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  • Comment: Sourcing needs work still. The article looks like its still under development, with tangential comments left scattered about. "WHERE IS POLICY BRANCH?" I am not sure. This subject could possibly be notable, but requires some cleanup in the meantime. Utopes (talk / cont) 21:14, 8 September 2023 (UTC)

Brigadier General

Paul Thomas Cullen
Brigadier General Paul T. Cullen
Born(1901-05-30)May 30, 1901
Ica, Peru
DiedMarch 23, 1951(1951-03-23) (aged 49)
Atlantic Ocean, 725 km (453.1 miles) west of Shannon, Ireland[1]
AllegianceUnited States
Service / branchUnited States Army (1928–47)
United States Air Force (1947–51)
Years of service1928–1951
RankBrigadier General
Service numberO-17852
Commands1st Mapping Group
7th Reconnaissance Group
2nd Operations Group
311th Air Division Air Force]]
Battles / warsWorld War II
Cold War (1947–1953)
AwardsSilver Star
Legion of Merit
Distinguished Flying Cross
Air Medal with 5 Oak leaf clusters
Bronze Star Medal
Commendation Medal

Paul Thomas Cullen (May 30, 1901 – March 23, 1951) was an American aviation official and wartime officer in the United States Army Air Forces, reaching the rank of brigadier general. He was born in Ica, Peru and later moved to California, where he entered the service as a flying cadet.

Cullen was selected to head a special reconnaissance mission to Africa (Operation Rusty), and upon his return in July, was assigned as commander of the 1st Mapping Group, with headquarters in Washington D.C.

He commanded multiple reconnaissance groups and wings after leaving the 1st Mapping Group.[2]

Cullen helped adapt early jet aircraft into the photo-recon role to spy on Russia and Korea.[3]

Cullen, while serving as vice commander of 2nd Air Force and commander of 7th Air Division, disappeared with all other members of the crew involved in the 1951_Atlantic_C-124_disappearance .

Early life and career

[edit]

Paul Cullen was born May 30, 1901, in Ica, Peru to Rev Thomas A. Cullen, a missionary from Edinburgh, Scotland and his wife Ina Helen Moses from Maine.
On September 6, 1909, the Reverend died attempting to save his son Philip after he had fallen into the Willamette River during a boat trip.
He had come to Portland from Washington, D.C. the spring before as superintendent of the Christian Missionary Alliance[4]
Paul's brother Philip was born in Washington, D.C. suggesting they had lived there since at least 1905
Ina moved to San Francisco, California with her two sons sometime after her husband's death but before 1920.

June 1928 – September 1929

[edit]

Cullen entered the service as a flying cadet in June 1928 in California.
A year later, after graduating from Air Force primary and advanced flying schools, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Air Reserve and in September 1929, received his Regular Commission.[2] [detailed notes 1]

Between the wars

[edit]

SOURCE: USAF Biographies BRIGADIER GENERAL PAUL T. CULLEN.[2]

September 1929 – September 1930

[edit]

First assigned as a 2nd Lieutenant to the 91st Observation Squadron at Crissy Field, California.
(Francis B Lowry was attached to this squadron in WWI)[7]

September 1930 – July 1931

[edit]

Cullen attended a one year photography course with the Air Corps Technical School at Chanute Field, Illinois.[2]
[detailed notes 2]
During this time, on December 20, 1930 Cullen married Ruth Amelia Gravett, daughter of a Baptist minister from England[8]


July 1931 – July 1937

[edit]

Cullen was stationed at Mitchel Field, New York for six years.
While there, he commanded Army Air Service Corps Area units during the Army Air Corps years.

  • Flight commander with the 97th Observation Squadron, (Temporary Captain – December 4-9, 1935, February 29, to March 5, 1936)[9]
  • First Lieutenant March 20, 1935 – May 18, 1935
    • Commanded the Eighth and Fourteenth Photo Sections, (Temporary Captain – May 18, 1935 – June 13, 1936)
  • First Lieutenant June 13, 1936 – September 4, 1939

August 1937 – June 1938

[edit]

Entered the Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field, Alabama. (Graduation June 1938)

June 1938 – June 1941

[edit]

Cullen was Assigned to Lowry Field, Colorado in June 1938, serving his first year there as the base engineering officer.
This was at a time when the field was still brand new and under construction as photography classes were being held.
Colonel Junius Jones had just became the first Commanding Officer four months before on 7 February 1938.[10]
The first paved runway opened two months later on April 4th.[detailed notes 3]
Starting June 1939, Cullen then served two years as Chief instructor of the Photo Department at Lowry Field, Colorado.
(Attained Permanent Captain's Rank September 4, 1939)
(Temporary Major, March 15, 1941 – January 5, 1942)

World War II

[edit]
See also: Air warfare of World War II

Observer with the Royal Air Force

[edit]

(After June 1941 – before January 1942)
Assignment overseas as a military observer of the operations of the Royal Air Force in the Middle and Far East.[2]
Cullen's transition from instructor to observer corresponded with England's invasion of Syria.
Cullen was a Military Observer with the RAF in the Western Desert during the war with Syria[12]
The Syria–Lebanon campaign occurred 8 June – 14 July 1941.
In October 1941, the Western Desert Air Forces had one tactical reconnaissance squadron, most likely No. 208 Squadron RAF[13]
The 208 operated Westland Lysander reconnaissance aircraft and Hawker Hurricane fighters[14]
RAF Middle East became RAF Middle East Command on 29 December 1941 and was coordinating with USAAF 9th Air Force.

Reconnaissance in Africa (Operation Rusty)

[edit]

(Temporary Lieutenant Colonel, January 5, 1942 – June 1943)
Cullen received a top-secret assignment to carry out clandestine reconnaissance flights over the Sahara Desert, with emphasis on French West Africa, with which the United States was not at war.[2] In February 1942, Colonel Cullen and Captain Elliott Roosevelt were ordered to conduct aerial photographic reconnaissance staging out of Accra in the Gold Coast (later Ghana). Cullen was a mapping specialist in charge of the United States Army Air Forces 1st Mapping Group, Bolling Field, D.C. Captain Roosevelt had just completed his navigator’s training[15] Having been successful with this (Project Rusty), Cullen was assigned as commander of the 1st Mapping Group until June 1943[2]

Landing Accident at Lambert Field, St. Louis, Missouri

[edit]

June 9th, 1943, B-17F serial number 42-29753,with Cullen at the controls, with the 11th Photo Squadron, 2nd Photo Group, based at Peterson AAF, CO, had a landing accident at Lambert Field, MO, that killed crew members.[16]
[detailed notes 4]

Cullen was relieved of this Command in June 1943, following this aircraft accident in which he suffered a broken back[2]with a prolonged recovery.[3]
This was the only time during the war he spent with his wife Ruth. She nursed him back to health in his home town of Huntington, CA[8]

Reconnaissance in Europe

[edit]

(Commander of 7th Photo Group, 8th Air Force)
With the removal of the cast, Cullen was assigned to Air Force headquarters and in November 1943, upon removal of the brace from his back, was sent overseas to command the Seventh Photo Group of the Eighth Air Force.[2]
The Seventh Photo Group, operating stripped Lockheed F-5 (P-38) Lightning aircraft, provided strategic photo reconnaissance for the Eighth Air Force.[2]
The 7th Photo Group (13th, 14th&22nd squadrons were founded at Army Air Base, Peterson Field, Colorado Springs, where Cullen had just been operating the F-9.
The 7th Photographic Reconnaissance and Mapping Group was activated on 7 July 1943 in England.[24]

Work with the Soviets (Operation Frantic)

[edit]

Operation Frantic was made possible by a personal appeal from Colonel Elliott Roosevelt to Marshal Joseph Stalin, at the Tehran Conference in late November 1943, who requested the bases for use of his reconnaissance aircraft then operating from Italy.[25]

In February 1944, Cullen was assigned on temporary duty with the U.S. Military Mission in Moscow for the purpose of setting up reconnaissance bases in the Ukraine. Upon completion of the negotiations for the establishment of these bases,
General Alfred Kessler became commander, and Cullen deputy commander, for operations of the Eastern Command of the U.S. Strategic Air Forces in Europe, with station in the Poltava, Ukraine.[25][26][2]
In this capacity Cullen made the first shuttle flight into the Ukraine in an unarmed Lockheed F-5 (P-38) Lightning on May 26, 1944. [27] [28]

Poltava operated in parallel with the new American Military Mission to Moscow (General John R. Deane).)[25]

Fifteenth Air Force, 2nd Bombardment Group, B-17 Flying Fortress operating out of Amendola Airfield, Italy, participated in this operation.[25]

The last US contingent of personnel left Poltava in June 1945.[25]

Commander 2nd Bomb Group, Italy

[edit]

(Temporary Colonel August 1, 1944 – )
Early September 1944, Cullen assumed command of the 2nd Bomb Group of the 15th Air Force, Italy.[2]
The 2nd had moved to Italy in December 1943[29] Charles L. Childs remembered his first meeting with Colonel Cullen and thinking he looked like Abe Lincoln with a Bible on his desk and he was very serious. Cullen was reminding Childs of the seriousness of the lead flying he about to undertake.
Childs also recalls Cullen flying lead on several missions.[30]

Return to the United States

[edit]

Immediately after V-E Day, Cullen returned to the United States for assignment to the Continental Air Forces at Bolling Field and functioned as special assistant to the deputy commander for operations in radar bomb training.

Continental Air Forces was tasked with combat training of bomber and fighter personnel, B-29s in the Pacific were using H2X(AN/APS-15) to radar bomb through overcast

7,600 radar observers-bombardment were graduated from AAF schools during the war; they were assigned to heavy bomber or B-29 operational units. Heavy bomber lead crews each carried a BTO (Bomb Through Overcast) operator in addition to its regular personnel, while each B-29 crew included one radar observer-bombardment.[31]

Assigned to the Pacific

[edit]

In connection with this assignment, he was sent to the Marianas in late July 1945,
Cullen's arrival corresponded with the formation of United States Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific
[detailed notes 5]

Cullen's second wife, Reva Joy Hurwitz, a Red Cross girl, was stationed in Hawaii from November 1944 (although her voyage from Seattle to Honolulu on the Matsonia and arrival suggests it was January 6, 1945[38][38]) and moved to Bikini in March 1946 through the time of the Atom Bomb tests in July 1946[39][40] Cullen "met her during the war". Enroute to the Marianas, in Hawaii is the second possibility for their meeting.[8]

Cullen was operating with the 20th Air Force on V-J Day.[2]

Post World War II

[edit]
See also: Cold War (1947–1953)

Upon return in October 1945, he was transferred to Air Force headquarters as chief of the Policy Branch.[2]
The Air Force’s first headquarters was established at Bolling Field, as Army Air Forces Headquarters in 1941 and, with the creation of the United States Air Force, Air Force Headquarters in 1947.

WHERE IS POLICY BRANCH??[41]

Operation Crossroads

[edit]

(January–August 1946)
Cullen participated in Operation Crossroads, Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll as commander of the Air Force Photo Unit.
During this time Reva Hurwitz was receiving press attention for her Red Cross work in support of the mission and being surrounded by Generals.[40]
March 1946 she went to Bikini from Honolulu with a Red Cross supervisor laying out recreation program and facilities for enlisted men at scene of atom bomb test.[39]
This would have been the "Cross Spikes Club"[42], an improvised bar, one of the only places where the men from Operation Crossroads could find entertainment during their June to September stay at Bikini.[43]
This club was situated next to the Photo Unit on Kwajalein[12]. Due to the proximity of the club to the photo unit, this is where Cullen and Reva would have had the highest probability of meeting each other.
[detailed notes 6]

Commander of the 311th Reconnaissance Wing

[edit]

(May 1947 – March 1949)
Appointed commander of the 311th Reconnaissance Wing at Strategic Air Command headquarters, Andrews Field, Maryland.
The 311th came into existence in February 1944 at Bolling Field as a task force headquarters.
In March 1944 the 1st Photographic Group (which Cullen previously had commanded) and the 11th Photographic Group, were assigned to the wing.[48]

Promotion to Brigadier General

[edit]

(Temporary Brigadier general April 1, 1948)
Cullen remained in command when the 311th Reconnaissance Wing was redesignated the 311th Air Division, Reconnaissance, in April 1948.
The Air Force had been converting units that had all resources on one base into Wings and those with resources spread across multiple bases into Divisions[48]
The 311th moved to Topeka Air Force Base, Topeka, Kansas, in July 1948 with Cullen remaining in command.[2] Topeka Air Force Base had been reopened to receive the 311th as they moved from MacDill Air Force Base after the nuclear weapons tests in the Pacific Atoll islands[48]
Cullen covertly had two divorces from his first wife during this time. The first was in 1947 in Mexico and the second in Florida in 1948 while living in Tampa. He had two corresponding marriages to his second wife.[49]

Deputy Commander of the 311th Air Division

[edit]

(March 1949 – Oct. 31, 1949)
General Cullen became deputy commander when Major General J.H. Atkinson became commander of the 311th Air Division.
In February 1949, General Atkinson was assigned as commanding general of the 311th Air Division in Topeka, Kan. He remained with this organization until Oct. 31, 1949.[50]

Deputy Commander at Barksdale Field

[edit]

(November 1, 1949 – March 23, 1951)
Nov. 1 General Atkinson was assigned as commanding general, Second Air Force, at Barksdale Air Force Base, La.[50]

Brig. Gen. Paul T. Cullen, deputy commander at Barksdale Air Force Base, Shreveport, Louisiana, until disappearing in a mysterious ditching incident[3]

Disappearance and Two Wives

[edit]

Cullen was lost at sea as part of the 1951 Atlantic C-124 disappearance. Cullen was one of more than 50 crew members who mysteriously disappeared after their C-124 ditched after an in-flight fire. Four Strategic Air Command senior staffers made up part of the crew, 53 survivors were spotted in rafts after the successful ditching. By the next day there was no trace. Due to the nature of the mission, some believe the incident may be a Broken Arrow [51]
Cullen's disappearance was considered his legal death by July 24th, 1951. This prompted both his wives to file for his life insurance money. His first wife, Ruth knew nothing about his divorce of her and marriage to Reva[52] and a lengthy court battle ensued.[53]

Summary of service

[edit]

Dates of rank

[edit]

SOURCE: USAF Biographies BRIGADIER GENERAL PAUL T. CULLEN.[2]

no insignia of rank in 1928 Cadet, at California, 1928

Second Lieutenant, Army Air Forces Air Reserve Program: September 1929

First Lieutenant, Air Corps:

- Permanent Establishment: March 20, 1935, June 13, 1936


Captain, Air Corps:

—Temporary: May 18, 1935
—Permanent Establishment: September 4, 1939


Major, Air Corps:

—Temporary: March 15, 1941
—Permanent Establishment: September 4, 1946


Lieutenant Colonel, Air Corps:

—Temporary: January 5, 1942


Colonel, Air Corps:

—Temporary: August 1, 1944
—Permanent Establishment: April 2, 1948

Brigadier General:

—Temporary: April 1, 1948

Awards and decorations

[edit]

SOURCE: USAF Biographies BRIGADIER GENERAL PAUL T. CULLEN.[2]

​ ​
​ ​
Command Pilot
Legion of Merit Silver Star Distinguished Flying Cross
Bronze Star Air Medal with 5 Oak Leaf Clusters Army Commendation Medal
American Campaign Medal Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal World War II Victory Medal

Ratings

[edit]

SOURCE: USAF Biographies BRIGADIER GENERAL PAUL T. CULLEN.[2]

Command Pilot
Combat Observer
no insignia of Technical Observer Technical Observer

(over 8,000 flying hours)[2]

Notes

[edit]
Footnotes
  1. ^ After 1928, The airplane pilot’s course began at the Primary Flying Schools,
    at Brooks Field, TX and March Field, Calif., on July 1, November 1, and March 1 each year.
    The curriculum at the primary schools lasted eight months.
    Consolidated PT-1 “Trusty” in its primary and basic training program.
    At the four-month long Advanced Flying School (AFS) conducted at Kelly Field,San Antonio
    students could expect about 175 hours in the air. Here the flying cadets received specialized training... [5]
    Most of the Army aviators trained between the two World Wars attended this school.[6]
  2. ^ The military technical school at Chanute, established by United States Air Service in 1922, had combined photography, communications and mechanics. Classes were held in nine steel hangers converted to classrooms. Poor weather plagued this location and restricted training.
    The Air Service became The Air Corps in 1926, four years before Cullen came here, and was looking forward for a better location.[7]
    During this time, Lowry Field was at its original location.
  3. ^ On August 27, 1937, the Air Corps Technical School Denver Branch was formed with Departments of Photography and armament. During February 1938, an airfield was constructed adjacent to Fairmont Cemetery was assigned to the Air Corps Technical School headquartered at Chanute.
    On March 11, 1938 named Lowry Field in honor of 2nd Lt. Francis Lowry, the only Colorado pilot killed in combat during WWI. The runway was paved and opened on April 4, 1938 with the first landing by a B-18 Bolo. The former Agnes Phipps Memorial Sanatorium was converted into a headquarters building with a large barracks building completed in the middle of 1940. A second runway was build during 1941. Nearby, bombing ranges and gunnery ranges were established for training purposes.
    Wartime History
    During 1941, Lowry Field was used as training base to train Air Corps Clerks and bombardiers.[11]
  4. ^ B-17F 42-29753 was a factory new aircraft flown to United Airlines Modification Center, Cheyenne Airport, Wyoming.[17] Cheyenne was noted for modifications such as extra/improved gun turrets. It was also a place for factory aircraft to have finishing touches put on in support of a specific mission. This particular aircraft, even though it was destined for recon, had tail guns and a top turret with guns still installed at the time of the crash. Unlike the previous recon versions, some armament was retained in this version.[18]
    This B-17F was one of the first batch of 16 converted to F-9 configuration[19]
    Cheyenne had previously converted the two B-17's for Cullen's Operation Rusty Mission[20]
    After being delivered to Cheyenne February 12, 1943, it was flown to Fairfield-Suisun Army Air Base March 1, 1943.
    It traveled to Great Falls Army Air Base March 28, 1943,
    then to Army Air Base, Peterson Field, Colorado Springs April 6, 1943 through June 8, 1943.
    11th Photo Squadron was part of 3rd Air Force at this time and had just taken over training at Peterson in March 1943.
    This accident occurred less than a year from Cullen's return from the Operation Rusty mission that used highly modified B-17's as photo-recon aircraft.
    Cullen was most likely overseeing the modification of new aircraft into this configuration.
    It crash landed at Lambert Field, MO, with Paul Cullen at the controls, June 9, 1943, then written off June 17, 1943.[18]
    Lambert Field was home to Curtiss-Wright, manufacturer of the engines used in B-17's.
    The B-17 was coming in for scheduled/routine maintenance.
    Lambert Field had a short runway with a creek at the end. Cullen ran off the runway and slammed into the creek/ditch.
    The crew of 8 on board consisted of 5 from Bolling Field, D.C. and 3 from Walla Walla Army Air Base [21] [22] [23]
  5. ^ May 1944 Ramey was transferred to Peterson Field, Colorado Springs, Colorado, where he assumed command of the 314th Bomb Wing. In June 1944 General Ramey was named Chief of Staff of the XXI Bomber Command, and that November moved with it to the Pacific.[32]
    On 13 July 1944, General Saunders combined the personnel of the 58th Wing into headquarters, XX Bomber Command, attaching the wing's personnel to the appropriate division of the command's staff. In December 1944, the Joint Chiefs of Staff made the decision that the 58th Bombardment Wing's B-29s would be moved to newly captured bases in the Marianas in the central Pacific. The 58th Bomb Wing flew its last operations from India and China on February 8, 1945.[33]
    58th Bombardment Wing (including 468th Bombardment Group), Based at West Field, Tinian, March 29 – July 16, 1945 (reassigned to the XXI Bomber Command on March 29)
    313th Bombardment Wing (including 509th Composite Group), Based at North Field, Tinian, December 24, 1944 – July 16, 1945[34]
    Lt Gen Roger M. Ramey assumed command of the 58th in India January 1945.[32]
    58th activated in India on February 8. Assigned to 20th Air Force. Engaged in combat until the war ended. Returned to the US late in 1945. Assigned to Strategic Air Command on 21 March 1946. Redesignated 58th Air Division (Bombardment) in April 1948.[35]
    General Ramey took the 58th to the Marianas that April, was transferred with it to the Continental Air Forces at Bolling Field, Washington, D.C., in September 1945, and two months later moved with it to Fort Worth Army Air Base, Texas.[32]
    On July 16, the headquarters of the Twentieth Air Force was officially moved from Washington, D.C. to Harmon Field, Guam[36]
    In June 1945, the XX and XXI Bombardment Commands were grouped under the U.S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific (USASTAF), under the command of General Carl A. Spaatz. The history of XXI Bomber Command terminated on July 16, 1945. On that date the command was redesignated Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron, Twentieth Air Force. This redesignation brought to an end the XXI Bomber Command as a separate establishment, as it was absorbed into the internal organizational structure of Twentieth Air Force and was placed under the command of USASTAF.[37]
  6. ^ Task Unit 1.5.2 (Army Air Photographic Unit), was part of Task Group 1.5 (Army Air Group under the command of Lt Gen Roger M Ramey[32]), part of Joint Task Force One.
    Headquarters for 1.5.2 consisted of:
    58th Bomb Wing – March AAF, California, 468th Bomb Group and 509th Composite Group – Roswell AAF, New Mexico[44]
    Task Unit 1.52, the Air Photo Unit of the 58th Wing of the Army Air Forces[45][12]
    Page 72/224 shows the photographic B-29 with all the camera equipment on display. Pages 74,83 have pictures of Colonel Cullen, who was in charge of photography.[46]
    CHAPTER 8
    U.S. ARMY AIR FORCES PARTCIPATION
    About 2,500 U.S. Army personnel in the Army Air Forces* served in CROSS- ROADS and were assigned to Task Group (TG) 1.5, Army Air Group. The air units of TG 1.5 operated from Kwajalein and Enewetak islands. A small number of personnel (13 have been identified) were assigned to Task Unit (TU) 1.4.6 (Air Unit). This unit is discussed in Chapter 7, "U.S. Army Ground Forces Participation."
    In January 1946, the 58th Bombardment Wing of the U.S. Army Fourth Air Force was designated TG 1.5 for CROSSROADS activities. Roswell Army Air Field, New Mexico, was selected as the center for preparations in the continental United States. The 509th Composite Group at Roswell formed the nucleus of the various task units needed for the tests. A large part of the headquarters staff of the 58th Wing at March Army Air Field, California, was transferred to Roswell to form Headquarters, TG 1.5. (Reference C.9.206, Part VIIE). Other units that furnished significant manpower included the 320th Troop Carrier Squadron, 329th Bomb Squadron, 330th Bomb Squadron, 393rd Bomb Squadron, and 1027th Air Materiel Squadron. Table 12 lists all units known to have supplied personnel to TG 1.5.[47]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "BRIGADIER GENERAL PAUL T. CULLEN". www.af.mil.
  3. ^ a b c "Topics - Globemaster Ditching Southwest of Ireland, March 23, 1951". Korean War Educator. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  4. ^ "FATHER DROWNS IN ATTEMPTED RESCUE - REV. T.A. CULLEN LOSES LIFE NEAR MILWAUKIE". Morning Oregonian. Oregon. September 7, 1909. p. 1. Retrieved January 16, 2021 – via findagrave.com.
  5. ^ A History of the Aviation Cadet Program, Defense.gov
  6. ^ Kelly Field
  7. ^ a b "Lowry AFB History". Lowry Foundation. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
  8. ^ a b c "Refuse to Fade Away". Daily News. New York. November 30, 1952. p. 107 – via newspapers.com.
  9. ^ Steven E. Clay (2010). US Army Order of Battle, 1919-1941: The services : air service, engineers, and special troops, 1919-41. Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 1438. ISBN 978-0984190140.
  10. ^ "Photo School".
  11. ^ "Pacific Wrecks".
  12. ^ a b c Army Air Forces OPERATION CROSSROADS; Pictorial Record of Task Unit 1.52. Buffalo Grove, Illinois: John S. Swift Co. 1946. Retrieved January 6, 2025.
  13. ^ Desert Air Force
  14. ^ No. 208 Squadron RAF
  15. ^ Operation Rusty
  16. ^ "June 1943 USAAF Stateside Accident Reports".
  17. ^ "United Airlines Modification Center | American Air Museum in Britain".
  18. ^ a b "42-29753 | B-17 Bomber Flying Fortress – the Queen of the Skies".
  19. ^ "U.S. Army Air Force Resource Center - A Warbirds Resource Group Site".
  20. ^ Modification Center, UAL's Cheyenne base
  21. ^ "Two Hurt in Fortress Crash Here". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, Missouri. June 10, 1943. p. 2. Retrieved January 18, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Bomber overshoots runway, lands in creek, - Three motors torn off.
  22. ^ "Wreck of Bomber that missed Runway". The St. Louis Star and Times. St. Louis, Missouri. June 10, 1943. p. 1. Retrieved January 18, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. BACK BROKEN, The Flying Fortress that overshot the runway at Lambert..
  23. ^ "Bomber Misses Runway Here; 8 Injured". The St. Louis Star and Times. St. Louis, Missouri. June 10, 1943. p. 3. Retrieved January 18, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Eight members of a Flying Fortress crew were injured, 2 seriously..
  24. ^ 22nd Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron
  25. ^ a b c d e Operation Frantic
  26. ^ "MAJOR GENERAL ALFRED A. KESSLER JR". www.af.mil.
  27. ^ "Combined 3-Nation Shuttle Raid To Russia Hits Hitler In The East". Daily News. New York. June 3, 1944. p. 3 – via newspapers.com.
  28. ^ "Yanks with Russian Bases Open Shuttle Raids". Daily News. New York. June 3, 1944. p. 118 – via newspapers.com.
  29. ^ 2nd Operations Group#World War II
  30. ^ "The Second Was First, The lives and times of the men of the Second Bombardment Group (Heavy)during World War II. Training, deployment, the missions, missing air crews,personal stories, escape narratives, and reflections of the author during combat with the 12th and 15th Air Forces in North Africa and Italy, 1942-1945. Copyright © 1999 by Charles W. Richards" (PDF).
  31. ^ [https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/VI/AAF-VI-17.html The Army Air Forces in World War II Vol. VI: Men and Planes Prepared Under the Editorship of Wesley Frank Craven Princeton University James Lea Cate University of Chicago Chapter 17 Individual Training of Flying Personnel]
  32. ^ a b c d "LT. GEN. ROGER M. RAMEY". www.af.mil.
  33. ^ 58th Air Division
  34. ^ XX Bomber Command
  35. ^ "58th Bombardment Wing - WWII - World War II - Army Air Forces". www.armyaircorpsmuseum.org.
  36. ^ United States trategic Air Forces in the Pacific
  37. ^ XXI Bomber Command
  38. ^ a b "Ancestry Library Edition". ancestrylibrary.proquest.com.
  39. ^ a b "UT Ex at Kwajalein Rides Out Tidal Wave". Austin American-Statesman. Austin, Texas. April 12, 1946. p. 20 – via newspapers.com.
  40. ^ a b "Archives On The Air 220: The Evacuation Of The Bikini Atoll — The Reva Joy Hurwitz Cullen Papers". Wyoming Public Media.
  41. ^ https://media.defense.gov/2012/Sep/11/2000116919/-1/-1/0/120911-F-JZ009-801.JPG
  42. ^ Cross Spikes Club
  43. ^ "Cross Spikes Club". history.navy.mil.
  44. ^ https://www.dtra.mil/Portals/61/Documents/NTPR/2-Hist_Rpt_Atm/1946_DNA_6032F.pdf page 7 Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  45. ^ "Operation Crossroads". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA.
  46. ^ Operation Crossroads - The Official Pictorial Record. New York: W. H. Wise and Co. Inc. 1946. p. 72-4,83. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  47. ^ https://www.dtra.mil/Portals/61/Documents/NTPR/2-Hist_Rpt_Atm/1946_DNA_6032F.pdf page 164 Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  48. ^ a b c 311th Air Division
  49. ^ "2 Claim to Be Officer's Widow". The Miami Herald. United Press. March 28, 1953. p. 3.
  50. ^ a b "JOSEPH H. ATKINSON". www.af.mil.
  51. ^ "Mystery flight survivors seek answers". Shreveport Times. July 6, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
  52. ^ "Unaware of Divorce, Wife Says". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Fort Worth, Texas. October 12, 1951. p. 1 – via newspapers.com.
  53. ^ "Insurance Firm Wins Back Claim Paid Wrong Person". Casper Star-Tribune. Casper, Wyoming. September 3, 1953. p. 18 – via newspapers.com.

References

[edit]

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

General sources

[edit]
See also: Operation Rusty and 1951 Atlantic C-124 disappearance
[edit]


Category:1901 births Category:1951 deaths Category:Aerial photographers Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States) Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit Category:United States Army Air Forces officers Category:United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II

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