Draft:AFRICA'S EMERGING GENERATION OF APOLITICAL YOUTHS THAT ARE POLITICALLY UNINFORMED

1. Introduction

Africa, endowed with the youngest demographic cohort globally over 60% of its population being under 25 finds itself at a crossroads where its youthful vigor contrasts sharply with a growing apathy toward political engagement. Despite their inherent potential to catalyze transformative political change, this burgeoning generation is increasingly disengaged, resulting in a significant portion of politically uninformed youth. This disconnection is deeply troubling, given the continent’s myriad challenges, including entrenched governance deficiencies, economic volatility, pervasive corruption, and escalating inequality. The very youth who once spearheaded liberation movements and invigorated political activism now appear distanced from the political mechanisms that directly impact their lives and futures.

This article undertakes a rigorous analysis of the multifaceted factors underpinning this trend of political disengagement among Africa’s youth. We will commence by examining the profound disillusionment with political leadership, which has eroded trust in governance and contributed to a sense of futility regarding political participation. Following this, the discussion will shift to the pervasive economic pressures faced by young Africans, where high unemployment rates and economic instability overshadow political aspirations. The paper will then explore the deficiencies in civic education that fail to equip the youth with essential political knowledge and critical engagement skills. Additionally, we will consider the dual role of social media as both a platform for potential engagement and a source of distraction. Finally, we will address the prevailing perception of political ineffectiveness, where systemic issues and perceived electoral futility have further diminished the youth's motivation to participate in politics. Dissecting these dimensions, this paper aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the apolitical and politically uninformed state of Africa’s youth, and to elucidate the implications for the continent’s future governance and development trajectory.

2. The Role of Youth in African Political Transformation: A Critical Exploration Youth involvement in African politics has been pivotal in shaping the continent’s trajectory, from its liberation from colonial rule to the fight for postcolonial democracy. Historically, young Africans have played a central role in resisting colonial domination and driving revolutionary change, with their active participation serving as a catalyst for significant political transformations. This background study critically examines the evolving role of youth in African politics, drawing on historical and contemporary examples, and highlighting the indispensable importance of youth engagement in political processes and decision-making. 2.1. Youth and the Fight Against Colonialism

During the struggle for independence, African youth were instrumental in mobilizing grassroots support, organizing protests, and advocating for self-determination. The anti-colonial movements that swept across the continent in the mid-20th century were largely fuelled by the energy, passion, and idealism of the younger generation. In countries such as Ghana, Kenya, Algeria, and Zimbabwe, youth-led movements played a crucial role in dismantling colonial rule. Nkrumah’s Convention People’s Party (CPP) in Ghana, which galvanized mass support for independence, drew heavily from youth organizations and students. Scholars such as Agbodeka (2008) emphasize the critical role that the youth played in coordinating strikes, boycotts, and protests that led to Ghana's independence in 1957, making it the first sub-Saharan African country to achieve self-governance.

In Algeria’s struggle against French colonialism, youth were at the forefront of the National Liberation Front (FLN) during the brutal war for independence (1954–1962). The FLN’s young fighters, commonly referred to as mujahideen, were instrumental in guerilla warfare and urban resistance, ultimately leading to the collapse of French colonial rule in 1962. As Evans (2010) argues, youth involvement in anti-colonial movements across Africa was not only significant in achieving independence but also in fostering a sense of political consciousness and unity among future generations. Their involvement underscored the essential role that young people play in resisting oppressive regimes and demanding justice.

2.2. Youth in the Postcolonial Era: The Fight for Democracy Following independence, the political role of African youth shifted from fighting colonialism to advocating for democracy and resisting authoritarianism. The postcolonial era saw the rise of autocratic regimes, military dictatorships, and one-party states, which often suppressed political dissent and undermined democratic governance. In this context, African youth once again emerged as a formidable force in the fight for political freedom and reform. Ake (2000) highlights how the youth of postcolonial Africa became increasingly disillusioned with the corruption, nepotism, and authoritarianism that characterized many newly independent states, prompting a wave of youth-led democratic movements in the late 20th century. A notable example is the student movements of the 1970s and 1980s in countries like Nigeria, South Africa, and Zambia. In Nigeria, student activists organized protests and strikes against military rule, advocating for a return to civilian governance. The National Union of Nigerian Students (NUNS) was particularly influential in mobilizing youth against General Yakubu Gowon’s military regime, demanding democratic reforms and transparency. According to Adejumobi (2003), youth activism during this period was crucial in keeping the democratic flame alive in Nigeria, eventually leading to the transition to civilian rule in 1999 after decades of military dictatorships. In South Africa, youth activism during the apartheid era was a cornerstone of the anti-apartheid struggle. The Soweto Uprising of 1976, where thousands of black schoolchildren protested the imposition of Afrikaans as the medium of instruction, marked a turning point in the fight against apartheid. Clark and Worger (2016) argue that the involvement of South African youth in the anti-apartheid movement was instrumental in drawing international attention to the regime’s brutality and hastening its eventual collapse. The youth’s unwavering resistance demonstrated their vital role in confronting systemic injustice and shaping the course of history.

2.3. Youth and Contemporary Movements for Political Change In contemporary Africa, youth continue to be at the vanguard of movements calling for democratic reforms, transparency, and accountability. The recent wave of protests across the continent, from Nigeria’s End SARS Movement to Sudan’s revolution that ousted Omar al-Bashir, highlights the persistent importance of youth in pushing for political change. In Sudan (2019), young protesters played a decisive role in toppling Bashir’s 30-year authoritarian rule, with Khalid (2021) observing that over 60% of the protestors were under the age of 30. Sudanese youth, particularly women and students, were highly organized in their calls for a civilian-led government, demonstrating the resilience and political consciousness that continues to characterize youth movements. Similarly, the End SARS Movement in Nigeria (2020), which began as a protest against police brutality, quickly evolved into a broader call for governance reforms and accountability. Youth-led protests, coordinated through social media platforms, mobilized millions of young Nigerians across the country. Nwafor (2021) highlights that this movement represented a critical moment in Nigerian politics, showing the capacity of youth to challenge entrenched power structures and demand meaningful change. This wave of activism underscores the importance of youth engagement in holding leaders accountable and advocating for democratic principles in a region still grappling with governance challenges.

1. The Importance of Youth Involvement in Decision-Making Youth involvement in political decision-making is essential for ensuring inclusive governance and sustainable development. The energy, creativity, and innovation that youth bring to the political process are invaluable for addressing contemporary challenges such as unemployment, climate change, and technological advancement. Scholars such as Honwana (2012) argue that excluding youth from political processes not only undermines democratic governance but also risks alienating the largest demographic group on the continent, potentially leading to social unrest and instability. Okojie (2019) similarly asserts that involving youth in decision-making ensures that policies reflect the needs and aspirations of future generations, promoting long-term political stability.

Moreover, youth participation in politics fosters a culture of civic responsibility and political accountability. When young people are engaged in decision-making, they are more likely to hold leaders accountable and advocate for policies that promote social equity and justice. The political marginalization of youth, conversely, exacerbates feelings of disenfranchisement, which can lead to disillusionment and disengagement from political processes. Banégas (2017) notes that the inclusion of youth in political structures is crucial for the renewal of political institutions and the development of a vibrant, participatory democracy. From the liberation movements that dismantled colonial rule to contemporary struggles for democratic reform, African youth have consistently played a pivotal role in shaping the continent’s political landscape. Their involvement has not only been a driving force for change but also an indispensable component of sustainable governance. As history and recent events demonstrate, the continued engagement of Africa’s youth in political processes is essential for fostering democratic accountability, promoting inclusive development, and addressing the continent’s most pressing challenges. Without their active participation, Africa risks stalling on its path toward true political and economic emancipation.

2. Why youths disintegrate political activities. 2.1. Disillusionment with Political Leadership One of the most significant contributors to youth political disengagement in Africa is widespread disillusionment with political leadership. The continent has experienced a long history of political instability, corruption, and authoritarian regimes, which has eroded trust in political institutions. Many African youth view political leaders as self-serving and disconnected from the realities faced by the general population.

Recent research by scholars such as Gyimah-Boadi and Logan (2021) underscores the democratic recession that has occurred in many African states, characterized by declining political freedoms and increased corruption. According to Afrobarometer's (2021) report, over 60% of youth across African nations believe their governments are doing a poor job of fighting corruption. For instance, in countries like South Africa and Nigeria, the persistence of "state capture" scandals has heightened youth disillusionment. The case of Nigeria’s End SARS Movement (2020) highlights how corruption and police brutality have fuelled youth protests, yet the subsequent government's crackdown deepened frustrations, reinforcing the perception that political engagement yields no meaningful change. The consequence of this disillusionment is a form of political cynicism where young people increasingly view politics as a dirty game, leading to withdrawal rather than activism. This sentiment is reflected in low voter turnout among youth populations in several elections, such as Kenya's 2022 election, where youth participation fell short of expectations despite being the largest demographic.

2.2. Economic Priorities and Unemployment Youth unemployment across Africa is a persistent and growing crisis, pushing many young people to focus on economic survival rather than political engagement. According to the World Bank (2022), Africa has the highest youth unemployment rate globally, with countries like South Africa reaching over 66% unemployment among youth aged 15-24. This economic reality shapes how young people prioritize their time and energy, often concentrating on finding jobs or engaging in informal economic activities rather than participating in politics. To Eboiyehi et al. (2023) argue that economic precarity not only alienates youth from political participation but also fosters a culture of fatalism, where they believe that politics cannot improve their material conditions. As a result, economic survival supersedes political involvement, with youth opting to engage in entrepreneurial ventures or emigration in search of better opportunities. The prevalence of brain drains and migration to Western countries, or within Africa to urban centers, further limits youth engagement in their home countries’ politics. In Tunisia, after the 2011 Arab Spring, the economy did not improve as expected, leading to a decline in political participation among young people. Despite their pivotal role in the revolution, many Tunisian youths have since retreated from political life as unemployment persists, illustrating how economic disappointment stifles political engagement.

2.3. Lack of Political Education. The absence of robust civic and political education is another critical factor contributing to youth apathy in African politics. Many educational systems across Africa either fail to adequately teach political awareness or present politics in a way that is abstract and disconnected from real-world applications. Without this foundational knowledge, youth are less likely to understand their political rights or the mechanisms through which they can influence governance. Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’im (2021) emphasizes that civic education is fundamental for nurturing politically active citizens. Yet, across many African countries, such as Nigeria and Zimbabwe, political education is underdeveloped, particularly in rural areas. This educational gap is further exacerbated by a digital divide, where access to quality political information through the internet or social media is limited for large segments of the population. For example, in Uganda, only about 25% of the population has access to the internet, restricting the ability of youth to independently seek out political information. Where civic education exists, it is often outdated or biased. Governments sometimes use state-sponsored education programs to advance their own political agendas, rather than fostering critical thinking and political literacy. This diminishes the capacity of young people to engage with politics on an informed level, reinforcing apathy.

2.4. Social Media and Distraction. While social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have transformed access to information and facilitated political activism, they have also contributed to the problem of distraction. Many African youth engage with social media primarily for entertainment purposes, rather than political education. The rise of influencers, viral content, and entertainment trends often overshadows important political issues, contributing to a culture of superficial engagement. Data from the GSMA Mobile Economy Report (2022) shows that more than 300 million Africans are connected to mobile internet services, with social media usage skyrocketing among young people. Yet, the focus of this engagement is often on popular culture, entertainment, and sports rather than on substantive political issues. A recent study by Owiny and Matovu (2023) highlights that while African youth have unprecedented access to social media, a significant proportion uses these platforms passively consuming content rather than engaging in political discourse or organizing. A notable example is the EndSARS movement in Nigeria, which, despite its initial success in mobilizing youth via social media, saw a decline in sustained activism after the government crackdown. Many young people reverted to using social media for escapism, diverting their focus away from political issues.

4.5. Perception of Ineffectiveness The perception that political engagement is ineffective plays a critical role in discouraging youth participation. Across the continent, many young people feel that their votes, voices, and activism do not result in tangible change, leading to widespread political disengagement. This belief is often reinforced by systemic issues such as electoral fraud, manipulation, and political violence, which erode trust in democratic processes. Cheeseman and Klaas (2020), in their book *How to Rig an Election*, illustrate how rigged electoral systems, intimidation, and vote buying have disillusioned voters, especially the youth, in several African countries. Zimbabwe’s 2018 election, allegations of rigging and violence discouraged many first-time voters from returning to the polls. This feeling of helplessness is compounded by the entrenched nature of many ruling parties, which, even after losing popular support, remain in power due to manipulated systems. This perception of ineffectiveness is also reflected in low youth voter turnout across the continent. For instance, in South Africa’s 2019 general election, less than 50% of eligible young voters registered, and of those who registered, a significant portion did not show up at the polls, citing the futility of their vote in effecting change.

The emergence of Africa’s apolitical and politically uninformed youth is rooted in a complex interplay of disillusionment with leadership, economic pressures, inadequate political education, social media distractions, and a pervasive belief in the ineffectiveness of political engagement. Addressing this issue requires a holistic approach, including reforms in political education, improving economic opportunities, and restoring faith in democratic processes through transparency and accountability. As recent scholarship and data suggest, engaging the youth in Africa’s political future is crucial for ensuring sustainable governance and development on the continent.

5.1. Advice for Youth Who Are Reluctant to Participate in Politics Youth disengagement from politics is a growing concern in many parts of Africa and around the world. However, political participation is crucial for shaping the future of societies, and young people have the power to influence change through active involvement. My advice to youth who do not want to participate in politics is to recognize that even if they choose not to engage, politics will still affect their lives. Every decision, from education policies to employment opportunities, healthcare access, and environmental protection, is a political decision that shapes their futures. By choosing to remain disengaged, they surrender their voices to others who may not represent their interests or aspirations.

Political involvement does not necessarily mean running for office or joining a political party. It can take many forms, from voting, advocacy, community organizing, and engaging in civil society activities to participating in online platforms where political discussions take place. Youth can start small by educating themselves on political issues, participating in local or national elections, and holding elected officials accountable. As Nelson Mandela famously stated, “It is in your hands, to make a better world for all who live in it.” The responsibility for shaping a just and equitable society lies with everyone, and youth have a unique opportunity to drive innovation and change. It is important to view political participation as a long-term investment in their own futures. As Barack Obama has often advised, "Change will not come if we wait for some other person or some other time. We are the ones we've been waiting for. We are the change that we seek." This means that if young people want to see a better future with opportunities, fairness, and justice, they need to take an active role in shaping that future, rather than waiting for someone else to do it for them.

5.2. The Advice of Great Leaders and Influential Figures Throughout history, many influential leaders have emphasized the importance of youth political engagement, not only as a civic duty but also as a means to create a future they desire. For example, Kwame Nkrumah, one of Africa’s foremost independence leaders, argued that young people were essential in the struggle for liberation and nation-building. In his view, youth should not see politics as the domain of the old or the elite, but as a collective responsibility for national progress. He advocated for youth involvement in governance and decision-making as a way to build strong, independent African nations. Similarly, Mahatma Gandhi emphasized the importance of individual responsibility and political participation. He advised young people to live out their ideals and values through their political actions, stressing that every individual has the power to influence societal outcomes. Gandhi's philosophy of "be the change you wish to see in the world" was a call for youth to take ownership of the future by becoming active participants in the processes that shape their countries.

In contemporary times, Malala Yousafzai, the youngest Nobel Peace Prize laureate, has consistently advocated for youth participation in global issues, particularly education and women’s rights. She reminds young people that they are never too young to make a difference and that their voices are powerful, even when systems of power seem unyielding. Her activism highlights that political engagement is not limited to elections and governance but extends to advocacy for social justice, equity, and human rights. Leaders like John F. Kennedy also urged young people to look beyond their immediate interests and think about their contributions to society. His famous call to action, "Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country," challenged youth to participate in public service and contribute to the betterment of their nation. This message is particularly relevant for young people today, as it reminds them that political engagement is not just about personal gain but about contributing to the collective good.

5. Practical Steps and Real-World Examples To bring this advice into practical terms, some countries and organizations have implemented successful programs to increase youth participation in politics. For instance, Tunisia’s Youth Parliament gives young people an official platform to discuss national policies, debate current issues, and offer policy recommendations. This initiative allows youth to understand the political process and directly contribute to decision-making. In Rwanda, the government established the National Youth Council, which aims to empower youth by involving them in governance at local, regional, and national levels. The Council trains young people in leadership and policy-making, helping them become more informed about political processes and enabling them to take on active roles in governance. These examples show how institutional efforts can encourage youth political engagement and create pathways for their voices to be heard. Additionally, Michelle Obama’s "When We All Vote" campaign in the United States focuses on increasing voter registration and turnout among young people, recognizing that voting is a crucial way for youth to have a say in shaping their societies. By educating young people on the power of their vote, this campaign encourages youth to see political participation as an essential part of their civic duty.

The advice from these great leaders underscores the value of youth political engagement in shaping a better future. By participating in politics, youth can influence the policies that affect their lives and ensure that their voices are represented. Whether through voting, activism, or holding political office, young people have the potential to drive significant change. Therefore, it is crucial that youth understand the importance of political engagement and take advantage of the opportunities available to them to contribute to the political discourse. As Nelson Mandela once said, “Young people must take it upon themselves to ensure that they receive the highest education possible so that they can represent us well in the future as future leaders.” Through education, advocacy, and active participation, Africa's youth can shape a prosperous and just future

6. The Future of African Politics Amid Youth Disengagement The growing disengagement of African youth from formal politics presents complex questions about the future of governance and political stability on the continent. With over 60% of the African population under the age of 25, the potential impacts of this trend are significant. While some scholars argue that this disengagement threatens democratic processes and increases the risk of authoritarianism, others suggest that it may lead to alternative forms of political engagement that could ultimately benefit governance. This analysis critically examines these views, incorporating a broad range of scholarly perspectives, and assesses the potential consequences of youth disengagement for African politics.

7.1. Threat to Democratic Governance One prevailing view is that the diminishing participation of African youth in formal politics poses a substantial threat to democratic governance across the continent. Gyimah-Boadi and Logan (2021) contend that this drift away from electoral processes and political activism undermines the democratic gains achieved in many African nations since the 1990s. They argue that youth, traditionally seen as key advocates for democracy, are now increasingly apathetic, disillusioned by corrupt political elites and unresponsive governance systems. Without their active involvement, there is a real risk that African democracies could regress into authoritarianism or pseudo-democracies dominated by aging leaders who are disconnected from the priorities of younger generations.

Similarly, Branch and Mampilly (2015) emphasize that political disengagement erodes accountability in governance. As youth participation declines, ruling elites may face less pressure to adopt policies that are inclusive and responsive to the needs of the broader population. This trend has been observed in countries like Uganda and Zimbabwe, where entrenched leadership has persisted despite widespread dissatisfaction. These regimes often exploit the lack of youth involvement to consolidate power, marginalizing dissenting voices and weakening democratic institutions. Cheeseman (2015) supports this assertion, noting that youth apathy, if left unchecked, creates a vacuum in which political elites can manipulate elections and undermine democratic checks and balances. In contrast to this view, Matlosa (2020) offers a more nuanced interpretation, arguing that while youth disengagement is undoubtedly problematic, it is symptomatic of deeper structural flaws within African democracies. According to Matlosa, many young Africans feel that their participation is futile in systems that are inherently rigged or non-representative. This perception has been fueled by the prevalence of electoral fraud, political violence, and the failure of democratic governments to address critical socio-economic issues. For example, the 2017 elections in Kenya and Zimbabwe were marred by allegations of vote-rigging and post-election violence, which discouraged many young people from participating in future electoral processes.

7.2. The Potential for Technocratic and Informal Political Engagement While youth disengagement from formal political processes is often seen as a negative development, some scholars argue that it may signal a shift toward alternative forms of political engagement. Honwana (2012) observes that young Africans, particularly those in urban centers, are increasingly turning to informal, non-traditional means of enacting change. This includes social media activism, community organizing, and other forms of civic participation that do not require direct involvement in party politics. For instance, movements like the #EndSARS protests in Nigeria and the Sudanese revolution of 2019 were largely driven by youth activists using digital platforms to mobilize support and demand reform. These movements, though outside the formal political sphere, have proven highly effective in challenging corrupt institutions and bringing about significant changes.

Toufick (2021) highlights that these informal political movements reflect a broader shift in how young people conceptualize political engagement. For many, the traditional pathways to political power—through political parties and electoral participation—are seen as inaccessible or irrelevant to their everyday struggles. Instead, they prioritize practical solutions to immediate problems, such as police brutality, unemployment, and government corruption. Toufick argues that this pragmatic approach to politics, while non-institutional, represents a form of "everyday resistance" that holds significant potential for reshaping governance on the continent. This view is echoed by Cheeseman and Klaas (2020), who argue that the rise of technocratic governance could appeal to a generation more focused on results than ideological debates. For instance, the success of Kenya’s Huduma Centres, which streamline access to government services, demonstrates how technocratic solutions can enhance governance and restore some level of trust in state institutions. In this sense, youth disengagement from traditional politics does not necessarily signal a retreat from political life but rather a redefinition of what it means to participate in politics. By bypassing corrupt and inefficient political parties, youth may be laying the groundwork for a more pragmatic, solution-oriented approach to governance.

7.3. Economic Disillusionment and the Potential for Social Unrest Another significant concern related to youth disengagement is the potential for economic marginalization to fuel social unrest. According to the International Labour Organization (2021), youth unemployment in Africa is among the highest in the world, with many young people relegated to the informal sector or struggling to find meaningful work. This economic disenfranchisement, combined with political apathy, creates a volatile environment where frustration could easily boil over into violence. Honwana (2012) points to the Arab Spring as a pertinent example, where youth unemployment and dissatisfaction with authoritarian rule sparked mass protests and, in some cases, the overthrow of long-standing regimes. However, as Honwana warns, the aftermath of these uprisings has been mixed, with some countries descending into chaos and civil war.

Similarly, Bayat (2013) discusses the dangers of political disengagement in the context of the Middle East and North Africa, noting that while youth-led revolts can dismantle oppressive regimes, they often fail to produce sustainable democratic outcomes. In the absence of strong, organized political institutions, these movements risk being co-opted by opportunistic elites or devolving into factionalism. This pattern could easily be replicated in sub-Saharan Africa, where many countries face similar socio-economic challenges. If the continent’s burgeoning youth population continues to feel excluded from both the political and economic spheres, Africa could experience waves of unrest similar to those seen in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya. Ndlovu-Gatsheni (2017) expands on this point, arguing that political apathy among youth in Africa is intrinsically linked to their exclusion from economic opportunities. As long as African states fail to address the structural issues that perpetuate poverty and inequality, disengagement will persist, and the potential for political instability will remain high. Ndlovu-Gatsheni suggests that creating economic pathways for youth is key to preventing future unrest and ensuring that they remain invested in political processes.

7. Verdict: The Dual Path for Africa’s Political Future The future of African politics, in the face of youth disengagement, appears to be at a crossroads. On one hand, as Gyimah-Boadi and Logan (2021) suggest, the continued apathy of the continent's largest demographic group could lead to the erosion of democratic institutions, facilitating the rise of authoritarianism or corrupt regimes that face little resistance. This argument is compelling given the historical patterns of political regression in Africa when democratic participation declines, as seen in countries like Zimbabwe and Uganda. Without a concerted effort to re-engage youth in political life, the continent could see a deepening of political stagnation. Honwana (2012) and Branch and Mampilly (2015) offer a more optimistic view, positing that youth disengagement from traditional politics may catalyze the emergence of alternative forms of political participation. These scholars argue that African youth are not necessarily apolitical but are instead reimagining how political change can be achieved outside of conventional party politics. Digital activism, community organizing, and technocratic governance may offer new avenues for meaningful engagement that reflect the aspirations of a generation disillusioned with formal political structures.

The future of African politics will likely depend on how well governments and political institutions can adapt to these new forms of engagement. If youth continue to be marginalized from both political and economic decision-making, the continent risks enduring cycles of unrest and instability. However, if African governments can harness the potential of youth-led movements and integrate them into the political process, there is a possibility for a more dynamic and responsive political landscape to emerge. The verdict, therefore, is that while the risks of youth disengagement are real and concerning, there are also significant opportunities for innovation and reform if youth activism can be redirected toward constructive political participation.

8. Reactivating African Youth Participation in Politics The disengagement of African youth from formal political processes is a significant concern for the future of governance on the continent. However, efforts to reactivate youth participation can draw lessons from successful initiatives around the world that have empowered young people to engage in politics and decision-making. Several strategies—ranging from improving civic education and enhancing access to political platforms, to harnessing the power of digital media—can help reinvigorate youth participation in African political life. In this analysis, I will explore these solutions while referencing examples of how other regions and countries have managed to keep their youth politically active and engaged.

9.1. Enhancing Civic Education One of the primary ways to reactivate youth participation in politics is through robust civic education programs that equip young people with the knowledge and skills to engage meaningfully in political processes. Matlosa (2020) emphasizes that inadequate civic education in many African countries contributes to youth political disengagement, as young people often lack the knowledge of how to influence political outcomes. To address this, countries like Rwanda have introduced extensive civic education programs. For instance, Rwanda's Itorero National Civic Education Program focuses on instilling national values, leadership skills, and community participation among youth, fostering a politically informed and active young population. In Kenya, the Youth Agenda initiative has partnered with various educational institutions to incorporate political literacy into school curricula, teaching young people the mechanics of government, democracy, and civic responsibility. As Cheeseman (2015) notes, such educational reforms are essential in reducing political apathy and ensuring that youth understand the importance of participating in elections, political movements, and governance processes. For African countries seeking to reactivate youth political engagement, similar investments in civic education, both in schools and through community programs, could play a crucial role.

9.2. Creating Youth-Friendly Political Platforms Another critical factor is the need to create political platforms that are accessible, inclusive, and responsive to the aspirations of young people. Honwana (2012) argues that many African political parties and institutions are structured in ways that exclude youth, either by prioritizing older elites or by failing to address the issues that matter most to young people, such as unemployment and social justice. To counter this, some countries have developed specific youth-focused platforms within political parties to give young people a voice in decision-making.

In South Africa, the African National Congress (ANC) Youth League has historically been an important platform for youth political engagement. It was instrumental in shaping national policy and leadership, most notably during the anti-apartheid movement. While the ANC Youth League has faced challenges in recent years, it remains a significant example of how institutionalizing youth involvement within political structures can enhance political participation. Gyimah-Boadi and Logan (2021) suggest that other African nations could benefit from creating similar youth wings within political parties, where young people can contribute to party strategies, policies, and leadership choices. Uganda have introduced legislative reforms that include reserved seats for youth representatives in parliament. These seats ensure that young voices are present in national decision-making bodies, and the model could be expanded across the continent. While the success of such programs varies, they represent a crucial step toward institutionalizing youth participation in politics. As Toufick (2021) notes, ensuring that young people have a formal role within political institutions can reduce political apathy by demonstrating that their participation can lead to tangible outcomes.

9.3. Leveraging Digital Media for Political Engagement The rise of digital media offers a powerful tool to reconnect Africa’s youth with political life. Social media platforms, in particular, have become a space where young people can express their views, organize movements, and challenge political systems without the need for traditional political party involvement. Branch and Mampilly (2015) argue that platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and WhatsApp have revolutionized political activism, enabling young people to participate in politics from outside conventional political institutions. #EndSARS movement in Nigeria is a clear example of how digital activism can reignite political engagement among youth. The movement, which was led primarily by young Nigerians, used social media to mobilize protests against police brutality. Despite limited engagement with formal political structures, the movement forced the Nigerian government to disband the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) and brought issues of police reform and youth empowerment to the forefront of national politics. Cheeseman and Klaas (2020) highlight the potential of digital platforms as an innovative way to engage young people, particularly in environments where political systems are perceived as corrupt or unresponsive.

In Tunisia, the Jasmine Revolution—which sparked the Arab Spring—also demonstrated the power of social media to galvanize youth. Bayat (2013) notes that youth used digital platforms to organize protests, share information, and spread political ideas. Tunisia’s experience highlights the potential of digital engagement to bring about political change, even in highly repressive environments. For African governments and civil society organizations, harnessing the power of digital media to promote political awareness, voter education, and civic participation can be a highly effective strategy for reactivating youth involvement in politics.

9.4. Addressing Economic Exclusion and Unemployment The relationship between youth political disengagement and economic marginalization cannot be overlooked. High levels of unemployment and underemployment are among the most significant factors contributing to political apathy among African youth. Ndlovu-Gatsheni (2017) argues that unless African states address the structural issues that perpetuate youth unemployment, efforts to engage young people in politics will remain limited. Providing economic opportunities, such as entrepreneurship programs, vocational training, and job creation schemes, is essential to reintegrating young people into the political fold. The Plan Sénégal Emergent (PSE) is an example of how economic empowerment programs can also foster political engagement. The PSE includes a Youth Employment Initiative, which offers training, mentorship, and financial support to young entrepreneurs. By addressing the economic challenges faced by Senegalese youth, the initiative has helped reduce political apathy and encouraged greater participation in community and national politics. According to Honwana (2012), initiatives like this that link economic empowerment with civic participation can create a generation of politically engaged youth who are invested in the future of their country.

9.5. Strengthening Youth Representation in Decision-Making A final strategy to reactivate youth political participation is to ensure that young people are represented at all levels of decision-making, from local councils to national parliaments. Gyimah-Boadi and Logan (2021) stress the importance of creating institutional pathways for young people to assume leadership positions within political parties, government agencies, and civil society organizations. Rwanda’s National Youth Council, for instance, serves as a model for how formal structures can give young people a say in national governance. The Council allows youth to participate in the formulation of policies that directly affect their lives, fostering a sense of ownership and accountability.

In Uganda, the introduction of the Youth Livelihood Programmed has created opportunities for young people to engage in local governance by participating in decision-making processes related to community development. The program provides funds and support for youth-led projects, encouraging greater involvement in political and economic activities at the grassroots level. Matlosa (2020) argues that such initiatives are essential for ensuring that youth feel represented in political processes and see the value of their participation. Reactivating African youth participation in politics requires a multifaceted approach, incorporating civic education, the creation of youth-friendly political platforms, the use of digital media, addressing economic exclusion, and ensuring youth representation in decision-making. By drawing on examples from Rwanda, Nigeria, South Africa, and Senegal, African nations can implement these strategies to empower their youth and create a more inclusive political environment. As Honwana (2012) and Gyimah-Boadi and Logan (2021) suggest, the reactivation of youth political participation is crucial for the future stability and development of Africa’s political systems.

9. Findings of the Study Widespread Political Apathy Among Youth: The article finds that a significant proportion of Africa's youth are disengaged from formal political processes, leading to a generation that is largely apolitical and politically uninformed. This disengagement is largely a result of disillusionment with political systems that are perceived as corrupt, ineffective, or unresponsive to their needs.

Inadequate Civic Education: A critical finding is the lack of comprehensive civic education across many African nations, which leaves young people without a clear understanding of how political systems work or how they can influence governance. This absence of political literacy contributes to youth apathy, as many young people do not see the value in participating in political processes they don't fully understand. Economic Pressures as a Key Driver: Economic marginalization, including high unemployment and lack of opportunities, has been found to be a major factor in youth disengagement from politics. Many young Africans are more focused on day-to-day survival than political engagement, viewing politics as a distant and irrelevant arena that offers little in terms of improving their socio-economic conditions.

The Role of Social Media in Political Engagement: While digital platforms have provided new opportunities for youth political activism, the article finds that social media is often a double-edged sword. It can promote political awareness and engagement, as seen in movements like #EndSARS in Nigeria, but it can also lead to disinformation, superficial activism, or further disengagement from formal political structures.

Youth Perceive Political Systems as Ineffective: A common thread among young people is the belief that political participation does not lead to tangible change. This sentiment is reinforced by longstanding governance issues such as corruption, authoritarianism, and lack of accountability. As a result, many young Africans are skeptical of the efficacy of elections, political parties, and governmental institutions.

Potential for Reactivation Through Strategic Initiatives: The article concludes that youth political participation can be reactivated through targeted initiatives such as improved civic education, economic empowerment programs, and the creation of youth-friendly political platforms. Examples from Rwanda, Tunisia, and South Africa demonstrate that when given the tools, resources, and platforms, African youth can be pivotal in shaping political outcomes. These findings collectively highlight the urgent need for policies and reforms that address the root causes of youth disengagement, while also harnessing the potential of Africa’s young population to foster a more vibrant, democratic, and inclusive political environment.

1.1. Conclusion In conclusion, Africa’s emerging generation of apolitical and politically uninformed youth poses a significant challenge to the future of the continent’s political landscape. As the youngest population in the world, African youth hold immense potential to drive societal progress, yet their disengagement from political life risks undermining governance, development, and democracy. This phenomenon is fueled by factors such as disillusionment with leadership, inadequate civic education, economic exclusion, and the pervasive influence of social media. The political apathy of young Africans reflects a broader disconnection from systems of power that often appear corrupt, inaccessible, and irrelevant to their daily struggles.

However, reactivating political engagement among Africa's youth is both possible and necessary. As historical and contemporary examples from across the globe illustrate, civic education, youth representation in political institutions, and the harnessing of digital platforms can transform youth into politically active and informed citizens. Furthermore, addressing the structural barriers that perpetuate economic marginalization is crucial for encouraging young people to see politics as a tool for change. Great leaders, from Kwame Nkrumah to Nelson Mandela, have long recognized the critical role of youth in shaping the future, urging them to embrace their responsibility as agents of transformation. Ultimately, the future of African politics hinges on the active participation of its youth. Reversing the trend of political disengagement requires a concerted effort to create environments in which young people are empowered to understand their political rights, contribute to governance, and challenge the systems that have historically excluded them. If Africa’s youth remain politically disengaged, the continent risks continued instability and governance crises. Conversely, a politically informed and engaged youth can spearhead the realization of Africa’s democratic potential, ensuring that future generations inherit a more just, prosperous, and inclusive society.

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