List of Dutch (in)formateurs and scouts
![](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tjeenk_Willink_ontvangt_opdracht_van_Bergkamp.jpg/220px-Tjeenk_Willink_ontvangt_opdracht_van_Bergkamp.jpg)
Informateurs, formateurs and scouts have served in a Dutch cabinet formation since 1848. The roles are often filled by members of the largest party.[2][3]
The role of formateur has existed since the first cabinet formation in 1848.[4] In general, formateurs are instructed to form a cabinet. The (final) formateur is often the intended prime minister.[a] However, some formateurs were instructed to do preliminary work.[b][4] Before 2017,[5] it was customary for a formateur not to accept the assignment immediately, but to consider it until the formateur believes there is certainty that the cabinet can be formed.[4]
In 1951, a separate role was created for the preliminary work; the informateur. Since that year, there has not been a formation without an informateur, although this has been attempted five times. Since 1989, the initial informateur is tasked with quickly exploring cabinet possibilities.[6] This was turned into a separate role in 2012, the scout, because since that year the monarch no longer has a role in the formation and thus no longer does the consultations after the elections. The (in)formateurs and scouts have since then been appointed by the House of Representatives. With the introduction of the scout and the informateur, the formateur has since 1982 mainly been concerned with finding the personnel of the cabinet.[7]
List
[edit]Name | Starting date | Days | Role | Political affiliation | Formation | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Richard van Zwol |
22 May 2024 | 41 | Formateur | CDA | 2023–2024 | [8] |
20 March 2024 | 58 | Informateur | ||||
Elbert Dijkgraaf | SGP | |||||
Kim Putters | 14 February 2024 | 30 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Ronald Plasterk | 13 December 2023 | 62 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
28 November 2023 | 14 | Scout | ||||
Gom van Strien | 24 November 2023 | 4 | Scout | PVV | ||
Mark Rutte | 16 December 2021 | 25 | Formateur | VVD | 2021–2022 | [9][10] |
Wouter Koolmees | 5 October 2021 | 71 | Informateur | D66 | ||
Johan Remkes |
VVD | |||||
7 September 2021 | 23 | Informateur | ||||
Mariëtte Hamer | 12 May 2021 | 113 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Herman Tjeenk Willink | 6 April 2021 | 24 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Tamara van Ark | 25 March 2021 | 8 | Scout | VVD | ||
Wouter Koolmees | D66 | |||||
Annemarie Jorritsma | 18 March 2021 | 8 | Scout | VVD | ||
Kajsa Ollongren | D66 | |||||
Mark Rutte | 12 October 2017 | 14 | Formateur | VVD | 2017 | [11][12] |
Gerrit Zalm | 28 June 2017 | 105 | Informateur | VVD | ||
Herman Tjeenk Willink | 30 May 2017 | 29 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Edith Schippers | 28 March 2017 | 63 | Informateur | VVD | ||
16 March 2017 | 11 | Scout | ||||
Mark Rutte | 31 October 2012 | 5 | Formateur | VVD | 2012 | [13][14] |
Wouter Bos | 20 September 2012 | 42 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Henk Kamp |
VVD | |||||
13 September 2012 | 6 | Scout | ||||
Mark Rutte | 7 October 2010 | 8 | Formateur | VVD | 2010 | [15][16] |
Ivo Opstelten | 13 September 2010 | 25 | Informateur | VVD | ||
Herman Tjeenk Willink | 7 September 2010 | 7 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Ivo Opstelten | 4 August 2010 | 32 | Informateur | VVD | ||
Ruud Lubbers | 21 July 2010 | 14 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Uri Rosenthal | 5 July 2010 | 16 | Informateur | VVD | ||
Jacques Wallage | PvdA | |||||
Herman Tjeenk Willink | 26 June 2010 | 10 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Uri Rosenthal | 12 June 2010 | 14 | Informateur | VVD | ||
Jan Peter Balkenende | 9 February 2007 | 13 | Formateur | CDA | 2006–2007 | [17][14] |
Herman Wijffels | 20 December 2006 | 51 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Rein Jan Hoekstra | 25 November 2006 | 25 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Jan Peter Balkenende | 5 July 2006 | 3 | Formateur | CDA | 2006 | [18][19] |
Ruud Lubbers | 1 July 2006 | 4 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Jan Peter Balkenende | 20 May 2003 | 7 | Formateur | CDA | 2003 | [20][21] |
Rein Jan Hoekstra | 15 April 2003 | 35 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Frits Korthals Altes | VVD | |||||
Frans Leijnse | 5 February 2003 | 66 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Piet Hein Donner | CDA | |||||
24 January 2003 | 11 | Informateur | ||||
Jan Peter Balkenende | 4 July 2002 | 18 | Formateur | CDA | 2002 | [22][23] |
Piet Hein Donner | 17 May 2002 | 48 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Herman Tjeenk Willink | 22 May 1999 | 18 | Formateur | PvdA | 1999 | [24][25] |
Wim Kok |
20 July 1998 | 14 | Formateur | PvdA | 1998 | [26][27] |
14 May 1998 | 67 | Informateur | ||||
Gerrit Zalm | VVD | |||||
Els Borst | D66 | |||||
Klaas de Vries | 8 May 1998 | 6 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Wim Kok | 29 July 1994 | 22 | Formateur | PvdA | 1994 | [28][29] |
6 July 1994 | 23 | Informateur | ||||
Herman Tjeenk Willink | 27 June 1994 | 9 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Jan Vis | 14 May 1994 | 44 | Informateur | D66 | ||
Gijs van Aardenne | VVD | |||||
Klaas de Vries | PvdA | |||||
Herman Tjeenk Willink | 6 May 1994 | 8 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Ruud Lubbers | 27 October 1989 | 9 | Formateur | CDA | 1989 | [30][31] |
13 September 1989 | 45 | Informateur | ||||
Jan de Koning | 8 September 1989 | 5 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Ruud Lubbers | 11 July 1986 | 3 | Formateur | CDA | 1986 | [32][33] |
Jan de Koning | 23 May 1986 | 50 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Ruud Lubbers | 30 October 1982 | 5 | Formateur | CDA | Sep–Nov 1982 | [34][35] |
Willem Scholten | 1 October 1982 | 29 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Jos van Kemenade | 10 September 1982 | 21 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Dries van Agt | 25 May 1982 | 4 | Formateur | CDA | May–Jun 1982 | [36][37] |
Piet Steenkamp | 14 May 1982 | 12 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Cees de Galan | 16 October 1981 | 19 | Informateur | PvdA | 1981 | [38][39] |
Victor Halberstadt | PvdA | |||||
Dries van Agt | 2 September 1981 | 9 | Formateur | CDA | ||
Wilhelm Friedrich de Gaay Fortman | 20 August 1981 | 13 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Sjeng Kremers | 4 August 1981 | 16 | Formateur | CDA | ||
Ed van Thijn | PvdA | |||||
10 July 1981 | 25 | Informateur | ||||
Ruud Lubbers | 30 May 1981 | 66 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Jan de Koning | CDA | |||||
Dries van Agt | 8 December 1977 | 11 | Formateur | CDA | 1977 | [40][41] |
Wim van der Grinten | 8 November 1977 | 29 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Joop den Uyl | 26 October 1977 | 10 | Formateur | PvdA | ||
Maarten Vrolijk | 11 October 1977 | 15 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Koos Verdam | CDA | |||||
Joop den Uyl | 2 September 1977 | 35 | Formateur | PvdA | ||
Gerard Veringa | CDA | |||||
26 August 1977 | 7 | Informateur | ||||
Joop den Uyl | 27 July 1977 | 30 | Formateur | PvdA | ||
Wil Albeda | 20 July 1977 | 7 | Informateur | CDA | ||
Joop den Uyl | 1 June 1977 | 45 | Formateur | PvdA | ||
Jaap Burger | 23 April 1973 | 18 | Formateur | PvdA | 1972–1973 | [42][43] |
Marinus Ruppert | ARP | |||||
Dries van Agt | 10 April 1973 | 13 | Informateur | KVP | ||
Wil Albeda | ARP | |||||
Jaap Burger | 1 February 1973 | 62 | Formateur | PvdA | ||
Marinus Ruppert | 4 December 1972 | 58 | Informateur | ARP | ||
Barend Biesheuvel | 22 July 1972 | 18 | Formateur | ARP | 1972 | [44][45] |
Barend Biesheuvel | 21 June 1971 | 15 | Formateur | ARP | 1971 | [46][47] |
Piet Steenkamp | 15 May 1971 | 37 | Informateur | KVP | ||
Piet de Jong | 21 March 1967 | 14 | Formateur | KVP | 1967 | [48][49] |
Barend Biesheuvel | 9 March 1967 | 12 | Formateur | ARP | ||
Louis Beel | 6 March 1967 | 3 | Informateur[c] | KVP | ||
Jelle Zijlstra | 18 February 1967 | 15 | Informateur | ARP | ||
Jelle Zijlstra | 16 November 1966 | 6 | Formateur | ARP | 1966 | [51][52] |
Louis Beel | 4 November 1966 | 12 | Informateur | KVP | ||
Norbert Schmelzer | 18 October 1966 | 17 | Informateur | KVP | ||
Jo Cals | 15 March 1965 | 29 | Formateur | KVP | 1965 | [53][54] |
Norbert Schmelzer | 2 March 1965 | 11 | Informateur | KVP | ||
Victor Marijnen | 16 July 1963 | 8 | Formateur | KVP | 1963 | [55][56] |
Jan de Quay | 5 July 1963 | 11 | Formateur | KVP | ||
Louis Beel | 28 June 1963 | 7 | Informateur | KVP | ||
Wim de Kort | 6 June 1963 | 21 | Formateur | KVP | ||
Carl Romme | 20 May 1963 | 16 | Informateur | KVP | ||
Wilhelm Friedrich de Gaay Fortman | 27 December 1960 | 6 | Informateur | ARP | 1960–1961 | [57][58] |
Jan de Quay | 14 May 1959 | 5 | Formateur | KVP | 1959 | [59][60] |
Louis Beel | 1 May 1959 | 13 | Informateur | KVP | ||
Jan de Quay | 28 March 1959 | 30 | Formateur | KVP | ||
Louis Beel | 14 March 1959 | 13 | Informateur | KVP | ||
Louis Beel | 19 December 1958 | 3 | Formateur | KVP | 1958 | [61][62] |
12 December 1958 | 7 | Informateur | ||||
Willem Drees | 9 October 1956 | 3 | Formateur | PvdA | 1956 | [63][64] |
Jaap Burger | 20 September 1956 | 19 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
Wilhelm Friedrich de Gaay Fortman | 22 August 1956 | 25 | Informateur | ARP | ||
Piet Lieftinck | 16 August 1956 | 5 | Informateur | PvdA | ||
7 August 1956 | 9 | Informateur | PvdA | |||
Carl Romme | 24 June 1956 | 9 | Formateur | KVP | ||
Willem Drees | 16 June 1956 | 38 | Formateur | PvdA | ||
Jaap Burger | 25 May 1955 | 9 | Formateur | PvdA | 1955 | [65][66] |
Willem Drees | 29 August 1952 | 4 | Formateur | PvdA | 1952 | [67][68] |
Cornelis Staf | 22 August 1952 | 5 | Formateur | CHU | ||
Leendert Antonie Donker | 5 August 1952 | 17 | Formateur | PvdA | ||
Louis Beel | 23 July 1952 | 13 | Informateur | KVP | ||
Willem Drees | 27 June 1952 | 26 | Formateur | PvdA | ||
Carl Romme | 13 March 1951 | 2 | Formateur | KVP | 1951 | [69][70] |
27 February 1951 | 15 | Informateur | ||||
Max Steenberghe | 18 February 1951 | 7 | Formateur | KVP | ||
Willem Drees | 1 February 1951 | 16 | Formateur | PvdA | ||
Josef van Schaik | KVP | |||||
Dirk Stikker | 28 January 1951 | 5 | Informateur | VVD | ||
Josef van Schaik | 30 July 1948 | 8 | Formateur | KVP | 1948 | [71][72] |
Louis Beel | 22 July 1948 | 8 | Formateur | KVP | ||
13 July 1948 | 10 | Formateur[d] | ||||
Louis Beel | 27 May 1946 | 36 | Formateur | KVP | 1946 | [73][74] |
Willem Drees | 28 May 1945 | 27 | Formateur | SDAP | May–Jun 1945 | [75][76] |
Willem Schermerhorn | VDB | |||||
Pieter Gerbrandy | 8 February 1945 | 15 | Formateur | ARP | Feb 1945 | [77] |
Pieter Gerbrandy | 1 July 1941 | 26 | Formateur | ARP | 1941 | [78] |
Pieter Gerbrandy | 28 August 1940 | 3 | Formateur | ARP | 1940 | [78] |
Dirk Jan de Geer | 4 August 1939 | 6 | Formateur | CHU | Aug 1939 | [79] |
Hendrik Colijn | 14 July 1939 | 12 | Formateur | ARP | Jun–Jul 1939 | [80][81] |
Dionysius Koolen | 9 July 1939 | 6 | Formateur | RKSP | ||
Hendrik Colijn | 30 June 1939 | 10 | Formateur | ARP | ||
Hendrik Colijn | 30 May 1937 | 25 | Formateur | ARP | 1937 | [82][83] |
Hendrik Colijn | 29 July 1935 | 2 | Formateur | ARP | 1935 | [84][85] |
Piet Aalberse | 26 July 1935 | 2 | Formateur | RKSP | ||
Hendrik Colijn | 16 May 1933 | 11 | Formateur | ARP | 1933 | [86][87] |
2 May 1933 | 15 | Formateur | ||||
Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck | 3 August 1929 | 7 | Formateur | RKSP | 1929 | [88][89] |
12 July 1929 | 18 | Formateur | ||||
Dirk Jan de Geer | 1 March 1926 | 4 | Formateur | CHU | 1925-1926 | [90][91] |
Joseph Limburg | 23 January 1926 | 35 | Formateur | VDB[e] | ||
Johannes Theodoor de Visser | 12 December 1925 | 42 | Formateur | CHU | ||
Johannes Theodoor de Visser | 8 December 1925 | 4 | Formateur | CHU | ||
Henri Marchant | 24 November 1925 | 8 | Formateur | VDB | ||
Hendrik Colijn | 15 July 1925 | 18 | Formateur | ARP | 1925 | [93][94] |
Herman Adriaan van Karnebeek | 4 January 1924 | 3 | Formateur | liberal | 1923-1924 | [95][96] |
Frans Beelaerts van Blokland | 24 November 1923 | 12 | Formateur | CHU | ||
Dionysius Koolen | 15 November 1923 | 10 | Formateur | RKSP | ||
Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck | 22 July 1922 | 49 | Formateur | RKSP | 1922 | [95][97] |
Dirk Jan de Geer | 19 July 1922 | 4 | Formateur | CHU | ||
Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck | 22 June 1921 | 35 | Formateur | RKSP | 1921 | [98][99] |
Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck | 29 August 1918 | 9 | Formateur | RKSP | 1918 | [98][100] |
Willem Hubert Nolens | 13 July 1918 | 38 | Formateur | RKSP | ||
Pieter Cort van der Linden | 2 August 1913 | 27 | Formateur | liberal | 1913 | [101] |
Dirk Bos | 11 July 1913 | 15 | Formateur | VDB | ||
Theo Heemskerk | 16 January 1908 | 27 | Formateur | ARP | 1907–1908 | [102][103] |
Pieter Cort van der Linden | 17 March 1907 | 5 | Formateur | liberal | 1907 | [104] |
Jan Elias Nicolaas Schimmelpenninck van der Oye | 27 February 1907 | 3 | Formateur | CHU | ||
Hendrik Goeman Borgesius | 14 July 1905 | 34 | Formateur | LU | 1905 | [104] |
Abraham Kuyper | 11 July 1901 | 15 | Formateur | ARP | 1901 | [105][106] |
Nicolaas Pierson | 13 July 1897 | 10 | Formateur | LU | 1897 | [107] |
Joan Röell | 4 May 1894 | 4 | Formateur | liberal | 1894 | [108] |
Gijsbert van Tienhoven | 26 July 1891 | 22 | Formateur | liberal | 1891 | [109] |
Æneas Mackay Jr. | 30 March 1888 | 20 | Formateur | ARP | 1888 | [110][111] |
Jan Heemskerk | 29 March 1883 | 23 | Formateur | liberal | 1883 | [112] |
Johan George Gleichman | 19 March 1883 | 5 | Formateur | liberal | ||
Otto van Rees | 12 March 1883 | 7 | Formateur | liberal | ||
Jan Heemskerk | 4 March 1883 | 9 | Formateur | liberal | ||
Theo van Lynden van Sandenburg | 8 August 1882 | 5 | Formateur | conservative | 1882 | [113] |
Johannes Tak van Poortvliet | 31 July 1882 | 9 | Formateur | liberal | ||
Theo van Lynden van Sandenburg | 3 July 1882 | 5 | Formateur | conservative | ||
Eppo Cremers | 12 July 1879 | 11 | Formateur | conservative | 1879 | [113] |
Isaäc Dignus Fransen van de Putte | liberal | |||||
Gerrit de Vries | liberal | |||||
Theo van Lynden van Sandenburg | 24 July 1879 | 9 | Formateur | conservative | ||
Jan Kappeyne van de Coppello | 16 October 1877 | 17 | Formateur | liberal | 1877 | [114] |
Jan Heemskerk | 14 July 1874 | 43 | Formateur | liberal | 1874 | [115] |
Gerrit de Vries | 25 June 1872 | 10 | Formateur | liberal | 1872 | [116] |
Johan Rudolph Thorbecke | 1 December 1870 | 33 | Formateur | liberal | 1870–1871 | [117] |
Cornelis Fock | 24 November 1870 | 5 | Formateur | liberal | ||
Lodewijk Gerard Brocx | liberal | |||||
Johan Rudolph Thorbecke | 23 May 1868 | 11 | Formateur | liberal | 1868 | [118] |
Æneas Mackay Sr. | 17 May 1868 | 5 | Formateur | anti-revolutionary | ||
Gerlach Cornelis Joannes van Reenen | 4 May 1868 | 5 | Formateur | conservative | ||
Theo van Lynden van Sandenburg | 29 April 1868 | 4 | Formateur | conservative | ||
Æneas Mackay Sr. | 17 April 1868 | 2 | Formateur | anti-revolutionary | ||
Jules van Zuylen van Nijevelt | 24 May 1866 | 7 | Formateur | anti-revolutionary | May–Jun 1866 | [119] |
Isaäc Dignus Fransen van de Putte | 29 January 1866 | 7 | Formateur | liberal | Jan–Feb 1866 | [120] |
Johan Rudolph Thorbecke | 18 January 1862 | 13 | Formateur | liberal | 1861–1862 | [121] |
Jules van Zuylen van Nijevelt | 12 March 1861 | 3 | Formateur | anti-revolutionary | 1861 | [122] |
Jan Jacob Rochussen | 16 February 1861 | 24 | Formateur | conservative | ||
Schelto van Heemstra | conservative | |||||
Schelto van Heemstra | 21 February 1860 | 3 | Formateur | conservative | 1860 | [123] |
Floris Adriaan van Hall | 17 February 1860 | 4 | Formateur | liberal | ||
Jan Jacob Rochussen | 3 March 1858 | 16 | Formateur | conservative | 1858 | [124] |
Justinus van der Brugghen | 1 June 1856 | 30 | Formateur | anti-revolutionary | 1856 | [125] |
Floris Adriaan van Hall | 16 April 1853 | 3 | Formateur | liberal | 1853 | [126] |
Johan Rudolph Thorbecke | 27 October 1849 | 3 | Formateur | liberal | 1849 | [127] |
Jan Nedermeijer van Rosenthal | liberal | |||||
Leonardus Antonius Lightenvelt | 20 September 1849 | 37 | Formateur | conservative | ||
Dirk Donker Curtius | liberal | |||||
Gerrit Schimmelpenninck | 23 March 1848 | 1 | Formateur | liberal | 1848 | [128] |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Exceptions include 1905, 1951 and 2023-2024.
- ^ Such as Gijsbert van Tienhoven in 1891, Jan Elias Nicolaas Schimmelpenninck van der Oye in 1907, Willem Hubert Nolens in 1918 and Dionysius Koolen in June–July 1939.
- ^ Formally as advisor to the queen.[50]
- ^ Sources from that time refer to him as formateur. However, Parlement.com describes him as informateur.
- ^ His party did not participate in the negotiations. Some in his party criticised his appointment, which led hem to leave the part.[92]
Citations
[edit]- ^ "Herman Tjeenk Willink, voorstander van een akkoord op hoofdlijnen" [Herman Tjeenk Willink, in favor of an agreement in outline]. Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (in Dutch). 30 May 2020. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012, p. 84.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012, pp. 191–192.
- ^ a b c Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012, pp. 188–189.
- ^ Bovend'Eert, Paul; Bootsma, Peter; Van Kessel, Alexander (6 December 2018). Evaluatie Kabinetsformatie 2017 [Evaluation Cabinet formation 2017] (PDF) (in Dutch). The Hague. pp. 6–32.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012, pp. 68–71.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2012, pp. 204–205.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 2023-2024". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 2021". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen, Carla; Van Kessel, Alexander; Bovend'Eert, Paul; Van Twist, Mark (21 February 2023). Evaluatie kabinetsformatie 2021/22 (pdf) (in Dutch). Centrum voor Parlementaire Geschiedenis. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2023.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 2017". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Bovend'Eert, Paul; Bootsma, Peter; Van Kessel, Alexander (6 December 2018). Evaluatie Kabinetsformatie 2017 (PDF) (in Dutch). The Hague.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Kabinetsformatie 2012". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ a b Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 403–446.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 2010". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 447–510.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 2006-2007". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie July 2006". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 389–402.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 2003". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 349–388.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 2002". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 319–348.
- ^ "Kabinetscrisis 1999: de Nacht van Wiegel". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 303–318.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1998". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 267–302.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1994". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 221–266.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1989". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 191–220.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1986". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 161–190.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1982". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 129–160.
- ^ "Kabinet-Van Agt III (1982)". Parlement.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 115–128.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1981". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 81–114.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1977". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Van Baalen & Van Kessel 2016, pp. 11–80.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1972-1973". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Maas 1982, pp. 319–368.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1972". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ Maas 1982, pp. 299–318.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1971". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Maas 1982, pp. 256–281.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1967". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Maas 1982, pp. 207–250.
- ^ "Dr. L.J.M. (Louis) Beel" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 20 December 2022.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1966". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Maas 1982, pp. 184–206.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1965". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Duynstee 1966, pp. 360–432.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1963". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Duynstee 1966, pp. 276–329.
- ^ "Mr. W.F. de Gaay Fortman". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 December 2023.
- ^ Duynstee 1966, pp. 246–254.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1959". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Duynstee 1966, pp. 209–234.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1958". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Duynstee 1966, pp. 199–208.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1956". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Duynstee 1966, pp. 86–159.
- ^ "Mr. J.A.W. (Jaap) Burger". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 25 December 2023.
- ^ Duynstee 1966, pp. 75–84.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1952". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Duynstee 1966, pp. 54–72.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1951". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Duynstee 1966, pp. 36–52.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1948". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
- ^ Duynstee 1966, pp. 16–23.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1946" [Cabinet formation 1946]. Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 28 December 2023.
- ^ Duynstee 1966, pp. 1–4.
- ^ "Kabinetsformatie 1945". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 23 May 2024.
- ^ Duynstee, F.J.F.M.; Bosmans, J. Het Kabinet Schermerhorn-Drees (PDF) (in Dutch). Assen/Amsterdam: Van Gorcum. ISBN 9789023214120.
- ^ "Mr. P.S. (Pieter) Gerbrandy". Parlement.com (in Dutch). Retrieved 16 June 2024.
- ^ a b "Kabinet-Gerbrandy I en II (1940-1945)". Parlement.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ "Kabinet-De Geer II (1939-1940)". Parlement.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ "Kabinet-Colijn V (1939)". Parlement.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Puchinger 1993, pp. 567–1096.
- ^ "Kabinet-Colijn IV (1937-1939)". Parlement.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
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References
[edit]- Van Baalen, Carla; Van Kessel, Alexander (2012). De kabinetsformatie in vijftig stappen [The cabinet formation in fifty steps] (in Dutch). Boom. ISBN 9789461055729.
- ————————; ——————————, eds. (2016). Kabinetsformaties 1977-2012 [Cabinet formations 1977-2012] (in Dutch). Boom. ISBN 9789461054661.
- Duynstee, Frans (1966). De kabinetsformaties 1946-1965 [The cabinet formations 1946-1965] (pdf) (in Dutch). Deventer: Æ. E. Kluwer. OCLC 220593429.
- Maas, Petrus Franciscus (1982). Kabinetsformaties 1959-1973 [Cabinet formations 1959-1973] (PDF) (in Dutch). Staatsuitgeverij. ISBN 9789012039987.
- Puchinger, G. (1970). Colijn en het einde van de coalitie I. De geschiedenis van de kabinetsformaties 1918-1924 [Colijn and the end of the coalition I. The history of cabinet formations 1918-1924] (in Dutch). Kampen: J.H. Kok. ISBN 9789024215386.
- —————— (1980). Colijn en het einde van de coalitie II. De geschiedenis van de kabinetsformaties 1925-1929 [Colijn and the end of the coalition II. The history of cabinet formations 1925-1929] (in Dutch). Kampen: J.H. Kok. ISBN 9024203112.
- —————— (1993). Colijn en het einde van de coalitie III. De geschiedenis van de kabinetsformaties 1933-1939 [Colijn and the end of the coalition III. The history of cabinet formations 1933-1939] (in Dutch). Leiden: J.J. Groen en zoon. ISBN 9050303560.