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Hosokawa Tadaoki

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In this Japanese name, the surname is Hosokawa.
Hosokawa Tadaoki
細川忠興
Hosokawa Tadaoki
Head of Kumamoto-Hosokawa clan
In office
1582–1620
Preceded byHosokawa Fujitaka
Succeeded byHosokawa Tadatoshi
Daimyō of Nakatsu
In office
1600–1602
Succeeded byOgasawara Nagatsugu
Daimyō of Kokura
In office
1602–1620
Succeeded byHosokawa Tadatoshi
Personal details
BornNovember 28, 1563
DiedJanuary 18, 1646(1646-01-18) (aged 82)
Daitoku-ji, Kyoto
NationalityJapanese
SpouseHosokawa Gracia
Parents
Military service
Allegiance Oda clan
Toyotomi clan
Eastern Army
Tokugawa shogunate
Unit Hosokawa clan
Battles/warsBattle of Komaki and Nagakute
Odawara Campaign
Korean campaign
Battle of Sekigahara
Siege of Osaka

Hosokawa Tadaoki (細川忠興, November 28, 1563 – January 18, 1646) was a Japanese samurai warrior of the late Sengoku period and early Edo period.[1] He was the son of Hosokawa Fujitaka and Numata Jakō, and the husband of the famous Christian convert (Kirishitan) Hosokawa Gracia. For most of his life, he went by the name Nagaoka Tadaoki, which had been adopted by his father and was associated with a town in their domain.[2] Shortly after the victory at Sekigahara, Nagaoka Tadaoki reverted to his original name, Hosokawa Tadaoki.[3]

Biography

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Tadaoki was the eldest son of Hosokawa Fujitaka.[4] He fought in his first battle at the age of 15 while in the service of Oda Nobunaga. His childhood name was Kumachiyo (熊千代). In 1580, Tadaoki was granted the Province of Tango. Shortly thereafter, he married Hosokawa Gracia, the daughter of Akechi Mitsuhide.

In 1582, Akechi Mitsuhide rebelled against Nobunaga, resulting in Nobunaga's death. Akechi then turned to Hosokawa Fujitaka and Tadaoki for assistance, but they refused to help him. Mitsuhide was ultimately defeated by Hideyoshi.

Tadaoki fought on Hideyoshi's side in the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute (1584) and the Odawara Campaign (1590), participating in the siege of Nirayama in Izu Province before joining the main army outside Odawara. During the 1590s, he developed a friendship with Tokugawa Ieyasu, who had lent him money to help pay off debts owed to Toyotomi Hidetsugu. In 1600, Tadaoki sided with Ieyasu against Ishida Mitsunari.

He was succeeded by Hosokawa Tadatoshi (1586–1641), who participated in the Siege of Shimabara (1637–1638). In 1632, Tadatoshi received a significant fief in Higo (Kumamoto, 540,000 koku), where the Hosokawa family remained until 1871.

Conflict with Ishida Mitsunari

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According to popular theory, in 1598, following the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the government of Japan experienced a significant incident in which seven military generals—Fukushima Masanori, Katō Kiyomasa, Ikeda Terumasa, Hosokawa Tadaoki, Asano Yoshinaga, Katō Yoshiaki, and Kuroda Nagamasa—conspired to kill Ishida Mitsunari. This conspiracy stemmed from the generals' dissatisfaction with Mitsunari, who had written unfavorable assessments and downplayed their achievements during the Imjin War against Korea and the Chinese empire.[5] Initially, the generals gathered at Kiyomasa's mansion in Osaka Castle before moving to Mitsunari's residence. However, Mitsunari learned of their plans through a report from Jiemon Kuwajima, a servant of Toyotomi Hideyori, and fled to Satake Yoshinobu's mansion with Shima Sakon and others to hide.[5]

When the seven generals discovered that Mitsunari was absent from his mansion, they searched the residences of various feudal lords in Osaka Castle, while Katō's army also approached the Satake residence. Consequently, Mitsunari and his companions escaped from the Satake residence and barricaded themselves in Fushimi Castle.[6] The following day, the seven generals surrounded Fushimi Castle with their soldiers, aware that Mitsunari was hiding there. Tokugawa Ieyasu, who was in charge of political affairs at Fushimi Castle, attempted to mediate the situation. The seven generals demanded that Ieyasu hand over Mitsunari, but he refused. Instead, he negotiated, promising to allow Mitsunari to retire and to review the assessment of the Battle of Ulsan Castle in Korea, which had been a major point of contention. Ieyasu then sent his second son, Yūki Hideyasu, to escort Mitsunari to Sawayama Castle.[7] However, historian Watanabe Daimon, drawing from primary and secondary sources regarding the incident, argued that this was more of a legal conflict between the generals and Mitsunari, rather than a conspiracy to murder him. Ieyasu's role was not to physically protect Mitsunari from harm but to mediate the complaints of the generals.[8]

Nevertheless, historians view this incident as more than a personal conflict between the seven generals and Mitsunari; it was an extension of the broader political rivalries between the Tokugawa faction and the anti-Tokugawa faction led by Mitsunari. Following this incident, the military figures who were at odds with Mitsunari later supported Ieyasu during the Sekigahara conflict between the Eastern army, led by Tokugawa Ieyasu, and the Western army, led by Ishida Mitsunari.[5][9] Muramatsu Shunkichi, author of "The Surprising Colors and Desires of the Heroes of Japanese History and violent womens", assessed that Mitsunari's failure in his war against Ieyasu was due to his unpopularity among the major political figures of that time.[10]

Grave of Tadaoki and his wife Gracia, at Daitokuji, Kyoto

Battle of Sekigahara

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Main article: Battle of Sekigahara

In July 1600, Ishida Mitsunari attempted to gain leverage over those leaning towards Ieyasu by taking hostages from families residing in Osaka Castle. This included Tadaoki's wife, who had since converted to Christianity and was baptized as "Gracia". To avoid capture, Hosokawa Gracia ordered a servant to kill her and set fire to their quarters. While there is little reason to believe that Tadaoki was emotionally scarred by the incident, it was regarded as an appalling act of trickery, ultimately driving Tadaoki to Ieyasu's side.

On October 20, 1600, at the Battle of Sekigahara, Tadaoki commanded 5,000 men in the Tokugawa vanguard, clashing with the forces of Shima Sakon. Subsequently, he was awarded a fief in Buzen (Kokura, 370,000 koku) and went on to serve in the Siege of Osaka (1614–1615).

Hosokawa Tadaoki Battle standards

Family

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Retainers

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See also

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References

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The emblem (mon) of the Hosokawa clan
  1. ^ 細川忠興 at Nihon jinmei daijiten; retrieved 2013-5-29.
  2. ^ Walker, Robin Noel. (2002). "Nagaoka+Tadaoki" in Shoko-Ken: A Late Medieval Daime Sukiya Style Japanese Tea-House, p. 32.
  3. ^ Walker, Robin Noel. (2002). "Nagaoka+Tadaoki" in Shoko-Ken: A Late Medieval Daime Sukiya Style Japanese Tea-House, p. 32.
  4. ^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Hosokawa Tadaoki" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 359.
  5. ^ a b c Mizuno Goki (2013). "前田利家の死と石田三成襲撃事件" [Death of Toshiie Maeda and attack on Mitsunari Ishida]. 政治経済史学 (in Japanese) (557号): 1–27.
  6. ^ Kasaya Kazuhiko (2000). "豊臣七将の石田三成襲撃事件―歴史認識形成のメカニズムとその陥穽―" [Seven Toyotomi Generals' Attack on Ishida Mitsunari - Mechanism of formation of historical perception and its downfall]. 日本研究 (in Japanese) (22集).
  7. ^ Kasaya Kazuhiko (2000). "徳川家康の人情と決断―三成"隠匿"の顚末とその意義―" [Tokugawa Ieyasu's humanity and decisions - The story of Mitsunari's "concealment" and its significance]. 大日光 (70号).
  8. ^ "七将に襲撃された石田三成が徳川家康に助けを求めたというのは誤りだった". yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/ (in Japanese). 渡邊大門 無断転載を禁じます。 © LY Corporation. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
  9. ^ Mizuno Goki (2016). "石田三成襲撃事件の真相とは". In Watanabe Daimon (ed.). 戦国史の俗説を覆す [What is the truth behind the Ishida Mitsunari attack?] (in Japanese). 柏書房.
  10. ^ 歴代文化皇國史大觀 [Overview of history of past cultural empires] (in Japanese). Japan: Oriental Cultural Association. 1934. p. 592. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
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Further reading

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  • Sansom, George "A History of Japan", 1334–1615 Stanford 1961
  • Berry, Mary Elizabeth "Hideyoshi" 1982
  • Charles Ralph Boxer, "Hosokawa Tadaoki and the Jesuits, 1587–1645" in Portuguese Merchants and Missionaries in Feudal Japan, 1543–1640, by Variorum Reprints (1986)
Preceded by
none
 Daimyō of Nakatsu
1600–1602 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
none
 Daimyō of Kokura
1602–1620 		Succeeded by
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