Draft:Typhoon Pamela (1954)
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Typhoon Pamela was an intense and destructive typhoon which affected the Philippines, Hong Kong, Macau, and South China during October and November 1954.
Meteorological history
[edit]
Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
Unknown
Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depressionOn October 26, a tropical cyclone formed east of the Philippines, having a minimum pressure of 1,006 hPa (29.7 inHg).[1] Early the next day, the Fleet Weather Center (FWC) began tracking the cyclone, which had intensified into a tropical storm, naming it Pamela.[2] The JMA followed suit the next day, noting that it had intensified into a tropical storm[3] and deepened to have a minimum pressure of 998 hPa (29.5 inHg).[1] Intensifying further, on October 30, both the FWC and JMA noted that Pamela had rapidly intensified into a typhoon.[2][4]
Soon after, Pamela began intensifying again, having 1-minute sustained winds of 100 mph (155 km/h) early early on October 31, being a Category 2-equivalent hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale.[2] At 12:00 UTC that same day, Pamela would intensify into a super typhoon according to the FWC,[2] attaining a minimum pressure of 960 hPa (28 inHg).[1] Soon after, it peaked with sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km/h),[2] later peaking with a minimum pressure of 900 hPa (27 inHg) early the next day.[1] However, soon after, it began steadily weakening, with its pressures rising steadily.[1]
Despite that, on November 5, Pamela re-intensified into a super typhoon over the South China Sea,[2] becoming the first of only four super typhoons in the area—the others were Yagi in 2024, Rammasun in 2014, and Rai in 2021.[5] The next day, Pamela made landfall in China as a minimal typhoon. As a result, early on September 7, Pamela weakened into a tropical storm,[2] prior to the JMA last tracking the typhoon a few hours later.[1] The FWC kept tracking it until it had weakened into a tropical depression early the next day.[2]
Preparations
[edit]Hong Kong
[edit]All of the island's cross harbour ferry services and part of its tram services were suspended prior to the typhoon.[6]
Elsewhere
[edit]The SS Chusan, which was loading cargo in Victoria Harbour, had to leave it as Pamela approached.[7] In Haiphong, all of the Task Force 90 ships, vessels which were involved in Operation Passage to Freedom, had to evade the typhoon until November 7.[8]
Impact
[edit]Philippines
[edit]Taiwan
[edit]Hong Kong
[edit]A baby was killed by a loosened rock and three fisherman died after their boat capsized. Additionally, an electrician was indirectly killed while repairing a electrical line broken during the typhoon.[9] In total, five deaths[10] and thirteen injuries were recorded in the island.[11] Both Quarry Bay and North Point received a storm surge of 1.16 m (3.8 ft).[12][13]
China
[edit]Alongside the southern coast of China, Pamela sunk around 1,100 fishing boats, causing it to be the "worst disaster to the fishing people of South China in a century".[14]
Elsewhere
[edit]The USS Muskingum, a cargo ship which at the time was 130 mi (210 km) southwest of Taiwan, was caught in the typhoon. As a result, the British steamer HMS Birmingham, a Norwegian motor ship Hoi Houw, and a ship off the coast of Luzon began searching for it.[15] A man fell off the USS Helena and had to be saved by a lifeboat crew.[16] Elsewhere, the moorings of the SS Gujarat were torn. Two Hong Kong fishing trawlers, which had a crew of 14 and 12 respectively, went missing due to rough seas produced by Pamela.[6]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f "RSMC Best Track Data (Text)". Japan Meteorological Agency. 1951–1959. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Typhoon Pamela (16W) Best Track". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2021.
- ^ "List of weather charts on October 29, 1954 (Fri)". Digital Typhoon. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
- ^ "List of weather charts on October 30, 1954 (Fri)". Digital Typhoon. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
- ^ Carpineti, Alfredo; Large, Holly (September 10, 2024). "Deadly Tropical Storm Yagi Has Become A Super Typhoon – What Does That Mean?". IFLScience. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
- ^ a b "Typhoon Buffets Hong Kong, Kills Five". The West Australian. November 8, 1954. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
- ^ "'Pamela' puts Chusan back on schedule". The Straits Times. November 12, 1954. p. 5. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
- ^ Frankum, Ronald Bruce (2007). Operation Passage to Freedom: The United States Navy in Vietnam, 1954-1955. Texas Tech University Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-89672-608-6.
- ^ "Sarasota Herald-Tribune". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. November 8, 1954. p. 8. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
- ^ "Daytona Beach Morning Journal". Vol. 30, no. 168. Daytona Beach Morning Journal. November 8, 1954. p. Front Cover. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
- ^ Institute, Hong Kong Chronicles (June 30, 2022). Hong Kong Chronicles: Overview & Chronology. Chung Hwa Book Co. (H.K.) Ltd. p. 286. ISBN 978-988-8807-32-1. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
- ^ Lee, T. C.; C. F., Wong (October 2, 2007). Historical Storm Surges and Storm Surge Forecasting in Hong Kong (PDF) (Report). Hong Kong: Hong Kong Observatory. p. 7. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
- ^ "Storm Surge Records: Typhoon Pamela (Nov 1954)". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
- ^ "St. Joseph News-Press". St. Joseph News-Press. November 15, 1954. p. 16. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
- ^ "SHIP CAUGHT IN TYPHOON PAMELA: SOS". Sun News-Pictorial. AAP. November 6, 1954. Retrieved September 10, 2024.
- ^ "Man overboard". USS Helena (CA-75). Retrieved September 10, 2024.
 Pamela at its peak intensity over the South China Sea on September 2 | |
| Meteorological history | |
|---|---|
| Formed | October 26, 1954 |
| Dissipated | November 7, 1954 |
| Typhoon | |
| 10-minute sustained (JMA) | |
| Lowest pressure | 900 hPa (mbar); 26.58 inHg |
| Category 5-equivalent super typhoon | |
| 1-minute sustained (SSHWS/FWC) | |
| Highest winds | 280 km/h (175 mph) |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 6 |
| Injuries | 13 |
| Missing | 26 |
| Areas affected | Philippines (primarily Luzon), Hong Kong, Macau, South China |