Bard General Scottish, Irish, and Welsh Until ?
Bertsolaris[76] Poetry Basque To present
Cuntisti[77][78] Literature Sicilian (Italian)
Druid Religious lore Celtic Until ?
Drut'syla[79] Literature Jewish To present
Dziady Songs Slavic[80] eg. Polish
Filí Poetry Irish and Scottish Until 15th century[81]
Fulesta [it] Literature Romagnol (Italian) To present?
Kobzar Songs Ukrainian Until 20th century (revived)
Lahutar[82] Poetry Albanian
Lăutari Songs Romanian and Romani To present
Lirnyk Literature and songs Ukrainian Until 20th century
Klezmer Songs Jewish
Makar General Scottish
Minstrel Songs European Until 19th century
Ollam General Irish Until ?
Piitárides[83] Songs Cypriot
Rhapsode Poetry Ancient Greek Until ?
Rimadóri[83] Songs Cretan (Greek)
Seanchai Literature and history Irish, Manx, and Scottish Highlander[84] To present
Scop Poetry English Until ?
Skald Poetry Scandinavian Until 16th century
Skomorokh Songs Russian Until 18th century
Spelman Songs Swedish
Spielmann Songs German
Thyle General Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon Until 7th century
Tietäjä General, Poetry Finnish Until 20th century

North America

[edit]
Term Type/s of information Society/ies Period
Calypsonian Songs Trinidadian
Iyalawo Religious knowledge Afro-Cuban To present
Medicine man Religious knowledge Native American To present
North American Indigenous elder General North American Indigenous To present
Paleros Religious lore Afro-Cuban

South America

[edit]
Term Type/s of information Society/ies Period
Amauta General Incan Until ?
Yatiri Religious knowledge Aymara To present

Oceania

[edit]
Term Type/s of information Society/ies Period
Australian Aboriginal elder General Australian Aboriginal To present
Fagogo Literature Samoan To present
Ha'atufunga[85][86] Royal rituals Tongan To present
Haku mo'olelo[87] Moʻolelo Hawaiian
Kahuna Religious lore Polynesian, eg. Hawaiian
Mea hula Literature Hawaiian To present
Tulafale[88] General Samoan To present
Wānanga General Māori To present

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Ikuenobe, Polycarp (2018). "Oral Tradition, Epistemic Dependence, and Knowledge in African Cultures" (PDF). Synthesis Philisophica. 33 (1): 23–40. doi:10.21464/SP33102. S2CID 195540414.
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