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Jellyfish stings in Australia

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The Irukandji Jellyfish is tiny, but very venomous.
A signpost warns swimmers of the presence of Chironex fleckeri (box jellyfish)
A signpost warns swimmers of the presence of Chironex fleckeri (box jellyfish)

Jellyfish stings in Australia can cause pain, paralysis and death for swimmers with exposed skin. Numerous venomous species of jellyfish occur in Australian waters, including the box jellyfish and Irukandji Jellyfish. Box jellyfish are believed to have caused at least 69 deaths since record keeping began in 1883.[1][2] Although they are commonly mistaken for jellyfish, bluebottles are actually siphonophores.

Numbers of stings

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Irukandji are rarely found outside Queensland, the Northern Territory and Western Australia. Between 1985 and 1997 from cases of Irukandji sting where location was recorded, there were 83.4% in Queensland, 9.1% in the Northern Territory, and 7.5% in Western Australia; 81.5% of cases occurred in the afternoon.[3] In a fourteen-year period there were 660 Irukandji stings in Australia, which were recorded by Dr Fenner, a medical officer with Surf Lifesaving Australia.[4] There were 159 Irukandji stings reported in Broome in a five-year period with 25% of those stung being hospitalised but no recorded deaths.[5] There were 62 people reported being stung by Irukandji in Cairns in 1996; of these more than half occurred in December, 92% were stung on hotter than average days, with 63% occurring while swimming inside a stinger net enclosure on the beach.[6] In summer 2001–02 there were 160 people stung by the middle of February, with around 100 of these in Cairns, and between 10 and 20 in Townsville, the Whitsundays, Great Keppel and Agnes Water.[7]

Northern Territory hospitals report approximately 40 jellyfish stings annually.[8]

List of fatal stings

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This is a list of fatal jellyfish stings that occurred in Australian territorial waters by decade in reverse chronological order.

21st century

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Name Age Year Month Species State or Territory Location; Comments
Unnamed boy 14 2022 February Chironex Fleckeri Queensland Eimeo Beach, Mackay.
Unnamed boy 17 2021 February Chironex fleckeri Queensland Cape York. Patterson Point, near Bamaga.
Unnamed victims 74 and 76 2016 November Irukandji (suspected, not confirmed) Queensland Michelmas Cay. Two French tourists died within 10 minutes of each other. Hypothesis formed by cardiologist. Dismissed as speculation by tour operator.[9]
Unnamed boy 6 2007 November Chironex fleckeri Northern Territory [8]
Unnamed girl 7 2006 January Chironex fleckeri Queensland Umagico Beach near Bamaga.[10]
Unnamed boy 7 2003 March Chironex fleckeri Queensland Wongaling Beach near Cairns,[2] stung on chest and neck. Allegedly the 68th person in Australia known to have died from a chironex fleckeri sting since records began in 1883.[11]
Unnamed male 44 2002 April Queensland Port Douglas[12][11][13]
Unnamed male 58 2002 January Irukandji Queensland Hamilton Island, Whitsunday Islands [12][13]
Unnamed boy 5 2000 January Chironex fleckeri Queensland Yarrabah, near Cairns[11]

20th century

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Name Age Year Month Species State or Territory Location; Comments
Unnamed boy 5 1987 January box jellyfish [14]
Unnamed boy 6 1984 January box jellyfish Queensland Lockhart River, 300 kilometres (190 mi) north of Cooktown.[15]
Unnamed boy 5 1980 December Chironex fleckeri Queensland Wongaling, near Tully. Animals were observed by victim's older brother.[16]
Unnamed woman 26[16] 1971 November Chironex fleckeri Queensland North Mission Beach. Investigated by Dr J. S. Barnes of Cairns.[17]
Gregory Noel Jarrot 12 1971 January Chironex fleckeri Queensland Seaforth Beach, 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of Mackay.[18]
Unnamed woman 20 1970 December Chironex fleckeri Queensland Forrest Beach. [19]
James Woolla 10 1967 January Chironex fleckeri Queensland Aurukun. [19]
Unnamed boy 4 1966 January Chironex fleckeri Queensland Half Moon Bay. [19]
Terence Barney 5 1965 January Chironex fleckeri Queensland Mornington Island, Gulf of Carpentaria. Aboriginal boy was pronounced DOA at hospital.[20]
Paul Haritos 6 1964 February Chironex fleckeri Northern Territory Mica Beach, four miles from Darwin. Victim was standing in calf-deep water. Collapsed instantly and died quickly.[21]
Unnamed girl 9 1964 January Chironex fleckeri Queensland Palm Cove. Occurred "a few months earlier" than the Paul Haritos incident.[21]
G.C.D 6 1962 December Chironex fleckeri Queensland South Mission Beach. [19]
R.V.B 50 1962 January Chironex fleckeri Queensland Yorkey's Knob. [19]
Unnamed victim 7 1962 January Chironex fleckeri Queensland Thursday Island. [19]
J.R.K 9 1962 January Chironex fleckeri Queensland Bamaga. [19]
Lynette Mary Starkey 11 1957 December Chironex fleckeri Queensland North Mission Beach, Queensland.[22] Stung on the legs while bathing with other children in shallow water. Collapsed on the beach and died. Weals visible on her legs.[23]
Robert Tennant 10 1957 March Chironex fleckeri Queensland Bluff Beach. [19]
T.W.S 38 1956 December Chironex fleckeri Queensland Pearce Creek. [19]
Unnamed boy 1955 box jellyfish or sea wasp[24] Queensland Cardwell[14]
Clarke William Currow 8 1954 February Northern Territory Darwin, close to Larrakeyah army barracks, three yards from shore.[25][26] Died a few minutes after being stung.[27][28]
James Ernest Lane 33 1953 July box jellyfish (definitely not a Portuguese Man o' War) Queensland Saltwater Creek, Townsville.[14][29][30][31] Victim experienced severe pain, paralysis and frothing at the mouth.[32]
Unnamed victim 1951 box jellyfish Queensland Kissing Point Baths, Townsville[14]
Wojcik Czestaw 31 1950 Chironex fleckeri Northern Territory Mindil Beach, Darwin.[33] Died within minutes of being stung. Specimen was collected and identified by Frank McNeill, curator of invertebrates at the Australian Museum. Victim's name was also reported as Wokeik (rather than Wojcik).[34]
Brian Andrew McNamara 10 1949 December box jellyfish Queensland North Mission Beach near Tully.[14][35][36][37][22]
Unnamed man 1944 January sea wasp[38] Northern Territory Victim was a serviceman.[39]
W.J.H 21 1943 March Chironex fleckeri Queensland South Mission Beach. [19]
Robert Ernest Day 8 1941 December Chironex fleckeri Queensland Rowe's Bay, Townsville.[40] Boy died en route to hospital.[40]
J.C. 13 1941 January Chironex fleckeri Queensland Townsville. [19]
Patrick Paull 3 1/2 1939 December Chironex fleckeri Queensland Horseshoe Bay.[14][41]
Ruth Hamilton 5 1939 February Chironex fleckeri Queensland Googarra Beach. [19]
Thomas "Tommy" Frederick Chandler 11 1938 March sea wasp[38] Northern Territory Lameroo Beach, Darwin. Government baths. Stung on chest, body and face.[42] Jellyfish specimen was collected for analysis.[43] Victim's name was also reported as Robert Chandler.[44] Chandler died 15–20 minutes after being stung.[45] A boy called Bennie Babun who went to his rescue was also stung and hospitalised.[46] Others stung during prior fortnight were treated with morphine.[47]
David William Taylor 19 1937 box jellyfish Queensland Bramston Beach near Babinda, Cairns.[14] Stung while in waist-deep water. Assisted from the water by George Giffin but collapsed and died thereafter.[48]
Salvatore Cantarella 1934 box jellyfish[citation needed] Queensland Googarra Beach, near Tully.[14][49][50][51] Marks on right leg and left foot. Believed to have died of shock and heart failure after the sting. Post-mortem conducted by Dr. A. R. Townsend.[52]
Maurice Woods 7 1930 January Chironex fleckeri Queensland Magnetic Island, near Townsville.[53]
"Mr. Mann" 1923 February Chironex fleckeri Queensland Proserpine[14][54][55]
Charles Trenaman 15 1916 March Chironex fleckeri Queensland Rowes Bay, near Townsville[56] Stung on neck, body, shoulder and legs. Died about 10 minutes later from "nerve shock from pain".[56]
Albert George 1911 May Queensland Cannon Valley beach, Pioneer Bay, near Mackay.[57][58][59] Arms attached to the boy's belly, torso and arms. Victim lost consciousness and died within half an hour.[60] Open bathing at this location was prohibited after this second death within 6 months.[61]
Gould 1910-11 Queensland Occurred during Christmas holiday period. Cannon Valley beach, Pioneer Bay, near Mackay.[59]

19th century

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Name Age Year Month Species State or Territory Location; Comments
Fred Harwood 14 1892 November Chironex fleckeri Northern Territory Sea baths, Darwin[62][63]
Unnamed victim 1885 January Chironex fleckeri Queensland Townsville [64]
Frederick William Smith 11 1884 December Chironex fleckeri Queensland Ross Creek, Townsville[65][14]
Peter Clarke 8 1878 December Chironex fleckeri Queensland Cleveland Bay, Townsville [66]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Chironex fleckeri (Box Jellyfish) Archived 9 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine NT Dept. of health and community services
  2. ^ a b Boy's death from box jellyfish 'avoidable', says expert SMH, 24 March 2003
  3. ^ Irukandji stings 1985/97 Marine Medic
  4. ^ Australian Jellyfish Archived 25 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Port Douglas
  5. ^ Irukandji At Broome Beaches Kimberley Australia travel guide
  6. ^ A year's experience of Irukandji envenomation in far north Queensland Medical Journal of Australia, Mark Little and Richard F Mulcahy
  7. ^ Stinging Jellyfish in tropical Australia Archived 19 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Reef Research Centre
  8. ^ a b Government, Northern Territory (12 May 2016). "Jellyfish". nt.gov.au. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  9. ^ "French tourists likely to have been stung by Irukandji jellyfish: cardiologist". ABC News. 17 November 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  10. ^ Lifesavers sound warning after jellyfish death ABC News, Lifesavers sound warning after jellyfish death
  11. ^ a b c "Boy dies from box jelly fish sting - theage.com.au". www.theage.com.au. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  12. ^ a b "What You Need to Know About the Potentially Fatal Irukandji Jellyfish". TripSavvy. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  13. ^ a b "Toxic shock from stinger family". www.abc.net.au. 15 October 2002. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Venomous and poisonous marine animals: a medical and biological handbook 1996 p. 42 By John A. Williamson, Joseph W. Burnett, Peter J. Fenner, Jacqueline F. Rifkin
  15. ^ "Jellyfish kills boy". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926–1995). 1 February 1984. p. 13. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  16. ^ a b "Marine stinger kills boy". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926–1995). 19 December 1980. p. 7. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  17. ^ "Fatal sting". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926–1995). 22 November 1971. p. 3. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  18. ^ "Boy dies of jellyfish stings". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926–1995). 2 January 1971. p. 3. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Venomous and poisonous marine animals: a medical and biological handbook 1996 p. 70 By John A. Williamson, Joseph W. Burnett, Peter J. Fenner, Jacqueline F. Rifkin
  20. ^ "Sting kills Aborigine". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926–1995). 19 January 1965. p. 17. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  21. ^ a b "Boy Killed By Sea Wasp". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926–1995). 24 February 1964. p. 3. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  22. ^ a b "Shock Was Cause of Boy's Death". Daily Mercury (Mackay, Qld. : 1906–1954). 21 December 1949. p. 1. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  23. ^ "Child Dies From Stings in Surf". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926–1995). 14 December 1957. p. 1. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  24. ^ "Killer Sea Wasps Identified At [?]bane Museum". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926–1995). 18 December 1956. p. 3. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  25. ^ "JELLYFISH KILLS BOY". Daily Mercury (Mackay, Qld. : 1906–1954). 1 March 1954. p. 1. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  26. ^ "JELLYFISH KILLED BOY". Barrier Miner (Broken Hill, NSW : 1888–1954). 2 March 1954. p. 8. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  27. ^ "YOUTH DIED FROM JELLYFISH STING". Maryborough Chronicle (Qld. : 1947–1954). 1 March 1954. p. 3. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  28. ^ "DARWIN BOY DIES". Goulburn Evening Post (NSW : 1940–1954). 1 March 1954. p. 6. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  29. ^ "Killed By Jellyfish". West Australian (Perth, WA : 1879–1954). 22 July 1953. p. 8. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  30. ^ "JELLYFISH KILLS MAN". Weekly Times (Melbourne, Vic. : 1869–1954). 22 July 1953. p. 71. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  31. ^ "JELLY FISH KILLED MAN". Macleay Argus (Kempsey, NSW : 1885 - 1907; 1909 - 1910; 1912 - 1913; 1915 - 1916; 1918–1954). 27 July 1953. p. 5. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  32. ^ "MYSTERY STING CAUSES DEATH". Courier-Mail (Brisbane, Qld. : 1933–1954). 28 May 1953. p. 1. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  33. ^ "MIGRANT DIES FROM STING BY JELLYFISH". Weekly Times (Melbourne, Vic. : 1869–1954). 6 December 1950. p. 4. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  34. ^ "FATAL JELLYFISH WAS SEA WASP". Illawarra Daily Mercury (Wollongong, NSW : 1950–1954). 5 December 1950. p. 2. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  35. ^ "FATAL STING BY JELLYFISH". National Advocate (Bathurst, NSW : 1889–1954). 20 December 1949. p. 1. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  36. ^ "MONSTER JELLYFISH KILLS BOY". Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848–1957). 20 December 1949. p. 5. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  37. ^ "JELLYFISH STINGS BOY TO DEATH". Weekly Times (Melbourne, Vic. : 1869–1954). 21 December 1949. p. 6. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  38. ^ a b ""SEA WASP" AS KILLER". Sun (Sydney, NSW : 1910–1954). 9 September 1945. p. 6. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  39. ^ "It Was Sea Wasp That Killed N.T. Soldier". Herald (Melbourne, Vic. : 1861–1954). 22 January 1944. p. 3. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  40. ^ a b "JELLYFISH KILLS BOY". Courier-Mail (Brisbane, Qld. : 1933–1954). 8 December 1941. p. 3. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  41. ^ "POISONED BY JELLYFISH". News (Adelaide, SA : 1923–1954). 21 December 1939. p. 2. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  42. ^ "JELLYFISH STING KILLS BOY". Labor Daily (Sydney, NSW : 1924–1938). 14 March 1938. p. 5. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  43. ^ "Stung By Huge Jellyfish, Half-Caste Boy Dies". Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931–1954). 14 March 1938. p. 7. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  44. ^ "SWIMMER DIES". Newcastle Morning Herald and Miners' Advocate (NSW : 1876–1954). 14 March 1938. p. 9. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  45. ^ "Fatal Jellyfish Sting". Truth (Sydney, NSW : 1894–1954). 13 March 1938. p. 19. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  46. ^ "JELLYFISH STING KILLS HALF-CASTE". Daily Telegraph (Sydney, NSW : 1931–1954). 14 March 1938. p. 7. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  47. ^ "Boy Killed By Jellyfish". Mail (Adelaide, SA : 1912–1954). 12 March 1938. p. 9. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  48. ^ "Bather's Death From Sting of Jellyfish". Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931–1954). 22 January 1937. p. 26. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  49. ^ "STUNG BY JELLYFISH". Northern Standard (Darwin, NT : 1921–1955). 28 December 1934. p. 14. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  50. ^ "STUNG BY JELLYFISH". Recorder (Port Pirie, SA : 1919–1954). 28 December 1934. p. 1. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  51. ^ "DIED IN AGONY". Weekly Times (Melbourne, Vic. : 1869–1954). 5 January 1935. p. 22. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  52. ^ "MAN KILLED BY JELLY FISH". Age (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854–1954). 10 January 1935. p. 13. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  53. ^ "STUNG BY JELLYFISH". Age (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854–1954). 15 January 1930. p. 10. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  54. ^ "BREVITIES". Illawarra Mercury (Wollongong, NSW : 1856 - 1950). 2 February 1923. p. 8. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  55. ^ "Advertising". Tweed Daily (Murwillumbah, NSW : 1914 - 1949). 17 January 1923. p. 3. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  56. ^ a b "BOY KILLED BY JELLY -FISH". Daily Mercury (Mackay, Qld. : 1906–1954). 8 March 1916. p. 8. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  57. ^ A Lad's death, stung by a jellyfish The Mercury, 6 May 1911
  58. ^ "JELLYFISH STINGS". Sun (Sydney, NSW : 1910–1954). 6 May 1911. p. 3. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  59. ^ a b "DEADLY JELLY-FISH". Australasian (Melbourne, Vic. : 1864–1946). 13 May 1911. p. 39. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  60. ^ "STUNG BY A JELLY-FISH". Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842–1954). 6 May 1911. p. 13. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  61. ^ "FATALtTIES FROM JELLYFISH STINGS". Evening Telegraph (Charters Towers, Qld. : 1901–1921). 12 May 1911. p. 5. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  62. ^ "DEATH FROM THE STING OF A JELLYFISH". Daily Telegraph (Sydney, NSW : 1883–1930). 21 November 1892. p. 5. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  63. ^ "SUDDEN DEATH AT PORT DARWIN". Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1889–1931). 21 November 1892. p. 5. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  64. ^ "TOWNSVILLE". The Capricornian (Rockhampton, Qld : 1875 - 1929). 24 January 1885. p. 4. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  65. ^ "ITEMS OF NEWS". Mount Alexander Mail (Vic. : 1854 - 1917). 16 January 1885. p. 2. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  66. ^ "Melbourne". The Brisbane Courier (Qld : 1864 - 1933). 21 January 1879. p. 3. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
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