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Lime (fruit)

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For other uses, see Lime.
The fruit and flower of a Persian lime (Citrus × latifolia)
Makrut lime fruit

A lime is a citrus fruit, which is typically round, green in color, 3–6 centimetres (1.2–2.4 in) in diameter, and contains acidic juice vesicles.[1]

There are several species of citrus trees whose fruits are called limes, including the Key lime (Citrus aurantiifolia), Persian lime, Makrut lime (kaffir lime), finger limes, blood limes, and desert lime. Limes are a rich source of vitamin C, are sour, and are often used to accent the flavours of foods and beverages. They are grown year-round.[2] Plants with fruit called "limes" have diverse genetic origins; limes do not form a monophyletic group. The term lime originated in other languages (from French lime, from Arabic līma, from Persian līmū, 'lemon').[3]

Plants known as "lime"

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The difficulty in identifying exactly which species of fruit are called lime in different parts of the English-speaking world (The same problem applies to synonyms in other European languages) is increased by the botanical complexity of the Citrus genus itself, to which the majority of limes belong. Species of this genus hybridise readily; only recently have genetic studies started to shed light on the structure of the genus. The majority of cultivated species are in reality hybrids, produced from the Citron (Citrus medica), the Mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata), the Pomelo (Citrus maxima) and in particular with many lime varieties, the Micrantha (Citrus hystrix var. micrantha).

Note that the tree species known in Britain as lime trees (Tilia sp.), called linden or basswood in other dialects of English, are broadleaf temperate plants unrelated to the citrus fruits.

History

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Main article: Citrus § History
Lime (and lemon) production, 2022
Country millions of tonnes
 India 3.8
 Mexico 3.1
 China 2.6
 Argentina 1.8
 Brazil 1.6
 Turkey 1.3
World 21.5
* includes limes and lemons reported to FAOSTAT
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[7]
Limes, raw
Limes, whole and in cross section
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy126 kJ (30 kcal)
10.5 g
Sugars1.7 g
Dietary fiber2.8 g
0.2 g
0.7 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
3%
0.03 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
2%
0.02 mg
Niacin (B3)
1%
0.2 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
4%
0.217 mg
Vitamin B6
3%
0.046 mg
Folate (B9)
2%
8 μg
Vitamin C
32%
29.1 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
3%
33 mg
Iron
3%
0.6 mg
Magnesium
1%
6 mg
Phosphorus
1%
18 mg
Potassium
3%
102 mg
Sodium
0%
2 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water88.3 g
Full Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[8] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[9]

Most species and hybrids of citrus plants called "limes" have varying origins within tropical Southeast Asia and South Asia. They were spread throughout the world via migration and trade. The makrut lime, in particular, was one of the earliest citrus fruits introduced to other parts of the world by humans. They were spread into Micronesia and Polynesia via the Austronesian expansion (c. 3000–1500 BCE).[10] They were also later spread into Middle East, and the Mediterranean region via the spice trade and the incense trade routes from as early as ~1200 BCE.[11][1]

To prevent scurvy during the 19th century, British sailors were issued a daily allowance of citrus, such as lemon, and later switched to lime.[12] The use of citrus was initially a closely guarded military secret, as scurvy was a common scourge of various national navies, and the ability to remain at sea for lengthy periods without contracting the disorder was a huge benefit for the military. British sailors thus acquired the nickname "Limey" because of their use of limes.[13]

Production

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In 2022, world production of limes (combined with lemons for reporting) was 21.5 million tonnes, led by India, Mexico, and China as the major producers (table).

Uses

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Culinary

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Zesting a lime

Limes have higher contents of sugars and acids than lemons do.[1] Lime juice may be squeezed from fresh limes, or purchased in bottles in both unsweetened and sweetened varieties. Lime juice is used to make limeade, and as an ingredient (typically as sour mix) in many cocktails.

Lime pickles are an integral part of Indian cuisine, especially in South India. In Kerala, the Onam Sadhya usually includes either lemon pickle or lime pickle. Other Indian preparations of limes include sweetened lime pickle, salted pickle, and lime chutney.

In cooking, lime is valued both for the acidity of its juice and the floral aroma of its zest. It is a common ingredient in authentic Mexican, Vietnamese and Thai dishes. Lime soup is a traditional dish from the Mexican state of Yucatan. It is also used for its pickling properties in ceviche. Some guacamole recipes call for lime juice.

The use of dried limes (called black lime or limoo) as a flavouring is typical of Persian cuisine, Iraqi cuisine, as well as in Eastern Arabian cuisine baharat (a spice mixture that is also called kabsa or kebsa).

Key lime gives the character flavoring to the American dessert known as Key lime pie. In Australia, desert lime is used for making marmalade.

Lime is an ingredient in several highball cocktails, often based on gin, such as gin and tonic, the gimlet and the Rickey. Freshly squeezed lime juice is also considered a key ingredient in margaritas, although sometimes lemon juice is substituted. It is also found in many rum cocktails such as the daiquiri, and other tropical drinks.

Lime extracts and lime essential oils are frequently used in perfumes, cleaning products, and aromatherapy.

Lime essential oil

Nutrition and phytochemicals

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Raw limes are 88% water, 10% carbohydrates and less than 1% each of fat and protein (table). Only vitamin C content at 35% of the Daily Value (DV) per 100 g serving is significant for nutrition, with other nutrients present in low DV amounts (table). Lime juice contains slightly less citric acid than lemon juice (about 47 g/L), nearly twice the citric acid of grapefruit juice, and about five times the amount of citric acid found in orange juice.[14]

Lime pulp and peel contain diverse phytochemicals, including polyphenols and terpenes.[15]

Toxicity

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Contact with lime peel or lime juice followed by exposure to ultraviolet light may lead to phytophotodermatitis,[16][17][18] which is sometimes called margarita photodermatitis[19][20] or lime disease[21] (not to be confused with Lyme disease). Bartenders handling limes and other citrus fruits while preparing cocktails may develop phytophotodermatitis.[22]

A class of organic chemical compounds called furanocoumarins are reported to cause phytophotodermatitis in humans.[23] Limes contain numerous furanocoumarin compounds, including limettin (also called citropten), bergapten, isopimpinellin, xanthotoxin (also called methoxsalen), and psoralen.[24][25] Bergapten appears to be the primary furanocoumarin compound responsible for lime-induced phytophotodermatitis.[24][25]

Lime peel contains higher concentrations of furanocoumarins than lime pulp (by one or two orders of magnitude).[24][25] Thus lime peels are considerably more phototoxic than lime pulp.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Lime". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2016. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  2. ^ Rotter, Ben. "Fruit Data: Yield, Sugar, Acidity, Tannin". Improved Winemaking. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
  3. ^ "lime". The American Heritage Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016.
  4. ^ a b c Plattner, Kristy (26 September 2014). "Fresh-Market Limes" (PDF). USDA Economic Research Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2015.
  5. ^ Curk, Franck; Ancillo, Gema; Garcia-Lor, Andres; Luro, François; Perrier, Xavier; Jacquemoud-Collet, Jean-Pierre; Navarro, Luis; Ollitrault, Patrick (2014). "Next generation haplotyping to decipher nuclear genomic interspecific admixture in Citrus species: analysis of chromosome 2". BMC Genetics. 15: 152. doi:10.1186/s12863-014-0152-1. PMC 4302129. PMID 25544367.
  6. ^ "Australian Blood Lime". homecitrusgrowers.co.uk. Archived from the original on 31 August 2012.
  7. ^ "Production of limes and lemons in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)". UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  8. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  9. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). "Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 120–121. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  10. ^ Blench, R.M. (2005). "Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo Pacific region". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 24: 31–50.
  11. ^ Wu GA, Terol J, Ibanez V, López-García A, Pérez-Román E, Borredá C, Domingo C, Tadeo FR, Carbonell-Caballero J, Alonso R, Curk F, Du D, Ollitrault P, Roose ML, Dopazo J, Gmitter FG, Rokhsar DS, Talon M (February 2018). "Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus". Nature. 554 (7692): 311–316. Bibcode:2018Natur.554..311W. doi:10.1038/nature25447. hdl:20.500.11939/5741. PMID 29414943.
  12. ^ Lewis, HE (3 February 1971). "State of knowledge about scurvy". Proc. R. Soc. Med. 65 (1): 39–42. PMC 1644345. PMID 4552518.
  13. ^ "Limey". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  14. ^ Penniston KL, Nakada SY, Holmes RP, Assimos DG (2008). "Quantitative Assessment of Citric Acid in Lemon Juice, Lime Juice, and Commercially-Available Fruit Juice Products". Journal of Endourology. 22 (3): 567–70. doi:10.1089/end.2007.0304. PMC 2637791. PMID 18290732.
  15. ^ Loizzo MR, Tundis R, Bonesi M, Menichini F, De Luca D, Colica C, Menichini F (2012). "Evaluation of Citrus aurantifolia peel and leaves extracts for their chemical composition, antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activities". J Sci Food Agric. 92 (15): 2960–67. doi:10.1002/jsfa.5708. PMID 22589172.
  16. ^ Gross, T. P.; Ratner, L.; de Rodriguez, O.; Farrel, K. P.; Israel, E. (1987). "An outbreak of phototoxic dermatitis due to limes". Am J Epidemiol. 125 (3): 509–514. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114557. PMID 3812457.
  17. ^ Kung, A. C.; Stephens, M. B.; Darling, T (2009). "Phytophotodermatitis: Bulla formation and hyperpigmentation during spring break" (PDF). Mil. Med. 174 (6): 657–661. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-01-7208. PMID 19585784.
  18. ^ Hankinson, Andrew; Lloyd, Benjamin; Alweis, Richard (2014). "Lime-induced phytophotodermatitis". J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 4 (4): 25090. doi:10.3402/jchimp.v4.25090. PMC 4185147. PMID 25317269.
  19. ^ Riahi, Ryan R.; Cohen, Philip R.; Robinson, Floyd W.; Gray, James M. (June 2009). "What Caused The Rash On This Man's Wrist And Hand?". The Dermatologist. 11 (6).
  20. ^ Abramowitz, Alan I.; Resnik, Kenneth S.; Cohen, Kenneth R. (1993). "Margarita Photodermatitis". New England Journal of Medicine. 328 (12): 891. doi:10.1056/NEJM199303253281220. PMID 8441448.
  21. ^ Weber, Ian C; Davis, Charles P; Greeson, David M (1999). "Phytophotodermatitis: The other 'lime' disease". The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 17 (2): 235–237. doi:10.1016/s0736-4679(98)00159-0. ISSN 0736-4679. PMID 10195477.
  22. ^ L. Kanerva (2000). Handbook of Occupational Dermatology. Springer. p. 318. ISBN 978-3-540-64046-2. Archived from the original on 21 May 2016.
  23. ^ McGovern, Thomas W.; Barkley, Theodore M. (2000). "Botanical Dermatology". The Electronic Textbook of Dermatology. 37 (5). Internet Dermatology Society. Section Phytophotodermatitis. doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.1998.00385.x. PMID 9620476. S2CID 221810453. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  24. ^ a b c Nigg, H. N.; Nordby, H. E.; Beier, R. C.; Dillman, A.; Macias, C.; Hansen, R. C. (1993). "Phototoxic coumarins in limes" (PDF). Food Chem Toxicol. 31 (5): 331–35. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(93)90187-4. PMID 8505017.
  25. ^ a b c Wagner, A. M.; Wu, J. J.; Hansen, R. C.; Nigg, H. N.; Beiere, R. C. (2002). "Bullous phytophotodermatitis associated with high natural concentrations of furanocoumarins in limes". Am J Contact Dermat. 13 (1): 10–14. doi:10.1053/ajcd.2002.29948. ISSN 0891-5849. PMID 11887098.
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