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Kurt Ubben

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Kurt Ubben
Kurt Ubben
Nickname(s)"Kuddel"
Born(1911-11-18)18 November 1911
Dorstadt, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire
Died27 April 1944(1944-04-27) (aged 32)
near Fère-en-Tardenois, German-occupied France
Cause of deathKilled in action
Buried
Saint-Désir-de-Lisieux German war cemetery, Normandy
Allegiance Weimar Republic
 Nazi Germany
Service / branch
Years of service1931–1944
RankMajor (major)
UnitSSS Gorch Fock
JGr 186, JG 77, JG 53, JG 2
Commands8./JG 77, III./JG 77, JG 53, JG 2
Battles / wars
See battles
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

Kurt "Kuddel" Ubben (18 November 1911 – 27 April 1944) was a German Luftwaffe wing commander and military aviator during World War II, a fighter ace listed with 110 aerial victories—that is, 111 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft—claimed in approximately 500 combat missions.

Born in Dorstadt, Ubben volunteered for military service with the Reichsmarine in 1931. He transferred to the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany in 1935. Following flight training, he was posted to Jagdgruppe 186 (JG 186—186 Fighter Group) and later to Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing). He claimed his first aerial victory during the Battle of France on 10 May 1940. In July 1940, he was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 8. Staffel (8th squadron) of JG 77. With this unit, Ubben then fought in the Battle of Greece and Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 4 September 1941 and was given command of III. Gruppe (3rd group) of JG 77 two days later. His unit transferred to the North African Theatre of operations, taking part in the retreat from Tunisia to Sicily and Italy. He received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 23 July 1942 and claimed his 101st aerial victory in January 1943.

In March 1944, Ubben was appointed Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) of Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen" (JG 2—2nd Fighter Wing), tasked with defense of the Reich missions. He was killed in action in aerial combat with United States Army Air Forces 356th Fighter Group near Fère-en-Tardenois, France on 27 April 1944.

Early life and career

[edit]

Ubben, the son of an officer in the Imperial German Navy, was born on 18 November 1911 in Dorstadt, at the time in the Province of Hanover of the Kingdom of Prussia, of the German Empire. On 1 October 1931, he joined the military service with the Reichsmarine, the German Navy during the Weimar Republic. During his service with the Reichsmarine, he went on a cruise on board the school ship Gorch Fock. On 1 April 1935, Ubben transferred to the newly emerging Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany and was trained as a naval aviator in 1935/36.[1][Note 1]

On 1 September 1936, Ubben was transferred to 1. Staffel (1st squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 136 (JG 136—136th Fighter Wing), and in November was posted to the newly created I. Gruppe (1st group) of Jagdggruppe 186 (II./186—186th Fighter Group).[Note 2] This group, also known as the Trägerjagdgruppe (Carrier Fighter Group), was destined to be stationed on the aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin which was never completed.[1] II./186 (T) initially consisted of two squadrons, 4./186 (T) equipped with the Junkers Ju 87 dive bomber,[Note 3] and 6./186 (T), a fighter squadron to which Ubben was assigned.[3] At the time, 6./186 (T) was equipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 109B, the carrier variant Bf 109 T-1 was not available, and trained at Travemünde on a mockup carrier landing deck. On 15 July 1939, II./186 (T) was augmented by a third squadron, designated 5./186 (T) to which Ubben was transferred.[4]

World War II

[edit]

World War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. In preparation, 5./186 (T) had been moved to Brüsterort, near Königsberg on 22 August.[5] In the early morning hours of 1 September, 5./186 (T) flew its first combat missions, providing fighter protection for 4./186 (T) attacking the naval base of the Polish Navy at Hel and for the old German battleship Schleswig-Holstein bombarding the Polish military transit depot at Westerplatte in the Free City of Danzig on the Baltic Sea.[6] The next, II./186 (T) flew further bomber escort missions and was withdrawn from this theater on 6 September, relocating to Hage, East Frisia.[7]

red heart in black square
JG 77 insignia

On 1 May 1940, Ubben was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) with a rank age dated back to 1 October 1936, and at the same time received the rank of Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) of the reserves with a rank age dated back to 1 June 1939.[1] His first aerial victory was over a Dutch Fokker D.XXI fighter claimed over the Netherlands on 10 May 1940, the opening day of the Battle of France.[8] This earned him the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz zweiter Klasse) that day.[9] In support of Operation Weserübung, the Germany assault on Denmark and Norway, II./186 (T) was ordered to relocate to Norway on 2 June. There it augmented II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) and was based at Trondheim.[10]

Following the decision by Adolf Hitler to halt work on the aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin,[11] II./186 (T) was redesignated and became the III. Gruppe of JG 77.[12] In consequence, Ubben's Staffel 5./186 (T) became the 8. Staffel of JG 77 which was headed by Oberleutnant Lorenz Weber.[13] On 22 July 1940, Ubben was made Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 8. Staffel of JG 77 after his predecessor Weber was killed in action the day before.[14] A week later, III. Gruppe was withdrawn from this theater of operations and relocated to Döberitz where it was tasked with fighter protection of Berlin.[15] In November, JG 77 was ordered to the English Channel to continue fighting the Royal Air Force (RAF) in the aftermath of the Battle of Britain.[16] 8. Staffel moved to an airfield at Cherbourg-en-Cotentin on 30 November.[17]

Balkan and Battle of Crete

[edit]

In preparation for Operation Marita, the German invasion of Greece, III. Gruppe of JG 77 was moved to Deta in western Romania on 4 April 1941.[18] Ubben claimed a No. 33 Squadron Hawker Hurricane fighter near Larissa on 19 April, although his Bf 109 E-7 (Werknummer 5198—factory number) was badly damaged in the engagement and Ubben forced-landed behind Allied lines near Doblatan.[19] He was rescued by a Fieseler Fi 156 Storch and flown back to his unit. No. 33 Squadron claimed four Bf 109s during the battle, though only three were brought down. Among the claimants was RAF ace Marmaduke Pattle, who claimed two Bf 109s shot down. Ubben may have been one of his victims.[20] III. Gruppe followed the German advance and relocated to Almyros on 22 April and to Tanagra on 27 April.[21] The conquest of Greece was completed on 30 April and JG 77, starting a brief period of rest and maintenance for JG 77.[22]

In support of Operation Merkur, the German invasion of Crete, III. Gruppe was moved to an airfield at Molaoi on 11 May.[23] During the battle, Ubben also carried out many ground-attack and fighter-bomber operations against Allied naval forces during mid-1941. On 22 May, Ubben and Oberleutnant Wolf-Dietrich Huy claimed hits on the Royal Navy battleship HMS Warspite.[24][25] A bomb damaged her starboard 4-inch and 6-inch batteries,[26] ripped open the ship's side and killed 38 men.[27] The following day, JG 77 sank five Royal Navy motor torpedo boats (MTB).[28] MTB 67, MTB 213, MTB 214, MTB 216, and MTB 217 were sunk in the Souda Bay, including one by Ubben.[29]

Eastern Front

[edit]

In preparation for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, III. Gruppe was moved to Bucharest and was located in the sector of Heeresgruppe Süd (Army Group South). III. Gruppe arrived in Bucharest on 16 June.[30] Four days later, III. Gruppe moved to Roman.[31] That evening, the pilots and ground crews were briefed of the upcoming invasion of the Soviet Union, which opened the Eastern Front.[32] On 22 June, the first day of the invasion, Ubben claimed a Polikarpov I-16 fighter destroyed on a fighter escort mission for Heinkel He 111 bombers from III. Gruppe of Kampfgeschwader 27 (KG 27—27th Bomber Wing) attacking a Soviet airfield at Bălți.[33] On 26 June, he claimed four Soviet bombers shot down.[34]

Ubben claimed his 21st aerial victory on 25 July. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) in September for 32 aerial victories, 26 aircraft destroyed on the ground and some 15 armoured vehicles claimed destroyed. In September 1941, Ubben was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of III. Gruppe of JG 77. He replaced Oberleutnant Huy who had temporarily led the Gruppe after its former commander, Major Akexander von Winterfeld, had been transferred on 2 August.[35][36] Ubben was credited with his 50th aerial victory on 19 October 1941 over a Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighter.[37] On 9 December, he claimed four aerial victories over the Mius-Front.[38]

On 1 February 1942, Ubben was promoted to Hauptmann (captain) and became an active officer.[9] He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) on 12 March 1942 for 69 victories.[39] He was the 80th member of the German armed forces to be so honored.[9] The presentation was made on 5 April 1942 by Hitler at the Führer Headquarter Wolfsschanze in Rastenburg (now Kętrzyn in Poland). Also present at the award ceremony were the fighter pilots Hauptmann Hans Philipp who received the Swords and Oberleutnant Max-Hellmuth Ostermann who also received the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross.[40]

Mediterranean Theater and Romania

[edit]

On 23 October 1942, the British Eighth Army launched the Second Battle of El Alamein. Preceding this attack, the Luftwaffe had already planned to replace Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing), which had been fighting in North African theater, with JG 77.[41] In preparation for this rotation, III. Gruppe of JG 77 was moved to Munich on 19 October where it was equipped with the Bf 109 G-2/trop. On 23 and 24 October, the Gruppe moved to Bari in southern Italy.[42] The Gruppe then relocated to Tobruk Airfield on 26 October.[43] The following day, the Gruppe moved to an airfield at Tanyet-Harun.[44] Ubben claimed his first aerial victory in this theater of operation on 3 November. According to Prien in 1994, Ubben claimed his 93rd aerial victory over a Hurricane fighter shot down on a fighter escort mission for Ju 87 dive bombers to El Alamein between 06:50 and 07:40.[45] A newer source written by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock in 2004 lists Ubben with a claim over a Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighter shot down at 14:10 southwest of El Daba.[46]

Ubben claimed his 100th victory on 14 January 1943.[47] He was the 33rd Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[48] In June, III. Gruppe moved to Chilivani on Sardinia.[49] On 1 October, Ubben claimed a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress shot down in the vicinity of Livorno, Italy. According to Graham, the B-17 was an aircraft from the 301st Bombardment Group, 352d Bombardment Squadron, lost in the vicinity of Lucca.[50] That day, he was promoted to Major (major).[9] When the Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) of JG 77, Oberstleutnant Johannes Steinhoff, went on vacation on 3 October, Ubben temporarily was put in command of JG 77, leading the Geschwader from the command post in Albano.[51]

In October and November, in addition to his obligations as Gruppenkommandeur, Ubben also became the acting Geschwaderkommodore of Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing) until he handed over command to Oberstleutnant Helmut Bennemann.[52] On 24 October, Ubben received orders to move III. Gruppe to Romania. Leaving all aircraft in Italy, the Gruppe went to Mizil the next day by train.[51] There, it provided aerial protection over the Ploiești oilfields. In Mizil, the Gruppe was equipped with the then outdated Bf 109 G-2, newer variants were unavailable. Training flight operations began on 12 November.[53] On 19 January 1944, General der Jagdflieger, Generalmajor Adolf Galland visited Ubben at Mizil. Galland stressed the importance of the Ploiești fields to the German war effort. He requested the pilots of III. Gruppe to sign an order stating, in case of a last resort, they would have to perform aerial ramming in defense of the oil fields.[54]

Wing commander and death

[edit]
His grave at the Saint-Désir-de-Lisieux German war cemetery.

On 2 March 1944, Oberstleutnant Egon Mayer, Geschwaderkommodore of Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen" (JG 2—2nd Fighter Wing) was killed in action in aerial combat with United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) fighter aircraft. In consequence, Ubben succeeded Mayer in this command position. JG 2 "Richthofen", named after World War I fighter ace Manfred von Richthofen, was based in France and was engaged in Defense of the Reich. Ubben left his former III. Gruppe on 10 March, assuming his new command in March 1944.[55][56] Ubben left III. Gruppe of JG 77 on 10 March. Command of the Gruppe was handed to Hauptmann Emil Omert. Omert at the time was still with II. Gruppe of JG 77 and in consequence III. Gruppe was briefly led by Hauptmann Karl Bresoschek.[57][58]

On 27 April 1944, Ubben engaged American Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighters near Fère-en-Tardenois. In the ensuing combat, Ubben was shot down in Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-8/R2. He bailed out but his parachute failed to open either due to insufficient altitude or because of an improperly fastened harness.[56] Ubben is interred at the Saint-Désir-de-Lisieux German war cemetery.[9] He was succeeded by Major Kurt Bühligen, later promoted to Oberstleutnant, as commander of JG 2.[59]

Summary of career

[edit]

Aerial victory claims

[edit]

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Ubben was credited with 111 aerial victories.[60] Spick lists Ubben with 110 aerial victories, of which 90 were claimed over the Eastern Front and further 20 over the Western Front, North Africa and Mediterranean theater, claimed in an unknown number of combat missions.[61] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found documentation for 93 aerial victory claims, plus 13 further unconfirmed claims. This number includes 16 on the Western Front, including one four-engined bomber, and 77 on the Eastern Front.[62]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 17692". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[63]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Ubben did not receive credit.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
  This and the ! (exclamation mark) indicates those aerial victories listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock.
  This and the # (hash mark) indicates those aerial victories listed by Mathews and Foreman.
Claim! Claim# Date Time Type Location Claim! Claim# Date Time Type Location
– 5. Staffel of Jagdggruppe 186 (Trägergruppe) –[64]
Battle of France — 10 May – 1 June 1940
1 1 10 May 1940 06:50 D.XXI De Kooy[65] 2 19 May 1940 05:05 Hudson
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[64]
Balkans and Crete — 1 April – 1 June 1941
2 3 19 April 1941 11:20 Hurricane 25 km (16 mi) north of Lamia[66]
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[67]
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 5 December 1941
3 4 22 June 1941 18:58 I-16[68]
—
—
 27 July 1941
—
 I-16[69]
4 5 26 June 1941 10:45 DB-3[68] 22 23 31 July 1941 12:53 I-16[69]
5 6 26 June 1941 10:51 DB-3[68] 23 24 31 July 1941 17:00 Potez 25[69]
6 7 26 June 1941 11:02 DB-3[68] 24 25 5 August 1941 17:55 I-16[70]
7 8 26 June 1941 14:47 DB-3[68] 25 26 5 August 1941 18:03 I-16[70]
8 9 4 July 1941 16:08 SB-3[71] 26 27 11 August 1941 15:48 I-16[70]
9 10 4 July 1941 18:37 SB-3[71] 27 28 13 August 1941 08:48 I-5[70]
10 11 8 July 1941 18:23 DB-3[72] 28 29 17 August 1941 17:05 Seversky[70]
11 12 8 July 1941 18:25 DB-3[72] 29 30 22 August 1941 11:00 I-15 PQ 17692[73]
12 13 8 July 1941 18:27 DB-3[72] 30 31 29 August 1941 07:05 DB-3[73]
13 14 10 July 1941 11:13 I-153[72] 31 32 30 August 1941 18:45 I-153[73]
14 15 10 July 1941 11:16 I-153[72] 32 33 1 September 1941 17:41 DB-3[74]
15 16 10 July 1941 11:18 I-153[72] 33 34 1 September 1941 17:53 I-16[74]
16 17 11 July 1941 12:39 MiG-3[72] 34 35 2 September 1941 07:40 Pe-2[74]
17 18 21 July 1941 12:38 I-61 (MiG-3)[69] 35 36 4 September 1941 05:55 DB-3[74]
18 19 22 July 1941 12:32 I-61 (MiG-3)[69] 36 37 5 September 1941 05:35 I-16[74]
19 20 25 July 1941 19:40 I-153[69] 37 38 26 September 1941 16:00 I-153[75]
20 21 25 July 1941 19:43 I-153[69] 38 29 September 1941 11:02 R-10[75]
21 22 27 July 1941 15:42 I-153[69]
– Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[76]
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June 1941 – 5 December 1941
—
—
 1 October 1941
—
 I-16[75] vicinity of Perekop 47 18 October 1941
—
 LaGG-3[77]
39 39 2 October 1941 11:52 MiG-3[75] 48 47 19 October 1941 12:52 LaGG-3[37]
40 40 3 October 1941 14:30 MiG-3[75] 49 48 19 October 1941 16:12 I-15[37]
41 41 9 October 1941 15:08 MiG-3[78] vicinity of Chaplynka 50 49 20 October 1941 16:08 LaGG-3[37]
42 42 9 October 1941 15:14 MiG-3[78] vicinity of Chaplynka 51 50 22 October 1941 09:10 Il-2[37]
43 43 9 October 1941 15:16 MiG-3 PQ 3642[78]
vicinity of Chaplynka 		52
—
 23 October 1941
—
 I-15[37]
44 44 10 October 1941 06:15 Il-2 PQ 3784[78] 53 51 4 November 1941 15:08 I-153[79]
45 45 10 October 1941 06:30 MiG-3[78] 54
—
 6 November 1941
—
 MiG-3[79]
46 46 11 October 1941 14:05 Pe-2 PQ 3622[78] 55
—
 6 November 1941
—
 Il-2[79]
– Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[76]
Eastern Front — 6 December 1941 – 20 March 1942
56 52 7 December 1941 14:10 I-15[80] 63 59 7 January 1942 09:10 Pe-2 PQ 5667[81]
57 53 9 December 1941 09:05 DB-3[80] 64
—
 24 February 1942
—
 LaGG-3[81]
58 54 9 December 1941 12:30 I-15[80] 65 60 2 March 1942 09:30 Il-2 PQ 5684[81]
59 55 9 December 1941 12:32 I-15[80] 66
—
 5 March 1942
—
 I-16[81]
60 56 9 December 1941 12:35 I-15[80] 67 61 9 March 1942 12:55 I-153[82]
61 57 11 December 1941 13:33 SB-2[80] 68
—
 12 March 1942
—
 I-153[82]
62 58 31 December 1941 10:42 I-153[80] 69 62 17 March 1942 12:34 DB-3[82]
– Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[83]
Eastern Front — 1 May – 16 October 1942
70 63 12 May 1942 17:10 Il-2[84] 78 71 6 July 1942 18:52 Yak-1 Kerch/Taman[85]
71 64 27 May 1942 15:22 Pe-2 PQ 6083[86] 79 72 9 July 1942 11:12 Yak-1 PQ 66561[85]
72 65 18 June 1942 04:00 LaGG-3 PQ 35392[86] 80 73 14 July 1942 17:28 I-16[85]
73 66 18 June 1942 15:08 I-153[86] 74 22 July 1942 09:52 Yak-1[85]
74 67 1 July 1942 17:10 Yak-1[86] 75 12 September 1942 14:01 Pe-2 PQ 10193[85]
65 km (40 mi) east-southeast of Sloboda
75 68 2 July 1942 14:44 Il-2[86] 76 15 September 1942 07:11 LaGG-3 PQ 20101[87]
90 km (56 mi) east of Vorenezh
76 69 5 July 1942 17:20?[Note 4] Il-2 Kerch[86] 77 16 September 1942 07:44 Yak-1 PQ 00254[87]
77 70 5 July 1942 17:23 Il-2 PQ 66823[86]
According to Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock, Ubben claimed one additional victory in February/March, and three further victories in July/September.[87]
89 78 21 September 1942 11:15 Pe-2 PQ 10161[87]
60 km (37 mi) east-southeast of Sloboda 		91 80 30 September 1942 11:30 Yak-1 PQ 0026[87]
90 79 26 September 1942 14:52 LaGG-3 PQ 00262[87]
– Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[88]
North Africa — 26 October – 31 December 1942
92
—
 3 November 1942 14:10 P-40 southwest of El Daba[46] 95
—
 11 December 1942 09:40 P-40 west of Marsa al-Brega[46]
93
—
 5 November 1942 14:10?[Note 5] Hurricane west of Fouka[46] 96
—
 13 December 1942 13:00 P-40 east of Nofaliya/Merduma[46]
94 81 7 November 1942 16:20 Hurricane PQ 61664[46] 97 82 15 December 1942 10:55 P-40 PQ 03 Ost 8181[46]
– Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[88]
North Africa — 1 January – May 1943
99 83 10 January 1943 11:00 P-38 west of Wadi Tamet[89] 103 87 4 February 1943 15:10 P-38 PQ 03 Ost 85682, southwest El Guettar[90]
100 84 14 January 1943 11:15 P-40 PQ 13 Ost 43593, southwest of Zliten[89] 104 88 8 February 1943 12:49 P-38 PQ 03 Ost 95673, west of Skhira[90]
101 85 14 January 1943 16:25 P-40 PQ 13 Ost 51181, south of Bir el Gheddahia[90] 105 89 8 February 1943 13:01 P-38 PQ 03 Ost 95751, south of Sened[90]
86 18 January 1943 14:22 P-38 PQ 52112 106 90 15 February 1943 12:01 Spitfire 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Sidi Bouzid[90]
102 28 January 1943
—
 P-40[90]
—
 6 May 1943 10:50 P-38[75] 10–15 km (6.2–9.3 mi) west of Cap Bon
– Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[88]
Italy — June – 25 October 1943
107 91 24 June 1943 09:55 P-38 PQ 04 Ost 81593, west of Bosa[91] 109 93 1 October 1943 11:55 B-17 PQ 14 Ost 04195, vicinity of Livorno[91]
108 92 24 June 1943 10:15 P-38 PQ 04 Ost 7039[91] 110 21 October 1943 11:35 P-38 PQ 14 1347[91]

Awards

[edit]

Promotions

[edit]
1 May 1940: Leutnant (second lieutenant) with a rank age dated back to 1 October 1936[1]
1 May 1940: Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) of the reserves with a rank age dated back to 1 June 1939[1]
1 February 1942: Hauptmann (captain)[9]
1 October 1943: Major (major)[9]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations. For pilots destined to fly multi-engine aircraft, the training was completed with the Luftwaffe Advanced Pilot's Certificate (Erweiterter Luftwaffen-Flugzeugführerschein), also known as the C-Certificate.[2]
  2. ^ For an explanation of the meaning of Luftwaffe unit designation see Organization of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
  3. ^ The suffix 'T' denotes Träger (carrier) in German use.
  4. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 17:23.[76]
  5. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 14:30.[88]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Stockert 2012, p. 378.
  2. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  3. ^ Prien 1992, p. 48.
  4. ^ Prien 1992, p. 51.
  5. ^ Prien 1992, p. 65.
  6. ^ Prien 1992, p. 73.
  7. ^ Prien 1992, pp. 75, 81.
  8. ^ Weal 1996b, p. 95.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Stockert 2012, p. 379.
  10. ^ Prien 1992, p. 226.
  11. ^ Whitley 1985, p. 30.
  12. ^ Prien 1992, p. 242.
  13. ^ Prien 1995, p. 2376.
  14. ^ Prien 1992, pp. 244, 246.
  15. ^ Prien 1992, p. 246.
  16. ^ Prien 1992, p. 437.
  17. ^ Prien 1992, p. 446.
  18. ^ Prien 1992, pp. 482–483, 487.
  19. ^ Prien 1992, pp. 525–526.
  20. ^ Shores & Cull 2008, p. 263.
  21. ^ Prien 1992, pp. 536, 547.
  22. ^ Prien 1992, p. 551.
  23. ^ Prien 1992, p. 560.
  24. ^ Shores & Cull 2008, p. 357.
  25. ^ Scutts 1994, p. 57.
  26. ^ Churchill 1985, p. 257.
  27. ^ Ballantyne 2013, p. 133.
  28. ^ Bertke, Smith & Kindell 2009, p. 509.
  29. ^ Prien 1992, p. 598.
  30. ^ Prien 1993, p. 628.
  31. ^ Prien 1993, p. 630.
  32. ^ Prien 1993, p. 632.
  33. ^ Prien 1993, p. 638.
  34. ^ Weal 2001, p. 28.
  35. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 358.
  36. ^ Page 2020, p. 70.
  37. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2003b, p. 373.
  38. ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 23.
  39. ^ Weal 2007, p. 25.
  40. ^ Steinecke 2012, p. 25.
  41. ^ Prien 1994, p. 1293.
  42. ^ Prien 1994, p. 1296.
  43. ^ Prien 1994, p. 1298.
  44. ^ Prien 1994, p. 1301.
  45. ^ Prien 1994, p. 1317.
  46. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2004, p. 331.
  47. ^ Scutts 1994, p. 56.
  48. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 244.
  49. ^ Molesworth 2011, p. 56.
  50. ^ Graham 2011, p. 85.
  51. ^ a b Prien 1994, p. 1761.
  52. ^ Prien 1991, p. 1653.
  53. ^ Prien 1995, p. 2014.
  54. ^ Prien 1995, p. 2026.
  55. ^ Weal 1996a, p. 56.
  56. ^ a b Weal 2000, p. 106.
  57. ^ Prien 1995, p. 2035.
  58. ^ Prien et al. 2021, p. 430.
  59. ^ Weal 2000, p. 118.
  60. ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 330.
  61. ^ Spick 1996, p. 232.
  62. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1341–1343.
  63. ^ Planquadrat.
  64. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1341.
  65. ^ Prien et al. 2001, p. 396.
  66. ^ Prien et al. 2003a, p. 293.
  67. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1341–1342.
  68. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2003b, p. 362.
  69. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2003b, p. 365.
  70. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2003b, p. 367.
  71. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003b, p. 363.
  72. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2003b, p. 364.
  73. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003b, p. 368.
  74. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2003b, p. 369.
  75. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2003b, p. 371.
  76. ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1342.
  77. ^ Prien 1995, p. 2396.
  78. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2003b, p. 372.
  79. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003b, p. 374.
  80. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2005, p. 322.
  81. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2005, p. 323.
  82. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2005, p. 324.
  83. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1342–1343.
  84. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 351.
  85. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2006, p. 353.
  86. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2006, p. 352.
  87. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 354.
  88. ^ a b c d Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1343.
  89. ^ a b Prien et al. 2011, p. 533.
  90. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2011, p. 534.
  91. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2011, p. 535.
  92. ^ a b Thomas 1998, p. 395.
  93. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 482.
  94. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 753.
  95. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 427.
  96. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 59.

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[edit]
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Military offices
Preceded by Acting commander of Jagdgeschwader 53 Pik As
October 1943 – November 1943 		Succeeded by
Oberstleutnant Helmut Bennemann
Preceded by Commander of Jagdgeschwader 2 Richthofen
2 March 1944 – 27 April 1944 		Succeeded by
Oberstleutnant Kurt Bühligen
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