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Draft:Sunrise Wind

Coordinates: 41°00′30″N 71°39′14″W / 41.008196°N 71.6539°W / 41.008196; -71.6539
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sunrise Wind Farm
Map
CountryUnited States
LocationWEA OCS-A 0487
Outer Continental Shelf
Offshore Long Island [2]
Coordinates41°00′30″N 71°39′14″W / 41.008196°N 71.6539°W / 41.008196; -71.6539[1]
StatusUnder Construction
Construction began2024
OwnerØrsted US Offshore Wind
Wind farm
TypeOffshore
Distance from shore16 miles (26 km)
Rotor diameter548 feet (167 m)
Site area109,952 acres (171.800 sq mi)
Power generation
Nameplate capacity924 MW
External links
WebsiteØrsted US Offshore Wind
[edit on Wikidata]

Sunrise Offshore Wind

[edit]

Sunrise Wind is a 924 MW utility-scale offshore wind farm under construction on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore Long Island, New York. Sunrise Wind is expected to become the first offshore wind farm in the US to use a more efficient High Voltage Direct Current transmission system.

Sunrise Wind farm is located 16.4 nautical miles (18.9 miles, 30.4 kilometers) south of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, 26.5 nautical miles (30.5 miles, 48.1 kilometers) east of Montauk Point, New York, and 14.5 nautical miles (16.7 miles, 26.8 kilometers) from Block Island, Rhode Island.[2] Sunrise will utilize Siemens Gamesa 8.0-167 turbines, meaning that each turbine has a capacity of 8.0 MW and a rotor diameter of 167 meters (548 ft).[3][4] Sunrise Wind will use 84 turbines connected to a grid of inter-array cables and an offshore converter station.[5] Sunrise connects to the grid through a single 100 miles (160 km) underwater cable to Fire Island, New York.[6]

The developer, Ørsted, projects Sunrise Wind to create 800 direct construction jobs and thousands more indirect and induced jobs through investments in the local economy.[5] By 2027, Sunrise is expected to produce the amount of power equivalent to the annual consumption of 600,000 New York homes.[7]

The project is part of New York State’s broader initiative to transition to clean energy and achieve net zero emissions by 2040, as outlined in its Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act.[8] The Sunrise Wind project is also aligned with New York’s goal of achieving 9 GW of offshore wind energy by 2035.[9]

History and Development

[edit]

In 2010 the Department of Interior initiated the preliminary leasing assessment of the area between Rhode Island, New York, and Massachusetts for offshore wind development.[2] In 2014 site assessment began for Sunrise. In 2017, the Site Assessment Plan (SAP) was completed, which allowed Sunrise to install two floating light and detection ranging buoys (FLIDARs) and one metocean/current buoy.[2] In August of 2020, Deepwater Wind assigned Lease OCS-A 0487 to Sunrise Wind, LLC. Sunrise Wind subsequently submitted their Construction and Operations Plan (COP) for the Sunrise Wind Project.[10] In September of 2020, Bay State Wind, LLC, an Ørsted subsidiary, assigned its interest in a portion of Lease OCS-A 0500 (now OCS-A 0530) to Sunrise Wind, LLC. BOEM consolidated Lease OCS-A 0530 into Lease OCS-A 0487 in March of 2021. This consolidation increased the total area to 109,952 acres.

Ørsted

[edit]

Ørsted, the second largest wind farm company in the world[11], entered the Sunrise Wind Project timeline in June of 2015 when BOEM approved the reassignment of Lease OCS-A 0500 to Ørsted (formerly DONG Energy Massachusetts, LLC).[12] This lease was initially awarded to RES Developments in January 2015 during a competitive lease sale for the wind energy area offshore Massachusetts. Between 2021 and 2023 Sunrise faced regulatory challenges. New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) held its fourth offshore wind solicitation in January of 2024. Sunrise Wind bid-in at a higher price. Sunrise Wind will earn $150.15 per megawatt hour in the 25-year contract, which is significantly higher than the $110.37 MW/h price from 2019.[13] Initially, Eversource and Ørsted were co-owners of the project until January of 2024, when Ørsted acquired Eversource’s share (50%) for $152 million, becoming the full owner of Sunrise Wind, LLC.

Timeline

[edit]
Early Development & Planning
  • July 2013: BOEM conducted a competitive auction and awarded Lease OCS-A 0487 (67,250 acres) to Deepwater Wind New England, LLC.
  • October 2018: Ørsted acquired Deepwater Wind for $510MM, which included the Sunrise Wind Project.[14]
  • August 2020: Lease OCS-A 0487 assigned to Sunrise Wind, LLC.
  • September 2020: Bay State Wind, LLC transferred its interest in a portion of lease OCS-A 0500, designated as OCS-A 0530, to Sunrise Wind, LLC.
  • March 2021: BOEM consolidated lease OCS-A 0530 into Lease OCS-A 0487, amending it to cover a total area of 109,952 acres.
Environmental Review & Permitting
Record of Decision & Approvals
  • March 2024: The U.S. Department of the Interior released the ROD, which states the decision to approve Sunrise Wind with a total capacity of 924 MW within the project area.
  • June 2024: BOEM approves of the COP for the Sunrise Wind, which allows for up to 94 wind turbines and includes key infrastructure such as offshore and onshore converter stations, transmission cables, and grid interconnection.
Construction & Installation
  • June 2024: Construction activities begin, including detailed design, procurement, and contracting. Developers start sourcing materials for turbine foundations and cables.
  • 2025: Installation of turbines begins. By 2026, project aims to be operational with a possible continuation of construction until the second half of 2027.[7]

Notes: BOEM= Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. FEIS = Final Environmental Impact Statement. ROD = Record of Decision. COP= Construction and Operations Plan

Lease Area

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Location

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Covering approximately 86,823 acres, the Sunrise Wind Lease Area is located in federal waters 30.4 km south of Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts, 48.1 km east of Montauk, New York, and 26.8 km from Block Island, Rhode Island.[16] The Holbrook and West-Bus substation in the town of Brookhaven, New York within the Long Island Power Authority's service territory is the planned point of interconnection. The offshore export cables would be buried below the seabed in New York state and federal waters.[16]

History of the Lease Area

[edit]

The Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCS) mandates that the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) must award leases for renewable energy projects through competitive bidding, unless BOEM determines there is no competitive interest.[17]

Auction Process

[edit]

On July 31, 2013, BOEM concluded its lease auction and awarded Lease OCS-A 0487 (consisting of about 67,250 acres) to Deepwater Wind New England, LLC. Deepwater Wind New England, LLC then assigned Lease OCS-A 0487 to Sunrise Wind, LLC on August 3, 2020.[10] On September 3, 2020, Bay State Wind, LLC assigned 100% of its record title interest in a portion of lease OCS-A 0500 to Sunrise Wind, LLC, which BOEM designated OCS-A 0530. Through an amendment to Lease OCS-A 0487 on March 15, 2021, BOEM consolidated lease OCS-A 0530 into Lease OCS-A 0487. The resulting lease area is 109,952 acres and effective date of lease OCS-A 0487 remains October 1, 2013.[10]

Lease Area Outline for Sunrise Wind Farm

[18]

Regulatory and Permitting Process

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Site Assessment Plan

[edit]

In December 2010, a Request for Interest was published by BOEM in the Federal Register. In 2011, a Call for Information and a Notice of Intent was published. These documents started the environmental assessments for the region between Massachusetts and Rhode Island. In 2012, BOEM called for public comment in the Federal Register for the sale. Sunrise Wind was awarded the preliminary lease in 2015. Momentum with the project was stalled until NYSERDA’s fourth offshore wind solicitation in 2023, which ultimately resulted in Sunrise’s selection.

Environmental Impact Statement

[edit]

On August 31, 2021, BOEM published a Notice of Intent (NOI) to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the Sunrise Wind project. The NOI was then corrected on September 3, 2021, to make technical corrections and extend the comment period to October 4, 2021. The NOI initiated a 30-day public comment period during which BOEM hosted three virtual scoping meetings where the public could learn more about the Construction and Operations Plan (COP), ask questions, and provide oral testimony. During the scoping period, BOEM received 88 submissions from the public, Tribes, agencies, and other stakeholders.[19]

On December 12, 2022, BOEM announced the availability of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) for the proposed Sunrise Wind project. The NOI for the Sunrise Wind DEIS published in the Federal Register on December 16, 2022 opened a 60-day public comment period ending on February 14, 2023. The input received via this process informed the preparation of the Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS).[19]

The FEIS assessed the potential biological, socioeconomic, physical, and cultural impacts that could result from the construction, operations and maintenance, and decommissioning of the Sunrise Wind project. Recommendations and alternative options were detailed on how to best monitor and reduce the impact on the surrounding area.[20]

  • Alternative A, or "No Action," would see BOEM not approving the Construction and Operations Plan, and the project would not move forward with construction. The No Action Alternative is the baseline Alternative that all actions are weighed against.
  • Alternative B, the "Proposed Action" plan proposed 108 WTGs with a maximum capacity of 1056 MW. The Proposed Alternative was found to have a moderate adverse impact on benthic habitat.
  • Alternative C-1, the "Reduced Layout from Priority Areas via Exclusion of up to Eight WTG Positions" plan was found to be unfeasible after additional geotechnical research following the publication of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Specifically, glauconite sands were found at potential turbine locations which left only 72 of the proposed positions available for installation, resulting in only 792 MW of capacity, which did not meet the OREC agreement.
  • Alternative C-2, the "Reduced Layout from Priority Areas via Exclusion of up to Eight WTG Positions and Relocation of up to 12 WTG Positions to the eastern side of the Lease Area" plan was found to be unfeasible after additional geotechnical research following the publication of the Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Specifically, glauconite sands were found at potential turbine locations which left only 63 of the proposed positions available for installation, resulting in only 693 MW of capacity, which did not meet the OREC agreement.
  • Alternative C-3, the "Reduced Layout from Priority Areas Considering Feasibility due to Glauconite Sands" plan included 3 potential WTG configurations to reduce the impact on sensitive benthic habitat. Sub-Alternative C-3a would install 87 WTGs at 87 potential positions, Sub-Alternative C-3b would install 84 WTGs at 87 potential positions, and Sub-Alternative C-3c would install 80 WTGs would be installed at 87 potential positions. All Sub-Alternatives prioritized moving turbines from complex seafloor areas to homogenous, soft-bottom areas to reduce impacts on benthic habitat.
  • A "Preferred Alternative" considered the results of BOEM’s economic feasibility analysis and the perspectives of local governments, tribes, and other stakeholders. BOEM identified Sub-Alternative C-3b (84 WTGs with 924 MW capacity) as the Preferred Alternative.

These alternatives were evaluated as to which would minimize environmental harm. Alternatives C-1 and C-2 were deemed no longer viable due to glauconite feasibility issues, which left Sub-Alternatives C-3a, C-3b, and C-3c.[21] After analysis and feedback, BOEM identified Sub-Alternative C-3b (the 924 MW option) as the Preferred Alternative. This alternative minimizes environmental impacts while meeting energy generation goals. It includes strategies such as micro-siting to avoid complex habitats, boulders, unexploded ordnances, and shipwrecks, while ensuring compliance with project feasibility.[22]

During the comment period, BOEM again held three virtual public meetings, where the public could learn more about the review process, EIS schedule, potential impacts from the proposed project, and proposals to reduce potential impacts. There was also an opportunity for participants to provide comments on the Draft EIS. [19] On March 20, 2024, BOEM published an errata on its website that included a correction to the cumulative impact conclusion level for marine mammals under the No Action Alternative in Chapter 3. The errata also correct the impact conclusion level for benthic resources under the No Action Alternative in the Chapter 2 summary table, several anticipated enforcing agencies identified in Appendix H, and minor typographic errors. None of these edits or corrections are substantive or affect the analysis or conclusions in the FEIS. On December 11, 2023, BOEM announced the availability of the Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) for the proposed Sunrise Wind project.[19]

Record of Decision and Approvals

[edit]

On March 26, 2024, the Department of the Interior announced the approval of the Sunrise Wind offshore wind project. The Record of Decision (ROD) documents the decision to approve the construction of up to 84 wind turbines within the lease area. On June 21, 2024, BOEM announced its approval of the Construction and Operations Plan (COP) for the Sunrise Wind Project.[19]

Finance

[edit]

Offtake Agreement

[edit]

As a result of New York’s fourth offshore wind solicitation, Sunrise finalized Offshore Renewable Energy Credit (ORECs) contracts with NYSERDA.[23] On May 31, 2024 Sunrise Wind agreed to sell and NYSERDA agreed to purchase the ORECs produced by the wind farm at a rate of $146 (“strike price") per MWh for 25 years.[24] This strike price was a 27% increase from the previous rate. Sunrise Wind had been contracted first in 2019, at a strike price of $110.37 per MWh, but withdrew after unsuccessful power price negotiations with state officials in 2023 due to cost increases attributed to factors such as inflation, delays from suppliers, and slow progress on acquiring tax credits.[25]

These certificates represent proof that 1 MWh of electricity was generated from the offshore wind farm and was fed into the New York grid. The monthly OREC price will be determined by taking the contracted “strike price” and adjusting it based on the Reference Energy Price (REP), which fluctuates based on the average cost of electricity in New York, and the Reference Capacity Price (RCP), which fluctuates based on the capacity and demand of the local New York energy system.[26] Conditions of this contract include a maximum project capacity of 924 MW and provisions for renegotiating if connecting the project to an offshore transmission system change how much money the project can generate.[27]

In addition to the 924 MW contracted to NYSERDA, Sunrise Wind has the opportunity to enter into other potential offtake agreements or sell additional electricity on a merchant basis without an offtake contract.[18] If additional offtake contracts are signed or a decision is made to sell on a merchant basis, the additional capacity (up to 110 MW) would be installed during a single campaign with the 924 MW contracted to NYSERDA.[18]

Cost and Finance Structure

[edit]

Set to finish construction in 2027, Sunrise Wind has an estimated $1.5-billion development cost.[28] The annual rent for Lease OCS-A 0487 has been set at $329,856.00.[29] These payments are calculated based on the area of the lease (per acre or fraction), and they are meant to serve as an incentive for timely construction and compensate the public for granting rights to develop the leased area. Once Sunrise Wind starts generating electricity commercially, they (the lessee) must pay an operating fee.[29]

The development of Sunrise Wind includes making investments in the state’s offshore wind workforce and supply chain. Long Island-based Haugland Energy Group LLC (an affiliate of Haugland Group LLC) has been awarded a $200 million contract to install its underground duct bank system for transmission links, thus creating more than 400 jobs for New York union workers.[30] Additionally, Riggs Distler & Co. has received an $86 million contract for the steel manufacturing of turbine foundation components at the Port of Coeymans, thus supporting 230 family-sustaining jobs.[31] Sunrise will also invest $10 million in the development of New York’s National Offshore Wind Training Center on Long Island and $5 million in a research partnership with Stony Brook University.[32]

Sunrise Wind also qualifies for federal tax credits. Under the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), offshore wind projects are eligible for a 30% Investment Tax Credit of the capital costs of the project. Ørsted was granted over $90 million in tax breaks from the town of Brookhaven, New York. The construction of the electrical converter station, and an 18-mile-long cable connecting the wind farm to a Holbrook substation will be supported by $87.4 million in tax breaks over 25 years. An additional $2.6 million in tax breaks over 10 years will convert an East Setauket building into an operations center. These tax breaks were granted by the officials from the Brookhaven Industrial Development Agency.[33]

Infrastructure Development

[edit]

Construction

[edit]

Sunrise Wind is currently under construction and is set to become operational by 2027. The developer projects the project to support over 800 direct jobs during its construction phase.[18]

Onshore Facilities

[edit]

Onshore facilities will be constructed prior to offshore infrastructure. The onshore facilities include:

  • Onshore Transmission Cable, TJB, and concrete and/or direct buried joint bays and associated components.
  • Onshore Interconnection Cable.
  • Fiber optic cable co-located with the Onshore Transmission and Onshore Interconnection Cables.
  • One Onshore Converter Station (OnCS–DC).

The onshore interconnection cables will be designed for approximately 230–275 kV HVAC or 320–525 kV HVDC, installed in an underground duct bank. Techniques such as directional boring will be employed to minimize impacts on roadways, wetlands, and waterbodies.[18]

Offshore Facilities

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Offshore facilities, including the installation of up to 94 Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs) at 102 potential positions, will follow. The offshore export cables will utilize 230–275 kV HVAC cables and/or 320–525 kV HVDC cables, while the inter-array cables will range from 66–150 kV HVAC. The total length of inter-array cables is expected to be up to 180 miles (290 km). The project will also include one Offshore Converter Station (OCS–DC) and one DC submarine export cable bundle (SRWEC) comprised of two cables located within an up to 104.6-mile (168.4-km) long corridor.

Foundations for the WTGs will predominantly consist of monopiles, while piled jackets will be selected for the OCS–DC. Installation methods for the foundations will include impact pile driving and vibratory pile driving.[18]

Point of Interconnection

[edit]

The Sunrise Wind Project will establish a comprehensive offshore and onshore infrastructure for renewable energy transmission. Once the offshore cable reaches the beach, it will run underground along roadways to an onshore converter station on Union Avenue in Holbrook, New York. From there, an underground cable will connect to the Holbrook PSEG Long Island Substation, facilitating integration into the existing electrical grid. The project will utilize directional boring to install the cable while preserving beach access and minimizing surface disturbance. The nearest wind turbines will be located at least 30 miles offshore, making them largely invisible. The design of the transmission facilities avoids overhead utility poles to reduce disruption risks, and the project has a potential total capacity of up to 1,034 MW, including 924 MW contracted to NYSERDA. Construction for the converter station and related facilities began in Q3 2023, with commissioning expected by Q4 2025.[18]

Turbine Specifications

[edit]

In 2022, Sunrise Wind selected Siemens Gamesa to supply their wind turbines. The project will install 94 Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy SG DD-167 turbine models, each with the capacity of 8.0 MW at 102 potential locations, a reduction from the initial 122 positions. Each turbine will have a maximum height of 240 meters (790 ft), a rotor diameter of 167 meters (548 ft), a hub height of 140 meters (460 ft), and an air gap above the water of 40 meters (130 ft). The Siemens Gamesa 8.0-167 turbines have a swept area of 21,900 square metres (236,000 sq ft), which is an increase from previous models.[34]

The WTGs will be installed in a uniform east-west/north-south grid with a spacing of 1.15 miles by 1.15 miles (1 by 1 nautical mile; 1.85 by 1.85 kilometers). The chosen foundations for the WTGs will predominantly be monopile foundations, which require tubular steel piles to be driven into the seabed to a target depth of embedment.[18]

The construction and installation of these WTGs will utilize methods such as impact pile driving and vibratory pile driving. The anticipated water depths for the WTGs will range from 135 to 184 feet (41 to 56 meters) based on NOAA data.[18]

The project will employ a High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission system for more efficient long-distance electricity transmission compared to Alternating Current (AC) systems.[18] Sunrise Wind will be the first offshore wind farm in the United States to use High Voltage Direct Current.

Construction Plan Timeline[18]

[edit]
Duration Activity
2023 Q2 - 2023 Q4 Onshore Facilities (OnCS–DC and Onshore Transmission Cable)
2023 Q4 - 2024 Q1 Subsea Renewable Water Energy Converter
2024 Q1 - 2025 Q1 Offshore Foundations
2024 Q3 - 2025 Q3 Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs)
2025 Q1 - 2025 Q4 Offshore Converter Station – Direct Current
2025 Q2 - 2025 Q4 Commissioning Phase - Testing of Project Components
2027 Project is expected to be operational

Benefits and Concerns

[edit]

Community Involvement

[edit]

In 2022, Sunrise partnered with a local community college and established the National Offshore Wind Training Center in Suffolk County.[35] The National Offshore Wind Training Center is a collaboration between the Long Island Federation of Labor, the Nassau & Suffolk Building and Construction, International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Utility Workers Union of America, and Suffolk County Community College.[36] Sunrise pledged $1 million to the Multi-Craft Apprenticeship Preparation Program (M.A.P.P.), which trains lower income workers in offshore wind apprenticeships.[36] Sunrise pledged $5 million to Stony Brook University for offshore wind research and innovation.[36] To compensate for potential losses to commercial and for-hire recreational fishers as a direct result of the project, Sunrise Wind, LLC committed to establishing fishery mitigation funds.[37] Sunrise committed $16.5 million for wildlife and fisheries monitoring.[38]

Sunrise Wind signed its Community Benefits Agreement with the town of Brookhaven, New York on March 20, 2023.[39] The $169.9 million Community Benefits Agreement targets various organizations in Suffolk County, New York including school districts.[39] Key provisions include 25 annual impact fees ranging from $5 to $6 million, starting once the project begins generating power.[40] Additionally, there is a $5 million payment allocated for the construction of a Tri-Hamlet park, $2 million allocated to public health services, and $28 million in Payment in Lieu of Taxes payments.[40] An agreement between Sunrise Wind and the Brookhaven Industrial Agency also ensures $90 million in tax incentives for the construction of the cable landing and operations center.[41]

Public comments submitted for the Sunrise Wind project included submissions by the Passamaquoddy Tribe, the Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council, and the Responsible Offshore Development Alliance (RODA).[42]

Economic Impacts

[edit]

The developer, Ørsted, projects Sunrise Wind to create 800 direct construction jobs and thousands more indirect and induced jobs through investments in the local economy.[5] According to Ørsted, Sunrise Wind is set to generate over $6 billion in economic benefits over its 25-year lifespan. Sunrise's contract with NYSERDA requires the developer to purchase at least $188 million of U.S.-made iron and steel in an effort to support local manufacturing.[43]

The Final Environmental Impact Statement notes that nighttime aviation warning lighting on WTGs might have a localized economic impact on tourism.[44] With the caveat that the WTGs would not dominate views, the Final Environmental Impact Statement notes the possibility that the visibility of the structures might impact property owners and the tourism industry.[45]

Environmental Impacts

[edit]

Sunrise's contract with NYSERDA requires the developer to dedicate $16.5 million to wildlife and fisheries monitoring.[43] Sunrise has implemented various programs to reduce the adverse impact on the North Atlantic Right Whale. Specifically, no construction activities will occur from January 1 through April 30 as this is the North Atlantic Right Whale's primary occupation season in the area.[46] Bubble Curtains, a form of sound attenuation, will also be used to reduce the impact of noise from construction.[47]

Current Status and Future Outlook

[edit]

In January of 2025, Ørsted announced that Sunrise’s completion date would be pushed back to the latter half of 2027.[48] The company cited increased costs for the development of monopile foundations as the reason for the setback.[48] This announcement came one day after President Trump signed an Executive Order halting all new offshore wind leases within the United States.[49]

Sunrise Wind is expected to become the first United States offshore wind project to use High-voltage direct current (HVDC) technology.[50] HVDC technology will reduce the number of cables and electrical connections needed and increase the overall efficiency of the project by reducing the amount of energy lost in transmission.[50] Ørsted estimates that the project is expected to cost $1.5 billion.[28] Along with Empire Wind, a neighboring wind farm, Sunrise Wind will raise customer's bills by approximately 2%, or about $2.09 per month.[13] Upon operation, the project is expected to have a life span of 25 years, which is typical of offshore wind farms, as most become economically unfeasible with emerging technologies.

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Sunrise Wind". thewindpower.net.
  2. ^ a b c d "Sunrise Wind". www.boem.gov BOEM: Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR). Office of Public Affairs 1849 C Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20240.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  3. ^ "Wind turbine sg 8 0 167 dd". www.siemens-energy.com.
  4. ^ "Sunrise Wind Project, New York, USA".
  5. ^ a b c "Sunrise Wind". sunrisewindny.com.
  6. ^ https://www.offshorewind.biz/2023/07/25/work-starts-on-sunrise-wind-onshore-substation/#:~:text=Sunrise%20Wind's%20transmission%20system%20will,land%20in%20Holbrook%2C%20New%20York.
  7. ^ a b "Orsted flags $1.7 bln impairment on Sunrise Wind delays, increased costs". Reuters. Retrieved 2025-01-23.
  8. ^ "New York's Climate Leadership & Community Protection Act - New York's Climate Leadership & Community Protection Act". NYSERDA.
  9. ^ "New York's Climate Leadership & Community Protection Act - New York's Climate Leadership & Community Protection Act". NYSERDA. Retrieved 2025-01-23.
  10. ^ a b c "Sunrise Wind | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management". www.boem.gov. Retrieved 2025-02-04.
  11. ^ Ahmed, Zahra (June 10, 2024). "12 Biggest Offshore Wind Companies". Marine Insight.
  12. ^ "Sunrise Wind Record of Decision". boem.gov. Retrieved 2025-01-23.
  13. ^ a b "Offshore Wind 2023 Solicitation". NYSERDA.
  14. ^ Reed, Stanley (2018-10-08). "Orsted, a Giant in Offshore Wind Farms, Makes a Move in the U.S." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2025-02-15.
  15. ^ "Sunrise Wind Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) for Commercial Wind Lease OCS-A 0487 | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management". boem.gov. Retrieved 2025-01-23.
  16. ^ a b "Sunrise Wind | Tethys". tethys.pnnl.gov. Retrieved 2025-02-04.
  17. ^ "Commercial Wind Leasing Offshore Rhode Island and Massachusetts | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management". www.boem.gov. Retrieved 2025-02-18.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Construction & Operations Plan Sunrise Wind Farm Project". Bureau Ocean Energy Management. 2023-12-20. Retrieved 2025-01-29.
  19. ^ a b c d e "Sunrise Wind | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management". www.boem.gov. Retrieved 2025-02-05.
  20. ^ "Sunrise Wind | Tethys". tethys.pnnl.gov. Archived from [studies.https://tethys.pnnl.gov/wind-project-sites/sunrise-wind the original] on 2025-01-02. Retrieved 2025-02-05.
  21. ^ https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2024-09/final-eis-0566-sunrise-wind-vol-2-app-o-2024-09.pdf
  22. ^ "Sunrise Wind Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) for Commercial Wind Lease OCS-A 0487 | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management". www.boem.gov. Retrieved 2025-02-05.
  23. ^ "Offshore Wind 2023 Solicitation". NYSERDA. Retrieved 2025-02-16.
  24. ^ https://doi.org/10.1107/s1600576720013035/kc5117sup1.pdf
  25. ^ "Ørsted announces anticipated impairments on its US portfolio, continues to progress projects". orsted.com. Retrieved 2025-02-16.
  26. ^ Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. ^ doi.org https://doi.org/10.1107/s1600576720013035/kc5117sup1.pdf. Retrieved 2025-02-16. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  28. ^ a b "New York's Largest Offshore Wind Farm: Sunrise Wind | 2025". www.blackridgeresearch.com.
  29. ^ a b https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/renewable-energy/state-activities/Record%20of%20Decision_Sunrise%20Wind_OCS-A%200487.pdf
  30. ^ "PRESS RELEASE: Eversource and Ørsted Announce Record $200 Million New York Offshore Wind Supply Chain Award to Long Island-Based Haugland Group for Sunrise Wind's Onshore Transmission System Construction - Haugland Group". hauglandgroup.us. 2023-04-24. Retrieved 2025-02-17.
  31. ^ Buljan, Adrijana (2021-10-11). "New York Company Secures USD 86 Million Offshore Wind Foundation Deal with Ørsted and Eversource". Offshore Wind. Retrieved 2025-02-17.
  32. ^ "NY's Largest Offshore Wind Project Gets Final Construction OK | Engineering News-Record". www.enr.com. Retrieved 2025-02-16.
  33. ^ Tonjes, David J.; Aphale, Omkar; Clark, Lori; Thyberg, Krista L. (November 2018). "Conversion from dual stream to single stream recycling results in nuanced effects on revenues and waste stream amounts and composition". Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 138: 151–159. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.07.020. ISSN 0921-3449.
  34. ^ https://www.power-technology.com/projects/sunrise-wind-project-new-york/?cf-view
  35. ^ "Sunrise Wind Announces Plan to Launch Long Island-Based National Workforce Training Center for Offshore Wind".
  36. ^ a b c "Impact to the community". sunrisewindny.com.
  37. ^ "Biden-Harris Administration Approves Seventh Offshore Wind Project | U.S. Department of the Interior". www.doi.gov. Retrieved 2025-01-23.
  38. ^ "Empire Wind 1, Sunrise Wind finalize offtake agreements with NYSERDA". Renewable Energy World. 2024-06-05. Retrieved 2025-01-23.
  39. ^ a b "Community Benefits Agreements Database | Sabin Center for Climate Change Law". climate.law.columbia.edu.
  40. ^ a b "Local Benefits Agreements to Advance Sunrise Wind Project". perma.cc.
  41. ^ "WINDExchange: Wind Energy Community Benefits Guide". windexchange.energy.gov. Retrieved 2025-02-13.
  42. ^ "Regulations.gov". www.regulations.gov. Retrieved 2025-02-13.
  43. ^ a b "The Finalization Of New Contracts Announced For Empire Wind 1 And Sunrise Wind". NYSERDA.
  44. ^ https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/renewable-energy/state-activities/Sunrise%20Wind%20Final%20Environmental%20Impact%20Statement%20Volume%201.pdf
  45. ^ https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/renewable-energy/state-activities/Sunrise%20Wind%20Final%20Environmental%20Impact%20Statement%20Volume%201.pdf
  46. ^ https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/renewable-energy/state-activities/Sunrise%20Wind%20Final%20Environmental%20Impact%20Statement%20Volume%201.pdf
  47. ^ https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/renewable-energy/state-activities/Sunrise%20Wind%20Final%20Environmental%20Impact%20Statement%20Volume%201.pdf
  48. ^ a b "US East Coast Sunrise Wind project faces schedule delays, rising costs". Offshore. January 21, 2025.
  49. ^ https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/temporary-withdrawal-of-all-areas-on-the-outer-continental-shelf-from-offshore-wind-leasing-and-review-of-the-federal-governments-leasing-and-permitting-practices-for-wind-projects/
  50. ^ a b "Sunrise Wind Will be First Offshore Wind Project in United States to Use HVDC Transmission Technology". sunrisewindny.com.
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