Draft:Climate Actions within Agriculture and Food
Submission declined on 3 September 2023 by Robert McClenon (talk). This submission reads more like an essay than an encyclopedia article. Submissions should summarise information in secondary, reliable sources and not contain opinions or original research. Please write about the topic from a neutral point of view in an encyclopedic manner.
Where to get help
How to improve a draft
You can also browse Wikipedia:Featured articles and Wikipedia:Good articles to find examples of Wikipedia's best writing on topics similar to your proposed article. Improving your odds of a speedy review To improve your odds of a faster review, tag your draft with relevant WikiProject tags using the button below. This will let reviewers know a new draft has been submitted in their area of interest. For instance, if you wrote about a female astronomer, you would want to add the Biography, Astronomy, and Women scientists tags. Editor resources
| ![]() |
Climate Actions within Agriculture and Food
[edit](Proposal to have this a sub-level page linked from Individual action on climate change)
Intro:
[edit]Food production and other linked activities, such as deforestation for conversion to agriculture or forestry;[1] packaging,[2] transportation,[3] and food waste[4] are causes of global warming. Agricultural practices across scales, ranging from household and community garden plots[5] through industrialized farms,[6] emit both carbon dioxide (CO2) and non-CO2 greenhouse gasses.
As awareness of the threat of global warming has spread, individuals and communities have begun to take action for both mitigation and adaptation through increasing at-home and community food production, changes in the handling of food waste, and consumption choices regarding how food is grown, transported, and stored. This article primarily discusses mitigation but also touches on some climate actions that may also be climate adaptations.
Individual Actions Related to Climate-friendly Gardening
[edit]The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent shortage of food in some places[7] led to an upsurge in at-home vegetable gardening[8][9] that still continues,[10] resulting in lower greenhouse gas emissions and a greater likelihood of sustainability. Examples include:
- Climate-Friendly Gardening (which may include vegetable gardening; see below), gardening with the expressed intent to help mitigate climate change by using methods that reduce emissions through the absorption of carbon-dioxide by soils and plants.[11]
- Urban agriculture, a global phenomenon[12][13] which includes kitchen gardens, vegetable roof gardens, vertical gardens on porches[14] and in backyards[15], straw bale gardening[16], container gardening, and shared land access through yard-sharing,[17] all of which reduce emissions by reducing soil degradation[18] and food transportation,[19] and can support food resilience as a climate adaptation.[20][21][22][23]
- Composting, the purposeful decomposition of plant and food waste, other organic materials, and manure, to create a mix of ingredients that can be used as a plant fertilizer for improvement of soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties.[24] Composting is increasing in some areas, according to a 2022 study from the Institute for Local Self Reliance, which found that 82% of the respondents in the study processed compost locally.[25] Composting creates a use for food waste, one of the main drivers of climate change,[26] and returns carbon to the soil.[27] Composting, including vermicomposting, can also reduce food decomposing into methane in landfills, and reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers.[27]
- Foraging, the collection of wild grown food, even in urban settings, providing local food sources that need not be transported by vehicles powered by fossil fuels. The practice of foraging has been increasing, partially as a response to food insecurity during the pandemic.[28]
- Seed-saving, which refers to a practice in which gardeners, farmers, or communities of producers collect, save, and sometimes share seeds. Seed saving is practiced worldwide[29][30] to maintain access to locally grown food and to reduce dependence on store-bought seeds. The IPCC states that saved seeds often aid in conservation of local varieties, thereby decreasing the use of pesticides or fertilizers, which results in less land degradation.[31]
- The practice of raising small livestock for home consumption, which is prevalent globally.[32][33][34] [35] [36] Raising rabbits, also referred to as cuniculture, includes harvesting the meat as well as fur (or pelts) for clothing.[37] In some municipal areas, raising small livestock may be illegal, although members of a community can and have worked with local municipalities to change the law or zoning.[38]
- Solar sharing, which broadly refers to community solar practices that include personal or community investments in solar-energy production systems on land also often used for crop and/or livestock production, also known as agrivoltaic systems.[39][40] Having both agriculture and solar on the same land requires coordination to develop and maintain both power and agricultural production.[41]
- Water-conservation techniques, which include designing gardens that reduce the need for watering; installing weather-sensitive irrigation control switches; improving soils for water retention; mulching and other water-saving practices, such as use of rainwater tanks; and other water efficiency techniques.[42][11][43] Water conservation techniques reduce energy used needed to pump tap-water and reduce GHG emissions from runoff-driven eutrophication.[44] Reduced rainwater run-off from green infrastructure and reduced demand on water utilities are also recognized as important for climate resilience.[45][46] Also, households adapt to climate change challenges like drought and municipal restrictions on watering with tap water through water conservation and rainwater retention techniques for home gardens and landscapes.[47]
Community-level food production or rescue:
[edit]Community agricultural production and waste reduction practices can reduce greenhouse gasses released in the production,[48] transportation,[49] and decomposition of food.[50] Although some of these activities can be performed individually, they may be more successful if performed as group activities,[51] and group activities have been shown to build trust among community members[52] create social capital, community resilience[53], and resilience to climate shocks.[54] Community building begins in a number of ways, including community gardening which connects participants to their local environment through planting and harvesting fresh produce and plants (see below). Communities created in these ways often become involved in community organizing, which often has the core goal of generating durable power for an organization representing the community, allowing it to influence key decision-makers on a range of issues over time,[55] and those issues may include mitigating action against global warming. Examples of community action to increase local access to food include the following:
- Agrihoods, which are neighborhoods organized or planned to include space for growing enough food to feed the community.[56][57] By growing food locally, participants avoid the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the transportation of food.
- Community gardening, which mitigates climate change because gardens absorbs carbon and can tie more of it to the soil[58] than lawns,[59] and decreases food transportation.[11] Community gardens can also reduce heat islands in cities and are associated with greater retention of stormwater,[53] which can reduce the impact of increasingly extreme weather. Additionally, the experience of neighbors working together builds social capital which can build community resilience against future climate shocks.[60] Examples of community gardening include:
- Community Orchards, orchards that are managed by communities for the purpose of having more fresh fruit available locally and to increase community cohesiveness and resiliency.
- Community roof vegetable gardens, which is also known as community rooftop farming. Roof garden systems generally require a waterproof membrane and other barriers to protect roofs from plant roots and water, as well as systems for drainage and irrigation.[61]
- Food rescue, which refers to the practice of rescuing food that would otherwise be disposed of from farms, restaurants, and grocery stores (including dumpster diving) and then making it available to the community in a variety of ways, including food pantries or shelves and community fridges. Although some of these actions can be taken by individuals, a 2019 study[62] suggests that community coordination makes it more likely that less food will be wasted, thus reducing food transportation,[63] and resulting in lower local methane emissions associated with rotting produce,[64] and there are examples of communities coordinating their efforts for this purpose.[65][66]
- Forest-Gardening, which involves creating a multi-level garden, including most of the mutually supporting layers of plants that would be found in a wild forest. The top layer is food-producing trees;[67] beneath that are small trees and shrubs that either produce food or support the other plants in some way; and the floor includes herbaceous plants, root vegetables, ground cover crops and vines.[68] The forest becomes self-supporting, because either seeds from fruit and vegetables are allowed to fall and take root or perennial plants regrow annually. As such, it is an example of permaculture, which can be defined as “a sustainable and largely self-sufficient agricultural system.”[67]
- Garden sharing, which is an arrangement where one person who is disinterested in creating a home garden allows someone else to use their property for that purpose. Yard sharing[17] is similar and involves neighbors growing food on each other's property and sharing the harvest. Plants that require more sunlight are grown in sunnier areas, while plants that can do well in shade are grown in shady spots.[69]
- Permablitzes, which are community events in which neighbors turn a yard or an empty lot into a food garden within one or a few days, depending on the size of the lot and the number of participants.[70] This can include guerrilla gardening, where permission has not been given to farm in that location.[71]
- In addition to solar-sharing, some communities participate in agrivoltaic initiatives, which may include solar sharing, if the land is part of a cooperative or a CSA (Community Supported Agriculture) organization. Community agrivoltaic projects can expand solar access in arrangements beneficial to low-income communities and farmers, with some projects arranging for produce and energy sold to the community at a discount.[72]
Consumer choices
[edit]The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service lists many potential climate mitigation techniques for agriculture and forestry producers.[73] To the degree that information about which, if any, of those techniques local producers are using is available to consumers, they have the option to purchase food and other agricultural products from producers based on how climate friendly the approaches are, or from sources likely to have lower climate emissions, including:
- Farmers who use sustainable agriculture and Climate-smart agriculture techniques as a way to support climate mitigation and enhanced resilience,[74] such as:
- Agroforestry, in which crops or pastures are integrated with shrubs or trees. This has been found to reduce deforestation and may have other climate-friendly benefits.[75] Shade-grown coffee, for instance, includes agroforestry practices that may build soil biomass, which helps hold moisture in the soil, and reduce land degradation.[76] There are various interpretations of agroforestry; for instance, agroecological agroforestry is an example of a type of agroforestry that avoids deforestation while preserving environmental justice.[77]
- Aquaponics, a plant-production system that integrates soilless cultivation and recirculating aquaculture. Aquaponics reuses fish waste as fertilizer for plants,[78] thus reducing emissions from production and use of synthetic fertilizers. Aquaponics may also be included in climate adaptations addressing food insecurity and other climate impacts.[79]
- Carbon farming and carbon capture and storage in agriculture, which include a variety of agricultural methods aimed at sequestering atmospheric carbon into the soil and into crop roots, wood, and leaves, with the goal of creating a net reduction of carbon in the atmosphere. One method of carbon storage involves mixing soil with an amendment called biochar, plant materials that have been thermogenically changed via pyrolysis to make stable high carbon material.[80]
- Diverse crop rotation, which is the concept of growing a series of different crops in the same area on different schedules and is one of the methods included in organic certification standards. Research shows crop rotation can build soil organic matter, reduce need for tillage, and reduce reliance on fossil-fuel based synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides.[81]
- Forest-Gardening, a low-maintenance, sustainable, plant-based food production and agroforestry system that involves creating a multi-level garden based on woodland ecosystems, incorporating fruit and nut trees, shrubs, herbs, vines and perennial vegetables which have yields directly useful to humans. The top layer is food-producing trees; beneath that are small trees and shrubs that either produce food or support the other plants in some way, and the floor of the forest includes herbaceous plants, root vegatables, ground cover crops and vines.[82] The forest becomes self-supporting[83] because either seeds from fruit and vegetables are allowed to fall and take root or perennial plants regrow annually. As such, it is an example of permaculture, which can be defined as “a sustainable and largely self-sufficient agricultural system.”[84]
- No-till farming, which is an agricultural technique for growing crops or pasture without disturbing the soil through tillage and may increase soil organic matter and therefore carbon in soils, depending on many factors; it may be improved by combining with other practices such as cover-cropping.[85] In addition to soil carbon-storage and reduced fossil-fuel use for farming equipment, less tillage of croplands increases albedo, where a lighter land surface reflects more solar energy.[86]
- Organic Farming, which relies on ecosystem management over external, synthetic agricultural inputs and uses many techniques that fall under sustainable agriculture, biointensive agriculture, and permaculture. Organic agricultural methods cover crop and animal production. Well managed organic production reduces GHGs and other emissions into air and water as well as reducing soil loss.[87] Not all sustainable agriculture, biointensive agriculture, or permaculture is organic, and not all organic agriculture has achieved third-party certification. In the United States, organic certification allows a farm or processing facility to represent their products as organic.[88] U.S. organic certification must meet U.S. Department of Agriculture organic standards; other certification organizations have additional requirements.[89]
- Regenerative agriculture, which includes a variety of techniques within the realm of the conservation biology and the rehabilitation of farming systems, focuses on topsoil regeneration, increasing biodiversity, improving the water cycle, enhancing ecosystem services, supporting carbon sequestration, increasing resilience to climate change, and strengthening the health and vitality of farm soil. Some regenerative agriculture is focused on building topsoil health through intensive and rotational livestock grazing, and there are U.S. Federal programs supporting ranchers implementing some of these techniques.[90] Regenerative agriculture, including those with small or large livestock, can also be part of individual and community climate actions. Certification of regenerative agriculture consists mainly of certification of specific techniques.[91]
- Seaweed or kelp farming, which is a practice of cultivating or harvesting seaweed that may result in a carbon negative crop, and Both land- and ocean-based seaweed farming are being investigated and promoted by environmental organizations for climate change mitigation as a way to remove carbon from air and water as well as nutrients and pollutants.[92] Cattle may be fed seaweed to reduce enteric methane emissions; many considerations and research questions remain to be addressed before seaweed feed supplements could be widely implemented.[93][94] Seaweed can be a carbon-negative food crop that may also reduce fishing pressures.[95] Many aspects of environmental and climate benefits and impacts of seaweed farms still have significant uncertainty and are being actively investigated. For instance, kelp aquaculture practices can result in afforestation and biodiversity reduction through cutting of mangroves, farming of seaweed in novel areas, or the introduction of potentially invasive species.[96] Ocean farming of large amounts of seaweed would risk marine mammal entanglement. [97]
- Community-supported agriculture (CSA), which is a system that connects producers and consumers within the food system by allowing the consumer to subscribe to the harvest of specific farms, or groups of farms. The farms are often geographically closer than other food sources, thus reducing transportation impacts.[98] Because CSA farms are supported locally, farmers are often responsive to consumer preferences for climate-impact-mitigating production techniques.[99]
- Farmers’ markets, which allow a physical place for farmers to sell farm goods directly to consumers, reducing carbon emissions from transportation.
- Individual consumer sustainable diet choices, which include:
- Choosing foods and other consumable products that limit the transportation distance as part of the Locavore movement to eat local food and a commitment to eating seasonal food.
- Climatarian-diets, diets focused on reducing the carbon footprint, or low-carbon diet, which includes eating a plant-based diet, or little or no beef and dairy[100] have been shown, on average, to greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[101] This is especially true of plant-based diets. Vegetarianism (no animal meat-based products), environmental veganism (no meat-based, dairy, or other animal-sourced foods), or pescetarianism, a diet that includes fish but no other meat or diary, as well as Meatless Mondays, are all examples of climatarian diets.
- Purchasing products that meet certification standards for sustainability that have climate-impact components; for instance, organic products, poultry, and livestock in the U.S. must be certified organic, which reduces nitrogen fertilization (which causes nitrous oxide releases).[102] There are also standards for sustainable forestry, and agroforestry (such as Bird-Friendly Coffee[103] for shade-grown coffee).
- Reducing higher greenhouse gas impacts caused by consuming protein from ruminants and other animal agriculture by replacing those meats with insects as food instead.
- Eating laboratory grown (cultured) meat instead of consuming protein from ruminants and other animal agriculture.[104] However, there are a few conflicting lifecycle analyses at present, with a new study from University of California, Davis, researchers raising alarms about lab-grown meat having a potentially higher carbon footprint than retail beef.[105]
- Choosing foods based on whether the packaging is sustainable.
In addition, the publication of reviews of types of consumer choices and of stores, plus the methods of acquiring food stock, may be of strong influence on other consumers and stores.[106]
Behavior Contagion of Consumer Choices
[edit]Consumers are also influenced by seeing or hearing about each other's behavior, an example of behavior contagion, which is a form of social contagion involving the spread of behavior through a group. It refers to the propensity for a person to copy a certain behavior of others who are either in the vicinity, or whom they have been exposed to. Behavior contagion passively spreads change across communities, such as from a meat-heavy diet to a plant-based one.[107] If the social contagion is widespread enough, a ripple effect, which is when an initial disturbance to a system propagates outward to disturb an increasingly larger portion of the system, spreads from the original influencer to neighbors, friends, or family, and may reach a tipping point, which is a point in time when a group — or many group members — rapidly and dramatically changes its behavior by widely adopting a previously rare practice, such as a change in diet rapidly adopted over a wide area.[108] This in turn has a mitigating effecton climate change: when fewer people are eating meat, there are lower greenhouse gas emissions.[109]
Food Storage and Waste
[edit]Food storage inefficiencies and waste are two of the primary drivers of climate change,[110] and consumers are concerned about food waste for a variety of reasons. In 2022, a report from Capgemini concluded that consumers were interested in increasing food shelf life both because of food shortages during the pandemic and because they were concerned about climate change.[111] Regarding food storage inefficiencies, purchase trends show consumers are making climate-friendly choices:
- Consumer interest in high efficiency in appliances using refrigerants, the chemicals used in the electrical cycle to cool, from escaping to the atmosphere, is increasing.[112] One example is appliances labeled with the U.S. certification Energy Star. Refrigerants are are extremely potent GHGs, with up to 9000 times more impact than carbon dioxide emissions.[113]
- Sales of smart refrigerators with sustainability features are increasing.[114]
- Appliance owners having refrigerants reclaimed through certified reclaimers, licensed through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or other similar agencies in other nations.[115]
Evidence shows that consumers look for ways to minimize food loss and waste, including:
- Better methods of Food storage and preserving food to avoid GHG emissions. There is increased interest in:
- Sustainable food storage containers[116]
- Food drying[117]
- Canning[118]
- Rescuing food[119][120][121] that would otherwise be disposed of from farms, restaurants, and grocery stores (including dumpster diving[122]) and then making it available to the community in a variety of ways, including via food pantries,[123][124][125][126] apps,[127] and community fridges. Community coordination helps reduce food waste, thus reducing food transportation and lowering local methane emissions associated with rotting produce.[128]
- Upcycling food that would otherwise be waste by turning it into new food products,[129][130] or using it to create fuel.[131] Some upcycled foods may carry a third-party certification that ingredients and products procured and produced are with surplus food or food by-products from manufacturing;[132] that use verifiable supply chains;[133] and that have a positive impact on the environment.[134][135]
Direct consumer to farmer/agriculturist communication
[edit]In addition to local food production, food-sharing, choosing products, and decreasing waste, another method consumers are using to reduce carbon emissions is direct consumer-to-farmer/agriculturists communication, including:
- Working with a local community group on developing incoming food stores and community-store partnerships to meet community needs, with techniques similar to the practices outlined for the healthy food for communities movement.[136]
- Becoming master gardeners (U.S. and Canada) and helping advise gardeners in local communities.[137]
- Investing and divesting via climate finance related to agriculture.[138] Soil carbon offset investment is a controversial but potential way to make an impact; this area is still early and needs to be further researched, especially its potential impact on indigenous peoples.[139][140] There also has been recent controversy in terms of quality certification and whether or not producers are able to support their claims.[141][142][143][144]
Political advocacy
[edit](Main article: Climate Movement)
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Sixth Assessment Report, although there has been expansion of policies and laws addressing climate governance, there has so far been limited policy coverage regarding emissions from agriculture.[145] Many local, national, and international organizations advocate in support of policies to support sustainable agriculture practices.[146][147][148] Two primary areas in which citizens have become involved include:
- The support of zoning and other land management policies that allow for preservation and equitable access to land for food and fiber production,[149] permaculture,[150] community agriculture,[151] sustainable agriculture,[152] farmland preservation,[153] and Conservation Reserve Programs.[154] Techniques include advocating with local watershed-protection nonprofits,[155] as well as engaging with candidates or running for office in local municipalities and utility districts. Further, support of indigenous people’s land management is more associated with climate-friendly practices.[156]
- Advocating for policies in support of: equitable access to locally grown food;[157], urban agriculture;[158] and other aspects of sustainable agriculture.[159]
This article uses material from the Wikipedia articles <a href="http://en.wiki.x.io/wiki/Behavioral_contagion">"Behavioral_contagion"</a>, <a href="http://en.wiki.x.io/wiki/Ripple_effect">"Ripple_effect"</a>, <a href="http://en.wiki.x.io/wiki/Tipping_point">"Ripple_effect"</a>, and <a href="http://en.wiki.x.io/wiki/Community_organizing">"Community_organizing"</a> which are released under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0</a>.
See also
[edit]- Behavioral Contagion
- Climate change adaptation
- Climate change mitigation
- Climate resilience
- Community organizing
- Economics of climate change mitigation
- Effects of climate change on agriculture
- Energy Poverty and Cooking (Clean Cooking)
- Environmental impact of agriculture
- Environmental impacts of animal agriculture
- Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture
- Individual action on climate change
- Intergovernmental panel on climate change
- Ripple effect
- Sustainable agriculture
- Sustainable food system
- Tipping point (sociology)
Related lists
[edit]- List of composting systems
- List of environment topics
- List of sustainable agriculture topics
- List of organic gardening and farming topics
Recommended readings
[edit](Coming Soon)
- ^ Zeppetello, Lucas R Vargas; Parsons, Luke A; Spector, June T (17 July 2020). "Large scale tropical deforestation drives extreme warming". Environmental Research Letters. 15 (8): 084012. Bibcode:2020ERL....15h4012V. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab96d2. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ Williara Queiroz de Oliveira, Henriette Monteiro Cordeiro de Azeredo, Iramaia Angélica Neri-Numa, Glaucia Maria Pastore, “Food packaging wastes amid the COVID-19 pandemic: Trends and challenges,” Elsevier, October 2021, retrieved 7/6/2023.
- ^ Directorate-General for Environment, Directorate. "Field to fork: global food miles generate nearly 20% of all CO2 emissions from food". European Commission. European Union. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ Buzby, Jean “Food Waste and its Links to Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, 24 Jan 2022, retrieved 6 July 2023.
- ^ Hawes, J.K., Goldstein, B.P., Newell, J.P. et al. Comparing the carbon footprints of urban and conventional agriculture. Nat Cities 1, 164–173 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44284-023-00023-3
- ^ Chataut, Gopi; Bhatta, Bikram; Joshi, Dipesh (18 February 2023). "Greenhouse gases emission from agricultural soil: A review". Journal of Agriculture and Food Research. 11 (March 2023): 100533. doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100533. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ Kakaei, Hojatollah; Nourmoradi, Heshmatollah; Bakhtiyari, Salar (2022-03-29). "Effect of COVID-19 on food security, hunger, and food crisis". COVID-19 and the Sustainable Development Goals.: 3–29. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-91307-2.00005-5. ISBN 978-0-323-91307-2. PMC 9335023.
- ^ Schoen, Victoria; Blythe, Chris; Caputo, Silvio (4 October 2021). ""We Have Been Part of the Response": The Effects of COVID-19 on Community and Allotment Gardens in the Global North". Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems. 5–2021. doi:10.3389/fsufs.2021.732641.
- ^ Giraud, Esteve G.; El-Sayed, Sara; Opejin, Adenike (28 August 2021). "Gardening for Food Well-Being in the COVID-19 Era". Sustainability. 13 (17): 9687. doi:10.3390/su13179687.
- ^ Farnsworth, Vanessa (22 January 2024). "Pandemic Still Impacting Home Garden Seed Market". SeedWorldU.S. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^ a b c Elizabeth S. Smoots, “Climate Friendly Gardening – Tip Sheet #14,” Washington State University Extension, 2020, retrieved 14 June, 2023.
- ^ Appolloni, Elisa; Orsini, Francesco; Specht, Kathrin (28 February 2021). "The global rise of urban rooftop agriculture: A review of worldwide cases". Journal of Cleaner Production. 296 (2021): 126556. Bibcode:2021JCPro.29626556A. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126556. hdl:11585/817548. S2CID 233808574. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ Graefe, Sophie; Buerkert, Andreas; Schlecht, Eva (30 August 2019). "Trends and gaps in scholarly literature on urban and peri-urban agriculture". Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 115 (2019): 143–158. Bibcode:2019NCyAg.115..143G. doi:10.1007/s10705-019-10018-z. S2CID 201676066. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ Klein, Rachel; Price, Tom (14 March 2023). "The 9 Best Vertical Gardens for Indoor and Outdoor Planting". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazine Media. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ Katie Settlage, “Vertical Gardening Using Trellises, Stakes, and Cages,” Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2022, retrieved 16 June, 2023.
- ^ Dani Carroll, “Straw Bale Gardening,” Alabama Cooperative Extension System, 2023, retrieved 8 July 2023.
- ^ a b Hoidal, Natalie, “Sharing land: Giving access to your yard or garden,” University of Minnesota Extension, 20 April 2021, retrieved 8 July 2023.
- ^ Kopittke, Peter M.; Menzies, Neal W.; Wang, Peng (7 August 2019). "Soil and the intensification of agriculture for global food security". Environment International. 132 (November 2019): 105078. Bibcode:2019EnInt.13205078K. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105078. PMID 31400601. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ Directorate-General for Environment, Directorate. "Field to fork: global food miles generate nearly 20% of all CO2 emissions from food". European Commission. European Union. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ "Kitchen gardens reduce the hunger gap". Norwegian Refugee Council. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
- ^ Koay, Way Inn; Dillon, Denise (16 September 2020). "Community Gardening: Stress, Well-Being, and Resilience Potentials". Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 17 (18): 6740. doi:10.3390/ijerph17186740. PMC 7558991. PMID 32947857.
- ^ Nicholls, Elizabeth; Ely, Adrian; Birkin, Linda (28 March 2020). "The contribution of small-scale food production in urban areas to the sustainable development goals: a review and case study". Sustainability Science. 15 (2020): 1585–1599. Bibcode:2020SuSc...15.1585N. doi:10.1007/s11625-020-00792-z. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
- ^ Lal, R. (23 June 2020). "Home gardening and urban agriculture for advancing food and nutritional security in response to the COVID-19 pandemic". Food Sec. 12 (4): 871–876. doi:10.1007/s12571-020-01058-3. PMC 7311182. PMID 32837634.
- ^ Ho, Thi Thien Kim; Tra, Van Tung; Le, Thanh Hai (10 May 2022). "Compost to improve sustainable soil cultivation and crop productivity". Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering. 6 (December 2022): 100211. Bibcode:2022CSCEE...600211H. doi:10.1016/j.cscee.2022.100211. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ Libertelli, Clarissa; Platt, Brenda; Matthews, Megan. "A Growing Movement: 2022 Community Composter Census" (PDF). Institute for Local Self-Reliance. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
- ^ “Reduced Food Waste,” Project Drawdown, 2023, Accessed 6/12/2023.
- ^ a b “Reducing the Impact of Wasted Food by Feeding the Soil and Composting,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2023, retrieved 6/16/23.
- ^ Bramley, Ellie Violet (14 March 2021). "This article is more than 2 years old Wild garlic, nettles and berries … how foraging went mainstream". The Observer. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
- ^ Brooks, Ali; Isbell, Carina V; Tobin, Ph.D., Daniel. "Seeds of Resilience: Learning from COVID-19 to Strengthen Seed Systems in Vermont". ScholarWorks. The University of Vermont. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ Lal, Neeta (3 November 2020). "'Mind-boggling variety': the food crusaders preserving India's heritage". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ IPCC, 2019: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. Calvo Buendia, V.
- ^ Gentile, Nicla; Carrasquer, Fernando; Marco-Fuertes, Ana (February 2024). "Backyard poultry: exploring non-intensive production systems". Poultry Science. 103 (2): 103284. doi:10.1016/j.psj.2023.103284. PMC 10749279. PMID 38056053.
- ^ Mujyambere, Valentin; Adomako, Kwaku; Olympio, Simon O. (20 October 2021). "Local chickens in East African region: their production and potential". Poultry Science. 101 (1): 101547. doi:10.1016/j.psj.2021.101547. PMC 8633685. PMID 34844110.
- ^ Lukefahr, Steven D.; McNitt, James I.; Cheeke, Peter R. "Rabbit Production: 10th Edition". Cabi Digital Library. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ Mary E. Henry, Jessica M. Ryals, Alicia Halbritter, and Derek L. Barber, “Raising Backyard Chickens for Eggs,” University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agriculture Science Extension Office, 2020, retrieved 14 June, 2023.
- ^ Elli Vanderzanden, Brian Tuck, Susan Kerr, Shilah Olson, Ellen Hammond, “Living on The Land: Raising Rabbits for Meat—Getting Started,” Oregon State University Extension, Reviewed 2023, retrieved 14 June, 2023.
- ^ “Slaughtering and Dressing Rabbits,“ Mississippi State University Extension, 2023, retrieved 14 June, 2023.
- ^ “Zoning Regulations for Livestock: Best Practices,” Connecticut Farm Bureau, 2019, retrieved 15 June, 2023.
- ^ Lane, Catherine (20 June 2023). "Agrivoltaics: how solar and farmland can fight climate change". Solar Reviews. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ Barron-Gafford, G.A., Pavao-Zuckerman, M.A., Minor, R.L. et al. "Agrivoltaics provide `mutual benefits across the food–energy–water nexus in drylands." Nature Sustainability 2, 848–855 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0364-5
- ^ Dreves, Harrison (18 August 2022). "Growing Plants, Power, and Partnerships Through Agrivoltaics". U.S. Department of Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
- ^ University of Massachusetts Amherst (November 2013). "Water Conservation in the Home Garden and Landscape". Retrieved 25 July 2023.
- ^ Elizabeth Exstrom, “Water Conservation in the Vegetable Garden” University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 10 April, 2023, retrieved 1 August, 2023.
- ^ Tsai Y, Cohen S, Vogel RM. “The Impacts of Water Conservation Strategies on Water Use: Four Case Studies,]” Journal of the American Water Resource Assoc. 2011 Aug;47(4):687-701. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00534.x. PMID: 22457572; PMCID: PMC3307622., https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3307622/
- ^ US EPA, OW (2015-10-01). "Green Infrastructure for Climate Resiliency". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
- ^ US EPA, OP (2016-05-10). "Climate Impacts on Water Utilities". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
- ^ University of Maryland Extension. "Conserve Water In Your Landscape". extension.umd.edu. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
- ^ Buzby, Jean. "Food Waste and its Links to Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change". U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ Li, Mengyu; Jia, Nanfei; Lenzen, Manfred (15 December 2022). "Global food-miles account for nearly 20% of total food-systems emissions". Nature Food. 3 (2022): 445–453. doi:10.1038/s43016-022-00531-w. PMID 37118044. S2CID 249916086. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ Rich, Pirog; Van Pelt, Timothy; Enshayan, Kamyar. "Food, Fuel, and Freeways: An Iowa perspective on how far food travels, fuel usage, and greenhouse gas emissions" (PDF). Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture. Iowa State University. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ Moyo, Inocent; Mzimela, Jabulile Happyness (8 June 2023). "A Systematic Review of Collective Efficacy for Supporting Adaptation-Related Responses to Climate Hazards". Sustainability. 15 (12): 9256. doi:10.3390/su15129256.
- ^ Di Napoli, Immacolata; Dolce, Pasquale; Arcidiacono, Caterina (11 April 2019). "Community Trust: A Social Indicator Related to Community Engagement". Social Indicators Research. 145 (2019): 551–579. doi:10.1007/s11205-019-02114-y. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ a b Carmen, Esther; Fazey, Ioan; Ross, Helen; Bedinger, Melissa; Smith, Fiona M.; Prager, Katrin; McClymont, Kerri; Morrison, David (2022). "Building community resilience in a context of climate change: The role of social capital". Ambio. 51 (6): 1371–1387. Bibcode:2022Ambio..51.1371C. doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01678-9. PMC 9005590. PMID 35015248.
- ^ Longman, Jo; Braddon, Maddy; Verlie, Blanche; Schlosberg, David; Hampshire, Lisa; Hawke, Catherine; Noonan, Anna; Saurman, Emily (7 June 2023). "Building resilience to the mental health impacts of climate change in rural Australia". The Journal of Climate Change and Health. 12. Bibcode:2023JCCH...1200240L. doi:10.1016/j.joclim.2023.100240. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ Sweet, Cori; Ward, Jennifer; Hinds, Bonnie. "Addressing Food Insecurity: Expanding Access through Community Gardens" (PDF). The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ "New Farmer Hopes for an Agrihood in the Future". University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Research. 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
- ^ Gold, Jamie. "Agrihood Trend Blends Farm-Fresh Food, Easy Country Living And Modern Wellness Design". Forbes. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ Zeldovich, Lina (2019). "Five Steps to Making Your Garden a Carbon Sink". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
- ^ Leuzinger, Sebastian (3 September 2019). "Climate explained: why your backyard lawn doesn't help reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere". The Conversation. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
- ^ Clarke, Mysha; Davidson, Melissa; Egerer, Monika; Anderson, Elsa; Fouch, Nakisha (2019). "The underutilized role of community gardens in improving cities' adaptation to climate change: A review". People, Place & Policy Online. 12 (3): 241–251. doi:10.3351/ppp.2019.3396732665. S2CID 159332591.
- ^ "Green Roof or Rooftop Garden Requirements and Plant List". Illinois Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ Ai, Nin; Zheng, Junjun (2019). "Community-Based Food Waste Modeling and Planning Framework for Urban Regions". Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development. 9 (1): 39–58. doi:10.5304/jafscd.2019.091.009.
- ^ Li, M., Jia, N., Lenzen, M. et al. Global food-miles account for nearly 20% of total food-systems emissions. Nat Food 3, 445–453 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-022-00531-w
- ^ Jaglo, Kirsten; Kenny, Shannon; Stephenson, Jenny. "From Farm to Kitchen: The Environmental Impacts of U.S. Food Waste" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
- ^ "National Food Waste Prevention Week Recap". Community Food Rescue. 24 June 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ "Celebrating 100 Million Pounds Network'wide!". Food Rescue Hero. 1 August 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
- ^ a b Mohr, Caryn (2019). "Food forest provides edible nuts and fruit for public harvest". University of Minnesota Extension. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
- ^ Wyatt, Gary (2021). "Planting a community food forest". University of Minnesota Extension. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
- ^ Frillman, Nick (24 June 2022). "Use the whole garden and grow a salad in the shade". University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, College of Agricultural, Consumer & Environmental Sciences. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ^ Bader, Emily (12 May 2021). "Volunteers 'permablitz' budding Gray micropark". Portland Press Herald. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ Davies, Rachael (25 August 2022). "What is guerrilla gardening and how does it help combat climate change?". euronews.green. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
- ^ "Largest agrivoltaic research project in U.S. advances renewable energy while empowering local farmers". Solar Power World. 10 June 2021.
- ^ "NRCS Climate-Smart Mitigation Activities | Natural Resources Conservation Service". U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service. 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
- ^ "The role of Climate-Smart Agriculture in climate adaptation and mitigation in the Northeast, | USDA Climate Hubs". U.S. Department of Agriculture Northeast Climate Hub (published 2023). 2023-06-16.
- ^ Tschora, Héloïse; Cherubini, Francesco (8 February 202). "Co-benefits and trade-offs of agroforestry for climate change mitigation and other sustainability goals in West Africa". Global Ecology and Conservation. 22 (June 2022): e00919. Bibcode:2020GEcoC..2200919T. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00919. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ Mary N. Muchane, Gudeta W. Sileshi, Sofia Gripenberg, Mattias Jonsson, Lorena Pumariño PhD, Edmundo Barrios; “Agroforestry boosts soil health in the humid and sub-humid tropics: A meta-analysis,” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment(Volume 295) June 2020, 106899, ISSN 0167-8809, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.106899. retrieved 14 July, 2023.
- ^ Ossi I. Ollinaho, Markus Kröger, “Agroforestry transitions: The good, the bad and the ugly,” Journal of Rural Studies, Volume 82, February 2021, Pages 210-221, ISSN 0743-0167, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.01.016., retrieved 7 July, 2023.
- ^ Zhang, Hong; Yueshe, Gao; Liu, Junyan (February 2021). "Recovery of Nutrients from Fish Sludge as Liquid Fertilizer to Enhance Sustainability of Aquaponics: A Review". Chemical Engineering Transactions. 83 (2021). doi:10.3303/CET2183010. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ Kwasi Adu Obirikorang, Wonder Sekey, Benjamin Apraku Gyampoh, George Ashiagbor, Winston Asante; “Aquaponics for Improved Food Security in Africa: A Review,” Frontiers, 20 August 2021; retrieved 29 July 2023.
- ^ Sakhiya, A.K., Anand, A. & Kaushal, P. “Production, activation, and applications of biochar in recent times.” Biochar 2, 253–285 (2020)., retrieved 29 July, 2023.
- ^ Bowles, Timothy M.; Mooshammer, Maria; Socolar, Yvonne; Calderón, Francisco; Cavigelli, Michel A.; Culman, Steve W.; Deen, William; Drury, Craig F.; Garcia y Garcia, Axel; Gaudin, Amélie C.M., “Long-Term Evidence Shows that Crop-Rotation Diversification Increases Agricultural Resilience to Adverse Growing Conditions in North America,” One Earth (2), 284–293, March 20, 2020Elsevier 2023, retrieved 16 June, 2023.
- ^ Gary Wyatt, “Planting a community food forest,” University of Minnesota Extension, Reviewed in 2021, retrieved 10 June, 2023.
- ^ “Food forests to feed the future,” The Economist, 2023, retrieved 14 June, 2023.
- ^ Caryn Mohr, “Food forest provides edible nuts and fruit for public harvest,” University of Minnesota Extension, 2019, retrieved 10 June, 2023.
- ^ “Northwest No-Till Farming for Climate Resilience,” United States Food and Drug Administration, 2023, retrieved 31 July, 2023.
- ^ Clément Rivière, Audrey Béthinger and Jacques-Eric Bergez; “The Effects of Cover Crops on Multiple Environmental Sustainability Indicators—A Review,” Agronomy, 2022, retrieved 14 July, 2023.
- ^ “Organic Agriculture,” https://www.fao.org/organicag/oa-faq/oa-faq1/en, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, retrieved 2 August, 2023.
- ^ “Organic Certification and Accreditation,” https://www.ams.usda.gov/services/organic-certification, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S. Department of Food and Agriculture.
- ^ “International Organic Standards,” OneCert, Inc., 2018, retrieved 7 July, 2023.
- ^ Savannah Bertrand, Anna Sophia Roberts, and Emma Walker, “The Climate and Economic Benefits of Rotational Livestock Grazing”, Environmental and Energy Study Institute, 5/3/2022, retrieved 16 June, 2023.
- ^ "Regenerative Organic Certified". Rodale Institute. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ Bindoff, N. L.; Cheung, W. W. L.; Kairo, J. G.; Arístegui, J.; et al. (2019). "Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities" (PDF). IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. pp. 447–587. Retrieved 29 July, 2023.
- ^ Vijn, Sandra; Compart, Devan Paulus; Dutta, Nikki; Foukis, Athanasios; Hess, Matthias; Hristov, Alexander N.; Kalscheur, Kenneth F.; Kebreab, Ermias; Nuzhdin, Sergey V.; Price, Nichole N.; Sun, Yan; Tricarico, Juan M.; Turzillo, Adele; Weisbjerg, Martin R.; Yarish, Charles; Kurt, Timothy D. (2020). "Key Considerations for the Use of Seaweed to Reduce Enteric Methane Emissions from Cattle". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 7. doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.597430. PMID 33426018.
- ^ Diane Nelson, “Feeding Cattle Seaweed Reduces Their Greenhouse Gas Emissions 82 Percent,” University of California, Davis, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 17 March, 2021, retrieved 31 July, 2023.
- ^ Carlos M. Duarte, Jiaping Wu4 Xi Xiao, Annette Bruhn Dorte, Krause-Jensen; “Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?,” Frontiers, 2017, retrieved 29 July, 2023.
- ^ Campbell, Iona; Macleod, Adrian; Sahlmann, Christian; Neves, Luiza; Funderud, Jon; Øverland, Margareth; Hughes, Adam D.; Stanley, Michele (22 March 2019). "The Environmental Risks Associated With the Development of Seaweed Farming in Europe - Prioritizing Key Knowledge Gaps". Frontiers in Marine Science. 6. doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00107. ISSN 2296-7745.
- ^ Grebe, Gretchen S.; Byron, Carrie J.; St. Gelais, Adam (13 September 2019). "An ecosystem approach to kelp aquaculture in the Americas and Europe". Aquaculture Reports. 15 (November 2019): 100215. Bibcode:2019AqRep..1500215G. doi:10.1016/j.aqrep.2019.100215. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ Li, Mengyu; Jia, Nanfei; Lenzen, Manfred (20 June 2022). "Global food-miles account for nearly 20% of total food-systems emissions". Nature Food. 3 (2022): 445–453. doi:10.1038/s43016-022-00531-w. PMID 37118044. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ Kreft, C.; Angst, M.; Huber, R. (21 January 2023). "Farmers' social networks and regional spillover effects in agricultural climate change mitigation". Climatic Change. 176 (8). Bibcode:2023ClCh..176....8K. doi:10.1007/s10584-023-03484-6.
- ^ "FAO - News Article: Key facts and findings". www.fao.org. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
- ^ “How plant-based diets not only reduce our carbon footprint, but also increase carbon capture,” Phys.org, 2022, retrieved 16 June, 2023.
- ^ Rosas, Francisco; Babcock, Bruce A.; Hayes, Dermot J. (7 May 2015). "Nitrous oxide emission reductions from cutting excessive nitrogen fertilizer applications". Climatic Change. 132 (2): 353–367. Bibcode:2015ClCh..132..353R. doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1426-y. S2CID 151044801. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- ^ Sarah Levy, “A Cup for Birders: The Magic Taste of Sustainability,” Medium, Oct 4, 2021, retrieved 8 July 2023.
- ^ Allison Aubrey, Aaron Scott, Devan Schwartz, “A Taste Of Lab-Grown Meat,“ National Public Radio (U.S.), 2022, retrieved16 June, 2023.
- ^ Amy Quinton, “Lab-Grown Meat’s Carbon Footprint Potentially Worse Than Retail Beef,” University of California, Davis; 2023, retrieved 16 June, 2023.
- ^ How consumer reviews can positively influence grocery shopping decisions,” https://insidefmcg.com.au/2021/05/24/how-consumer-reviews-can-positively-influence-grocery-shopping-decisions/, 24 May, 2021.
- ^ Bolderdijk, Jan Willem; Cornelissen, Gert (1 January 2022). ""How do you know someone's vegan?" They won't always tell you. An empirical test of the do-gooder's dilemma". Elsevier. 168. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105719. PMID 34597742. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
- ^ Aschemann-Witzel, Jessica (June 2023). "Transitions to plant-based diets: the role of societal tipping points". Current Opinion in Food Science. 51. doi:10.1016/j.cofs.2023.101015. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ Buckley, Cara (21 July 2023). "Save the Planet, Put Down that Hamburger". New York Times. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
- ^ “Drawdown Solutions Library,” Project Drawdown, 2023, retrieved 16 June, 2023.
- ^ Bridges, Tim; Perrin, Jean-Baptiste; Fonteneau, Emmanuel. "Why Food Waste Is Everybody's Problem" (PDF). Capgemini. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ Boucher, Lauren; Eckman, Richard; Hall-Crawford, Mel. "U.S. Consumer Attitudes Toward Appliance Efficiency Standards and Purchasing Behaviors by Income, Race, and Homeownership" (PDF). Clasp. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ “Refrigerant Management,“ Project Drawdown, 2023, retrieved 16 June, 2023.
- ^ "Smart Refrigerator Market Industry Trends Report - Opportunities Lie in Fostering Enhanced Consumer Experiences and Commitment to Sustainability". PR Newswire (Press release). PR Newswire. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ "Summary of Refrigerant Reclamation Trends". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 5 August 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ "Household Food Storage Containers Global Market Report 2022-2027: Increasing Environment Degradation Concerns Propel Demand for Sustainable Food Storage Containers". Global Newswire (Press release). GlobeNewswire. August 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ "Global Food Dehydrator Market By Technology(A Horizontal Airflow Food Dehydrator, A Vertical Airflow Food Dehydrator), By Energy Source(Electric, Bio-Fuel, Solar, Others), By End-Use(Industrial, Commercial, Residential, Others), By Region And Companies - Industry Segment Outlook, Market Assessment, Competition Scenario, Trends, And Forecast 2024-2033". MarketResearch.biz. Prudour Pvt. Ltd. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ "Global Pressure Canning Market By Type (Ordinary Pressure Canning, Electric Pressure Canning), By Application (Supermarket/Hypermarket, Specialist Retailers & Convenience Stores), By Geographic Scope And Forecast". Verified Market Reports. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ "About the 2019 Food Recovery Challenge National Award Winners". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 11 April 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ Hecht, A.A.; Neff, R.A. Food Rescue Intervention Evaluations: A Systematic Review. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6718. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236718
- ^ "Five Trends in Community-Driven Food and Waste Management". DKSH. DKSH Holding Ltd. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ Watson, Michelle; Booth, Sue; Velardo, Stefania (9 Oct 2023). "The "who" and "why" of dumpster diving for food in wealthy industrialised countries – an international scoping review". British Food Journal. 125 (10): 3784–3799. doi:10.1108/BFJ-01-2023-0014. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions About Food Rescue US". Food Rescue US. 30 October 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ Brown Varela, Vicky (3 February 2022). "13 Global Food Banks Reshaping Food Distribution to Address the Root Causes of Hunger". Food Tank. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ "Food Donation Basics". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 12 August 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ Newey, Sarah (22 August 2023). "Food banks are on the rise across the world – but are they the answer?". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ Toeniskoetter, Clare (20 September 2022). "Lots of Food Gets Tossed. These Apps Let You Buy It, Cheap". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ Jean Buzby, “Food Waste and its Links to Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2022, retrieved 11 June, 2023.
- ^ Namkung, Victoria (22 February 2024). "From trash to table: will upcycled food save the planet?". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ Thorsen M, Skeaff S, Goodman-Smith F, Thong B, Bremer P, Mirosa M. Upcycled foods: A nudge toward nutrition. Front Nutr. 2022 Nov 21;9:1071829. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1071829. PMID: 36479294; PMCID: PMC9719940.
- ^ Ramasamy, Karthikeyan K. "Fueling the Future with Food Waste". Energy.gov. United States Department of Energy. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ "Growing the Upcycled Food Economy: Building a food system where all food reaches its highest and best use". Upcycled Food. Upcycled Food Association and Foundation. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ Moshtaghian H, Bolton K, Rousta K. Challenges for Upcycled Foods: Definition, Inclusion in the Food Waste Management Hierarchy and Public Acceptability. Foods. 2021; 10(11):2874. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10112874
- ^ “Upcycled Certified Program Overview” Upcycled Certified Program, 2023, retrieved 16 June, 2023.
- ^ Kirsten Jaglo, Shannon Kenny, Jenny Stephenson, “From Farm to Kitchen: The Environmental Impacts of U.S. Food Waste,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 1 November, 2021, retrieved 31 July, 2023.
- ^ https://www.healthyfoodaccess.org/launch-a-business-models-grocery-stores-coops, retrieved 30 August 2023.
- ^ Margaret Lawrence, “Master Gardeners by the Numbers,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture, retrieved 29 July, 2023.
- ^ Frenova S. Orchestrating the Participation of Women Organisations in the UNFCCC Led Climate Finance Decision Making. Climate. 2021; 9(9):135. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli9090135
- ^ Olivia Rosane, ‘Blood Carbon’: How a Kenyan Carbon Offset Project Harms Indigenous Pastoralists and Does Nothing About Climate Change,” EcoWatch, 2023, retrieved 6/16/23.
- ^ “Forest Equity: What Indigenous People Want from Carbon Credits,” E360, Yale School of the Environment, 15 December, 2022, retrieved 31 July, 2023.
- ^ Fiona Harvey, “Greenwashing or a net zero necessity? Climate scientists on carbon offsetting,” The Guardian, 2023, retrieved 6/16/23.
- ^ Ashoka Mukpo, “Carbon credits from award-winning Kenyan offset suspended by Verra,” Mongabay, 2023, retrieved 6/16/23.
- ^ Patrick Greenfield, “Revealed: more than 90% of rainforest carbon offsets by biggest certifier are worthless, analysis shows,” 2023, retrieved 6/16/23, Verra response: Gawain Pek, “Verra scandal summarised & the complexity of forest-related carbon credits,” Mothership, 2020, retrieved 6/16/23.
- ^ “Explained: What does Verra do and what are its alternatives,“ Canadian National Broadcast Company (CNBC) TV18, 2022, retrieved 6/16/23.
- ^ “AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2023,” IPCC, 2023, retrieved 6/16/23.
- ^ "Our Work". National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ "Sustainable Agriculture". National Agricultural Library. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ "Transforming agrifood systems around the globe". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ Coffin, Cris; Freedgood, Julia; Parmar, Sarah. "Land Policy: Towards a More Equitable Farming Future" (PDF). National Young Farmers Coalition. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ Tallarico, Giuseppe (30 April 2018). "Permaculture and Agroecology". he World Permaculture Association. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ Tutt, Molly (16 May 2017). "Giving a Voice to the Little Guy: Advocacy in Agriculture". Chemonics. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ Saetang, P. (2022). The Role of Citizen Science in Policy Advocacy and Building Just and Ecologically Sustainable Communities in Thailand. In: Indrawan, M., Luzar, J.B., Hanna, H., Mayer, T. (eds) Civic Engagement in Asia. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9384-7_5,
- ^ Peake Lewis and Robb Cairo 2021Saving the ground beneath our feet: Establishing priorities and criteria for governing soil use and protectionR. Soc. Open Sci.8201994201994 http://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201994 Section,
- ^ "USDA Accepts More Than 1 Million Acres in Offers Through Conservation Reserve Program General Signup". 12 June 2023.
- ^ "How We Protect Watersheds". The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ “Indigenous Peoples’ Forest Tenure,” Project Drawdown, 2023, retrieved 6/16/23.
- ^ "Global Citizen Festival 2023: Historic Commitments for Equity, the Planet, Food & Jobs Thanks to Global Citizens". Global Citizen. Global Poverty Project, Inc. 24 September 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ Oglesby, Cameron (30 October 2023). "Food justice advocates didn't set out to save the climate. Their solutions are doing it anyway". Grist. Grist Magazine, Inc. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ "Farmers on the Hill: Advocates and Farmers Join in Washington DC to Call for Food and Agriculture System Reform in the 2023 Farm Bill". National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition. 22 June 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2024.