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Dingle, Iloilo

Coordinates: 11°03′N 122°40′E / 11.05°N 122.67°E / 11.05; 122.67
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Dingle
Sumandig
Baong
Municipality
Municipality of Dingle
St. John the Baptist Parish Church
St. John the Baptist Parish Church
Flag of Dingle
Flag
Official seal of Dingle
Seal
Etymology: dingding maingle (Old Kinaray-a: hard wall)
Nickname: 
Spelunker's Paradise
Anthem: Town of Dingle
Dingle nga Matahúm (Beautiful Dingle)
Map of Iloilo with Dingle highlighted
Map of Iloilo with Dingle highlighted
OpenStreetMap
Map
Dingle is located in Philippines
Dingle
Dingle
Location within the Philippines
Coordinates: 11°03′N 122°40′E / 11.05°N 122.67°E / 11.05; 122.67
CountryPhilippines
RegionWestern Visayas
ProvinceIloilo
District 4th district
Founded as a visita of Pototan1593 (Fray Francisco Manuel Blanco, O.S.A.)
Established as the pueblo of Baong1611 (Fray Pedro del Castillo, O.S.A.)
Annexed to Dumangas1629
Re-established as the pueblo of Baong1634 (Fray Alonso de Méntrida, O.S.A.)
Annexed to Laglag1641
Re-established as the pueblo of Dingle1823 (Don Juan Marcelino Dayot)
Annexed to Pototan1904
Chartered as the municipality of Dingle1907 (Hon. Adriano Hernández y Dayot)
Barangays33 (see Barangays)
Government
 [1]
 • TypeSangguniang Bayan
 • MayorRufino P. Palabrica III
 • Vice MayorQuindialem D. Villanueva
 • RepresentativeFerjenel G. Biron
 • Municipal Council
Members
 • Electorate28,253 voters (2022)
Area
[2]
 • Total
98.37 km2 (37.98 sq mi)
Elevation
56 m (184 ft)
Highest elevation
318 m (1,043 ft)
Lowest elevation
14 m (46 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[3]
 • Total
45,965
 • Density470/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
 • Households
11,698
Demonym(s)Filipino: Taga-Dingle
Kinaray-a: Dingleanon
Hiligaynon: Dingleanon
Spanish: dingleño (m), -ña (f)
Economy
 • Income class3rd municipal income class
 • Poverty incidence
17.13
% (2021)[4]
 • Revenue₱ 178.2 million (2020), 78.5 million (2012), 88.31 million (2013), 106 million (2014), 115.9 million (2015), 128.2 million (2016), 143.6 million (2017), 153 million (2018), 168 million (2019), 200.8 million (2021), 249 million (2022)
 • Assets₱ 803.2 million (2020), 80.7 million (2012), 271.2 million (2013), 337.1 million (2014), 364.8 million (2015), 422.5 million (2016), 499.5 million (2017), 598.7 million (2018), 720.1 million (2019), 830.8 million (2021), 937.9 million (2022)
 • Expenditure₱ 126.1 million (2020), 57.85 million (2012), 64.95 million (2013), 67.04 million (2014), 72.5 million (2015), 85.21 million (2016), 94.34 million (2017), 105.5 million (2018), 114.4 million (2019), 136.4 million (2021), 152.5 million (2022)
 • Liabilities₱ 98.44 million (2020), 59.3 million (2012), 60.49 million (2013), 102 million (2014), 101.5 million (2015), 132 million (2016), 134.8 million (2017), 126.1 million (2018), 120.5 million (2019), 110.5 million (2021), 127.8 million (2022)
Service provider
 • ElectricityIloilo 2 Electric Cooperative (ILECO 2)
Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)
ZIP code
5035
PSGC
063016000
IDD : area code +63 (0)33
Native languagesKaray-a
Hiligaynon
Tagalog
Websitehttps://lgudingle.wixsite.com/lgudingle

Dingle (IPA: [ˈdiŋlɛʔ], locally /ˈdiŋliʔ/), officially the Municipality of Dingle (Kinaray-a: Banwa ka Dingle, Hiligaynon: Banwa sang Dingle, Tagalog: Bayan ng Dingle), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Iloilo, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 45,965 people.[3]

The town is known for its baroque-architecture church and its archaeological cave sites, such as the Lapuz Lapuz Cave, famous for revealing the hunter-gatherer lives of the ancient people of Panay.

Etymology

[edit]

The name Dingle is believed to have been formed by joining the Old Karay-a words dingding for wall, and maingle for hard.[5] This hard wall refers to a rock formation found on the banks of the Jalaur River in barangay Namatay situated in the eastern part of the municipality.[5] Locally, this hard wall is known as dalipe or tampi.[5]

Before the Spanish contact, the town was known as Sumandig after an Ati datu of the same name. The name means "to lean one thing to another" in the Karay-a language.[6] The settlement however was officially called Baong upon its establishment as a visita in 1593 by the Augustinians.[5] The name comes from the physical form of the settlement which was situated in a depression surrounded by low rising hills. The said name translates to kawa or vat, a cooking utensil similar to, but very much bigger than a carajay.[5] Baong is also a Dioscoridea named Cultivated Dioscorea, and papillary Dioscorea by Fray Francisco Manuel Blanco.[6]

History

[edit]

Early history

[edit]
Map of Panay, Himal-us, and Buglas showing the ancient polities belonging to the Confederation of Madja-as. The ancient banwa of Sumandig in the sakup of Irong-irong form the present-day municipality of Dingle.

At around 1212, the site of modern-day Dingle was under the jurisdiction of Simsiman.[5] The area was first inhabited by the Ati or Panay Negritos with Pulpulan as chief. Under Marikudo, son of Pulpulan, Simsiman remained as the seat of government of the Ati polity.[5] The settlement was eventually called Sumandig after an Ati datu whose domain covered the areas along Mount Putian from current-day barangay Lincud in the north to Suague river in the south and from the creek up to present-day barangay Alegria in the west.[5] Datu Sumandig's seat of government is present-day sitio Mananiw in barangay Tabugon, Dingle.[5]

Buyóng Labaw Donggon (lit. "Most Honored"), a Malay datu of Sumandig and the Suludnon god of gifts and graces in the 29,000-verse epic Hinilawod, one of the longest known in the world, built his home with his wife Uwang Matan-ayon (lit. "Generous One") beside the spring of Moroboro in Dingle.[7]

Sumandig, which was then a district of Sibucao, had a rock believed to have been Labaw Donggon's throne.[8] There, wedding ceremonies were held by the natives to ask for his blessings.[8] The Augustinian Hernando Morales destroyed the rock in 1598, removing every bit of it.[8] It was noted that there were still native mundos of Dingle who worshipped Labaw Donggon even until the last years of Spanish rule in the Philippines.[9] These worshippers would stealthily enter a certain cave in the evening of a certain day of the year in order to render homage and to offer poultry, doves, rice, bananas, and pigs to the ancient Visayan god.[9] It took the Augustinians two centuries to uproot the custom of offering sacrifices to Labaw Donggon.[6]

Spanish colonial era

[edit]

In 1586, Datu Disayaran, chief of the Siwaragan settlement, and his son Datu Bantugan, led the serious abortive revolt against the Spaniards in Dingle, known at this point as Baong, by the descendants of the settlers from Borneo, the native priests called maaram, and the marauding Ati who refused conversion to the Catholic faith.[10]

The Augustinian priest Fray Francisco Manuel Blanco found Baong as a visita of Pototan in 1593 until it became a pueblo on April 23, 1611.[11] Pototan was briefly annexed to Baong after its population significantly decreased.[12]

In 1614, a Dutch fleet of 10 galleons under the command of Joris van Spilbergen were seen in Iloilo waters. Fray Diego de Oseguera, parish priest of Baong, and Fray Juan de Lecea, the Augustinian prior of Ogtong, came with supplies and did much to placate the people of Baong who were completely restless after seeing how little the Spaniards could do against the Dutch.[11] 300 native allies who joined the Spaniards have been cornered and were unable to go anywhere because the natives were also at war.[11] Through the intervention of the friars, the townspeople were led back to the pueblo after they have hunkered down from the mountains while soldiers were dying from lack of food after all the rice and every supply in the convent have been consumed.[11] Fray Francisco Encinas of the Society of Jesus also came to hide in the convent of Baong.[11]

In 1628, the pueblo of Baong and its visitas had two Augustinian priests and a population of 2,400.[11] In 1629, however, the pueblo was nearly depopulated because of the incursion of the Ati and run-away slaves who destroyed farms and killed most of the settlement's population.[6] Only about 600 of the inhabitants survived.[11] During the same year, Dingle was made a mere visita of Dumangas.[11] This was motivated by the decrease in population, as many townspeople had left because of fear of the Atis, the so-called remontados, who would suddenly come down from the mountains to plunder their ricefields.[12]

In 1634, Fray Alonso de Méntrida managed to secure a seemingly independent existence for the settlement but in 1641, the pueblo became so small[12] when it was again depopulated that it was annexed as a visita to Laglag, present-day Dueñas, and remained as such for 182 years.[5] Not even the report of Augustinian Father Provincial Pedro Velasco in 1760 mentioned it.[12] For the next two centuries, Baong will be sharing its history with Laglag.

Re-establishment of the pueblo

Petition of Don Juan Marcelino Dayot, teniente mayor of Laglag, dated March 8, 1820 to Iloilo alcalde mayor Miguel Calderón for the re-elevation of the visita of Dingle into a pueblo, as supported by the 31 cabezas de barangay of Dingle and the endorsement of Fray Juan Raile, parish priest of Laglag.

On March 8, 1820, with the support of 31 cabezas de barangay of the principalía or the hispanized Christian descendants of the pre-colonial datus of Dingle and certification of the parish priest of Laglag, Fray Juan Raile (Dingle cura párroco, 1829–1849), a petition for the re-elevation of Dingle into a pueblo was submitted to Miguel Calderón, alcalde mayor (equivalent to the present-day provincial governor) of Iloilo, through the leadership of the Dingleño teniente mayor (municipal vice-mayor) of Laglag, Don Juan Marcelino Dayot (Dingle gobernadorcillo, 1829–1835).[13]

On April 28, 1823, Dingle was thus re-elevated into a pueblo after five years under Dumangas and 182 years under Laglag.[13] Its first gobernadorcillo in almost 200 years was Don Julio Dator (1823–1827).[5] In 1829, during the tenure of Don Juan Marcelino Dayot as gobernadorcillo and Fray Juan Raile as parish priest, construction of the current church made of granite stone quarried from the nearby Bulabog Putian mountains commenced.[12] In 1838, the pueblo had 3,736 people.[12] Two of the more notable gobernadorcillos of Dingle who sold some of their vast landholdings to pay for the tributes of their constituents were Don Magdaleno Muyco (1835–1843, 1851–1853) and Don Luís Cantalicio Dayot (1853–1861, 1869–1873), respectively better known to the Dingleanons as Tan Mano and Tan Cantaling.[5]

On November 21, 1849, governor-general Clavería issued a decree requiring Filipinos to adopt Spanish and indigenous names from the Catalogo Alfabetico de Apellidos for civil and legal purposes. Upon the orders of Iloilo alcalde mayor Felipe Combe, surnames with the same initial letters as the initial letters of the corresponding pueblo were to be assigned. As such, surnames starting with the digraphs da- and de- were distributed to Dingle, e.g. Dairo, Daguro, Dayatan, Deaño, Deatrás.

On August 16, 1850, by order of governor-general Urbiztondo, Dingle became an independent parish.[5] Its first patron was St. Monica.[12] It was later changed to the Assumption of Our Lady, and finally, to St. John the Baptist.[12] In 1865, Fray Fernando Llorente y Santos ordered the continuation of the construction of the current structure of the Parish Church of St. John the Baptist which was completed in 1886.[5] In 1896, the population of Dingle reached 12,504.[12]

Cry of Lincud

During the second phase of the Philippine Revolution against Spain during the Spanish–American War, Dingle staged the first armed uprising in the province of Iloilo and in the island of Panay. Now known as the "Cry of Lincud", the revolt occurred in Barrio Lincud on October 28, 1898.[14] The leaders of the victorious uprising were Gen. Adriano Hernández y Dayot, Gen. Julio Hernández y Dayot, Maj. Estefano Muyco y Dayot, Maj. Nicolás Roces, Lt. Col. Francisco Jalandoni, and Col. Quintín Salas who fought together with 600 revolucionarios.[14] Today, this event which started the Philippine Revolution in Iloilo is commemorated as a special non-working holiday.[15][16] Through Presidential Proclamation 697, October 28, 2024 was declared a special non-working day in celebration of Cry of Lincud.[17]

American occupation

[edit]
Dingle Town Hall in 1929
Abangay Bridge over the Abangay River between Dingle and Pototan, Iloilo. Completed and opened for traffic on June 15, 1912.

In December 1900, a fire destroyed all the buildings in town except for the stone church.[18] The town was rebuilt, but the structures were of bamboo and nipa, owing to the difficulty of obtaining lumber.[18] In the same year, the town was recorded to have a population of 11,000.[18]

In 1903, by virtue of Act No. 719, an Act reducing the fifty-one municipalities of the province of Iloilo to seventeen, Dingle, alongside Mina, was annexed to Pototan under the Americans, the latter being larger in population and was economically more prosperous.[19] Nonetheless, through the efforts of then Iloilo 4th District Assemblyman Adriano Hernández y Dayot, the separation of the town from Pototan was given impetus in 1907.[20] Mina, however, would remain with Pototan until their eventual separation in 1968 by virtue of Republic Act No. 5442.[21]

Education

[edit]

The Americans believed that education is essential for self-rule so that they made this the keystone of their system of governance in the islands.[22] The school house then was called the "tribunal." The first one was built on the site presently occupied by the municipal building.[22] A Mr. Eastman, an American, was principal. However, the teachers employed were Dingleanons. Notable among them was José Muyco y Dayot.[22]

During the administration of municipal president Don Tomás Sanico in 1912–1915, the construction of the Gabaldon school house was started and it remains to be the main edifice of the Dingle Elementary School complex.[5] Funds were provided for by an appropriation bill sponsored by Nueva Ecija Assemblyman Isauro Gabaldón.[5] The building was completed in 1917 during the second term of municipal president Don Vicente Dayot (1916–1919).[5] The first superior to hold office in the new building was Juan Datiles and its first school principal was José Lagora.[5] The first Dingleanon principal however was Paciano Dajay.[5]

The cause of education was further served during the terms of office of municipal presidents Don Luís Dayot y Roces (1925–1928) and Don Julio Muyco y Dayot (1931–1934, 1938–1945), and municipal mayor Cristino Abelardo Muyco Aportadera (1934–1938).[5] It was during the incumbency of Luís R. Dayot when the Jalandoni-Dayot Elementary School was established. Dayot also donated a school building to the Bureau of Public Schools.[23] More primary schools were opened in the barrios during the terms of office of the last two mentioned municipal mayors.[5]

Health

[edit]

During his second term in office as municipal president (1919–1922), Julio Dayot Muyco became responsible for the establishment of the first peuriculture center in Dingle which extended basic health services to the townspeople.[5] The Centro de Peuriculture de Dingle was incorporated on November 6, 1922 with María D. Dayot as president.[24]

Shortly after the establishment of American rule, the Philippine islands were afflicted by cholera and dysentery epidemics which caused the death of more than 200,000 people.[5] Smallpox was likewise still unchecked by vaccination becoming a cause for considerable worry.[5] During the administration of municipal president Don Cipriano J. Montero, Sr. (1928–1931), the antipolo system of human waste disposal was imposed.[5]

Water

In 1926, during the term of office of Luís R. Dayot as municipal president, the Iloilo Metropolitan Waterworks, created by virtue of Commonwealth Act No. 3222 dated September 16, 1926, constructed their waterworks system in Barrio Lincud. Its original pipelines are still in operation as of date, supplying water to Dingle and Pototan. Two natural springs, Lubong-Tubig and Talinab, serve the as water source.

Japanese occupation

[edit]

Immediately after the U.S. declaration of war on Japan on December 8, 1941, a squadron of Japanese planes flew over Dingle on its way to bomb Iloilo City.[5] The townspeople went out of their houses into the streets and looked at the passing formation quite indifferent and unconcerned, unaware that war was going on.[5] Only when a lone straggler, on its way from the bombing mission overflew the town at a very low altitude and directed bursts of machine gun fire against the citizen army training center, now Camp Adriano D. Hernandez, did the townspeople seek some sort of shelter.[5]

Residents from the poblacion of Dingle left their homes and sought refuge in the town's far-flung barrios and mountainsides.[5] They were joined by many others from Iloilo City and its adjoining towns, including Dingleanons who have been residing from other provinces.[5] Among the more prominent who took shelter in Dingle were the families of post-war Iloilo governor Mariano Peñaflorida and post-war Iloilo 4th District Assemblyman Ceferino de los Santos of Pototan, and the brothers Eugenio and Fernando Lopez of Jaro, Iloilo.[5] Peñaflorida stayed at Barrio Caguyuman at the foot of Mount Bulabog while the latter three sought refuge at Mount Dumingding.[5] Thatched makeshift shelters and lean-tos blossomed overnight on the town's foothills and mountainsides. Many barrio residents shared their homes with the evacuees.[5]

Iloilo Civil Resistance Government

In Iloilo, the civil resistance government, with headquarters at Barrio Moroboro, Dingle, was headed by Tomás Confesor as wartime governor of free Panay and Romblon with former Dingle municipal president Luís R. Dayot who, as assistant, helped finance the war effort in Panay.[23] Former Dingle mayor Cristino Abelardo Muyco Aportadera was deputy governor.

In 1942, Julio Dayot Muyco and Numeriano Dayot Dator continued to act respectively as municipal mayor and vice-mayor of the Iloilo civil resistance government at Barrio Moroboro while lawyer José Dacudao was designated by the Japanese as puppet mayor and governed from the poblacion.[5] Many Dingleanons were employed by the civil resistance government as clerks and aides, and as provincial guards. Dacudao felt the futility of his efforts in complying with unreasonable Japanese demands and in helping the Dingleanons against Japanese cruelties and atrocities that he left the puppet mayorship.[5] His wife, Remedios Dacudao, assumed the post from 1943–1945.[5] It was during her tenure as puppet mayor when 14 Dingleanons were executed by the Japanese.[5] A passing Japanese patrol rounded up 14 able-bodied Dingleanons suspected of being guerillas and were later beheaded on Dayot Street, behind the town's Catholic church.[22] Mayor Remedios Dacudao was, however, able to offer some measure of help by persuading the Japanese to leave without added civilian casualties.[5]

Guerilla movement

Gen. Vivencio D. Dayot
BGen. Alfredo D. Dayot
BGen. Noé D. Dayot
Dingleanon World War II guerillas and Bataan Death March survivors

Among the Dingleanons who took a more active part in the military operations of the guerilla movement were Lt. Raymundo Muyco Espino and his elder brother, Lt. Alfonso Muyco Espino.[5] Brig. Gen. Alfredo D. Dayot and Brig. Gen. Noé D. Dayot, survivors of the 1942 Bataan Death March, joined the former after they were released as prisoners of war in Capas, Tarlac.[5] On the other hand, Gen. Vivencio D. Dayot, the first Filipino radar expert, was sent to the United States to avoid his capture by the Japanese forces as his contribution to the development of radar was vital to the needs of the Imperial Japanese Army.[5] Others with similar notable exploits were Lt. Mateo Luto, Capt. Fulgencio Dairo, and Maj. Abelardo Muyco. These men, together with many other Dingleanons involved in the guerilla movement, took part in ambushes against enemy patrol and reconnaissance forces.[5] These ambushes, however, often resulted in heightened enemy operations, then called "penetration" involving reprisal raids and search and destroy missions conducted against the civilian population.[22]

Also in 1942, the guerillas burned all the houses and public buildings within the poblacion.[22] Only the market place and the Catholic church were left practically undamaged.[22] This they did while conducting some sort of scorched earth policy.[22] The guerillas believed that with the houses and buildings gone, the Japanese would not set up a permanent garrison in the town.[22]

Independence (1946-present)

[edit]

Post-war rehabilitation

The war against Japan officially ended on September 2, 1945 with the signing of the term of formal surrender of the Japanese Imperial Government.[22] The aftermath of the war found most of the poblacion in ruins.[22] This, however, was the handiwork of the guerillas and not of the Japanese occupation forces.[22]

The town made a rebound under the leadership of municipal mayor Julio Dayot Muyco, then serving a carry-over of his term.[22] He initiated rehabilitation schemes for the municipality, with priorities extended to the peace and order situation, the re-establishment of classes, and the reconstruction of damaged roads and public buildings.[22] The town's economy visibly improved.[22] Market activities resumed in the poblacion's public market, first on Sundays, but later on through a consensus among the town's officials, on Saturdays.[22]

It was also during this period when municipal mayor Julio Dayot Muyco worked out for the donation of a permanent site for the Dingle Citizen Army Training Center, an army training camp.[22] Former Dingle municipal president Luís R. Dayot made the initial seven-hectare grassland donation for the said purpose.[23] This site, now the Philippine Army Camp Adriano D. Hernandez, today serves as a training and mobilization center not only for the town and province of Iloilo, but also serves the country's citizen army training requirements.[22]

Julián Masna was appointed municipal mayor in 1945 during the last days of the Commonwealth government under President Sergio Osmeña, and continued the reconstruction and rehabilitation work begun by Julio Dayot Muyco.[22]

In 1947, Alfonso Muyco Espino was elected municipal mayor during the country's first post-war local elections. He ran as a Liberal against former puppet mayor Remedios Dacudao, a Nacionalista.[22] During his administration, more municipal and barrio roads were constructed.[22] The town plaza and the poblacion itself underwent major beautification changes.[22] The swimming pool in Barrio Moroboro was deepened and widened.[22] These improvements brought in more tourists, whose patronage generated some income for the municipality and for some enterprising small businesses that catered to their needs.[22] In the same year, the Dingle Agricultural and Technical College (DATEC) and Dingle Junior High School were opened in Barrio San Matias.[22]

In 1954, the sitio of Nazuni was converted into a barrio and was added as a barangay of Dingle.[25]

In 1955, President Ramon Magsaysay personally inaugurated the Jalaur Diversion Irrigation Dam constructed at Barrio Moroboro during the administration of municipal mayor Alfonso Muyco Espino and vice-mayor Maximiliano D. Dayot for the benefit of about 11,0000 farmers and 14,000 hectares of farmland in the municipalities of Dingle, Zarraga, Pototan, Barotac Nuevo, Dumangas, Anilao, and Banate.[5]

In 1955–1956, José J. Perono composed the hymn "Town of Dingle," the official municipal hymn of the Municipality of Dingle, officially adopted by the municipality during the incumbency of municipal mayor Robin Espino Solinap (2001–2006).

Geography

[edit]

The topography of Dingle is relatively rolling hills and narrow plains from the poblacion. The flat lands extend along the Jalaur River through its borderline to the southeast. This starts to roll upward from the poblacion going to the north-west. From the west of the poblacion rises the slopes, steep and mountainous. This indicates that the topography of Dingle meets a certain type-cropping pattern.

Dingle is 38 kilometres (24 mi) from Iloilo City.

Climate

[edit]
Climate data for Dingle, Iloilo
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28
(82) 		29
(84) 		30
(86) 		32
(90) 		32
(90) 		30
(86) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		29
(84) 		28
(82) 		30
(85)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 23
(73) 		22
(72) 		23
(73) 		23
(73) 		25
(77) 		25
(77) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		23
(73) 		24
(74)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 57
(2.2) 		37
(1.5) 		41
(1.6) 		42
(1.7) 		98
(3.9) 		155
(6.1) 		187
(7.4) 		162
(6.4) 		179
(7.0) 		188
(7.4) 		114
(4.5) 		78
(3.1) 		1,338
(52.8)
Average rainy days 12.0 7.7 9.2 10.2 19.5 24.6 26.9 25.1 25.5 25.2 18.0 13.0 216.9
Source: Meteoblue[26]

Barangays

[edit]

Dingle is politically subdivided into 33 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

  • Abangay
  • Agsalanan
  • Agtatacay
  • Alegria
  • Bongloy
  • Buenavista
  • Caguyuman
  • Calicuang
  • Camambugan
  • Dawis
  • Ginalinan Nuevo
  • Ginalinan Viejo
  • Gutao
  • Ilajas
  • Libo-o
  • Licu-an
  • Lincud
  • Matangharon
  • Moroboro
  • Namatay
  • Nazuni
  • Pandan
  • Poblacion
  • Potolan
  • San Jose
  • San Matias
  • Siniba-an
  • Tabugon
  • Tambunac
  • Tanghawan
  • Tiguib
  • Tinocuan
  • Tulatula-an

Demographics

[edit]
Population census of Dingle
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 12,129—    
1918 13,333+0.63%
1939 16,698+1.08%
1948 18,475+1.13%
1960 19,748+0.56%
1970 23,375+1.70%
1975 26,368+2.45%
1980 29,179+2.05%
1990 35,415+1.96%
1995 35,639+0.12%
2000 38,311+1.56%
2007 40,828+0.88%
2010 43,290+2.15%
2015 45,335+0.88%
2020 45,965+0.27%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[27][28][29][30]

In the 2020 census, the population of Dingle, Iloilo, was 45,965 people,[3] with a density of 470 inhabitants per square kilometre or 1,200 inhabitants per square mile.

Economy

[edit]

Poverty incidence of Dingle

5
10
15
20
25
30
2006
22.70
2009
17.33
2012
21.75
2015
21.79
2018
17.48
2021
17.13

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]

Education

[edit]

Private Schools

[edit]
  • Mater Carmeli School – Dingle
  • Goodnews Learning Center Inc.
  • Dingle Family Farm School

Tertiary

[edit]

Secondary

[edit]
  • Calicuang National HS
  • Dingle National HS
  • Rufino G. Palabrica Sr. National HS
  • Tabugon National HS
  • Nazuni Summit Comprehensive National HS

Primary

[edit]
  • Abangay ES
  • Agsalanan ES
  • Agustin Muyco ES (Lincud ES)
  • Agtatacay-Gutao ES (Agtatacay ES)
  • Alegria ES
  • Bongloy ES
  • Calicuang ES
  • Camambugan ES
  • Dingle Central ES
  • Ilajas ES
  • Isabel Roces Memorial ES
  • Libo-o ES
  • Matangharon ES
  • Moroboro ES
  • Muyco-Daguro ES (Caguyuman ES)
  • Nazuni ES
  • Potolan ES
  • San Jose ES
  • San Matias ES (Licu-an ES)
  • Siniba-an ES
  • Sra. Consolacion Muyco Aportadera Memorial ES
  • Tabugon ES
  • Tinocuan ES
  • White ES

Infrastructure

[edit]

Power

[edit]

The Panay Diesel Power Plant located at Tinocuan and Tabugon, Dingle provides 110 megawatts of electricity to Panay. The power plant is operated by the National Power Corporation.

Water

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Two natural springs, Lubong-Tubig and Talinab, serve as the water source for the Dingle-Pototan Water District. While the Jalaur Diversion Irrigation Dam built in 1955, also known as Moroboro Dam, provides irrigation to the agricultural lands of Dingle and nearby towns.

Landmarks

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Bulabog Putian National Park

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Main article: Bulabog Putian National Park

Bulabog Putian is the only limestone rock formation on Panay. It was designated a National Park through Congressional Bill No. 1651, and such is considered a "nationally significant area." It occupies a land area of 834.033 hectares covering five of the 33 barangays of Dingle. The park contains 13 known caves namely: Lungib, Hapu-Hapo, Maarhong, Guizo, Maestranza, Linganero, Lapuz Lapuz, Ticondal, Butac, Tuco, San Roque, Pitong Liko, and Nautod. The Maestranza Cave is historically important as it served as a hide-out of the revolutionary forces during the Spanish colonial period and on its stone walls bear the inscriptions of the revolutionary troops.

Mt. Manyakiya

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Mount Manyakiya is a natural viewing deck that provides a panoramic view of Negros Island as well as the low lying towns of the province of Iloilo. Nautod Wall, one of the major rock-climbing destination in the Philippines, can be found here.

Water

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Historical

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Other landmarks

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  • The Moroboro Suspension Bridge is a ruined post-WWII bridge that traverses the Jalaur River.
  • Camp Pasica is a 13-hectare Girl Scout Camp.
  • Camp Adriano D. Hernandez is a 37-hectare military training camp of the Philippine Army named in honor of the revolutionary hero, Gen. Adriano Hernández y Dayot.
  • Jalaur Diversion Irrigation Dam
  • Museo de Dingle
  • Welcome Sign

Culture

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Festivals

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The Dingle Town Fiesta is celebrated every 24th day of June in honor of its patron saint, John the Baptist. The Pagdihon Festival is a celebration in commemoration of the Cry of Lincud, the first revolt against the Spaniards in Panay. It is held every 4th week of October.

Dingle Fiesta Queens

  1. Editha Osano (1946)
  2. Muse of the Night (1947)
  3. Editha Osano (1948)
  4. Lourdes Cadiz, Carnival (1949)
  5. Araceli Daquiado (1950)
  6. Nelida H. Osano (1951)
  7. Muse of the Night (1952)
  8. Norma Tumbucon (1953)
  9. Consejo Porras (1954)
  10. Leonisa Dana, Carnival (1955)
  11. Editha P. Osano (1956)
  12. Zenaida B. Abang, Carnival (1957)
  13. Evelyn Denoman (1958)
  14. Ethel P. Sontillanosa (1959)
  15. Thelma S. Kilayko (1960)
  16. Renee Espino (1961)
  17. Angelita Lazarito (1962)
  18. Glenda Gloria (1963)
  19. Emilia Lee Ang (1964)
  20. Josephine C. Go (1965)
  21. Catherine Torres (1966)
  22. Czarina C. Abang (1967)
  23. Violeta Pradilla (1968)
  24. Ma. Teresa Gayoso (1969)
  25. Muse of the Night (1970)
  26. Muse of the Night (1971)
  27. Muse of the Night (1983)
  28. Mylene L. Palabrica (1984)
  29. Genalyn P. Magbanua (1985)
  30. Cherry G. Layson (1986)
  31. Ma. Corazon O. Aportadera (1987)
  32. Ma. Veronica M. Guazo (1988)
  33. Girlie Parania (1989)
  34. Wendy C. Datorin (1990)
  35. Anne Cecil P. Quilaton (1991)
  36. Sheryl Ann Distua (1992)
  37. Ann Rapunzel O. Ganzon (1993)

Cuisine

Dulce de Dingle (papaya rosette), exclusively from Dingle, is a traditional candy from the 1940s made from papaya and yema (egg-based custard). The sweets is made by shaving thin strips of green papaya, cooking them in sugar, and shaping them by hand into small flowers with a stick of sweet yema as forming as its stem.

Government

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List of heads of government

[edit]

Source:[5]

Principalía clans of Dingle

The principalía, the distinguished upper class and hispanized Christian descendants of the pre-colonial datus, included only those exempted from tribute (tax) to the Spanish crown. Colonial documents would refer to them as "de privilegio y gratis", in contrast to those who pay tribute ("de pago"). This social class inherited their vast estates from their pre-Spanish ancestors[39] and only its members were allowed to vote and be elected to public office. The principalía represented the wealthiest, the most educated, and upwardly mobile segment of colonial society, and were ranked just below Spanish officials themselves. It was the true aristocracy and nobility of the Spanish-colonial Philippines.[40]

The honorific don and doña and was reserved to the principalía, whose right to rule was recognized by Philip II on June 11, 1594.[41]

The five most prominent clans that formed part of the principalía dingleña were the Daraug, Dator, Dayot, Muyco, and Osano clans — all five have intermarried with one another as was the practice of the datu class before the Spanish colonial-era.[5][14]

Gobernadorcillos

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The gobernadorcillo was elected from among the ranks of the principalía by twelve senior cabezas de barangay, the latter being the Spanish-era equivalent of the pre-colonial datu (i.e., lord).[42] Don Julio Dator was the first gobernadorcillo of the pueblo of Dingle in almost two centuries upon its re-elevation as a pueblo after five years under Dumangas and 182 years under Laglag. Of note, the brothers-in-law Don Magdaleno Muyco (Tan Mano), who was married to Doña Nicolasa Dayot (Tana Kulasa), and Don Luís Cantalicio Dayot (Tan Cantaling), the longest-serving gobernadorcillo of the pueblo, sold a number of their vast landholdings (haciendas) to pay for the tributes of their constituents during their years in office as gobernadorcillos.[5]

Signature of Don Juan Marcelino Dayot, Dingleño teniente mayor of Laglag and later gobernadorcillo of Dingle (1829–1835), instrumental for the re-establishment of Dingle as a pueblo after 187 years as a visita under Dumangas and Laglag
Don Luís Cantalicio Dayot y del Rosario, the longest-serving gobernadorcillo of Dingle (1853–1861, 1869–1873)
Order Name Years in Office
1 Julio Dator 1823–1827
2 Buenaventura Osano 1827–1829
3 Juan Marcelino Dayot 1829–1835
4 Magdaleno Muyco 1835–1843
5 Buenaventura Osano 1843–1845
6 Alejandro Daraug 1845–1851
7 Magdaleno Muyco 1851–1853
8 Luís Cantalicio Dayot 1853–1861
9 Alejandro Daraug 1861–1863

The distinction of being part of the principalía was originally a hereditary right, as no amount of wealth could change one's class.[42] However, a royal decree dated December 20, 1863 (signed in the name of Queen Isabella II by the Minister of the Colonies, José de la Concha) extended the distinction as principales to citizens paying 50 pesos in land tax.[43] It made possible the creation of new principales under certain defined criteria, among which was proficiency in the Castilian language.[44]

The first in the pueblo to benefit from this royal decree was Don Santiago Sanico who was elected gobernadorcillo in 1873.[5]

Order Name Years in Office
Alejandro Daraug 1863–1865
10 Domingo Osano 1865–1869
11 Luís Cantalicio Dayot 1869–1873
12 Santiago Sanico 1873–1879
13 Tomás Sanico 1879–1885
14 Santiago Sanico 1885–1887
15 Julián Dalipe 1887–1893

Capitán municipal

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In 1893, the Maura Law was passed to reorganize town governments with the aim of making them more effective and autonomous. The law changed the title of chief executive of the town from gobernadorcillo to capitán municipal.[45]

Order Name Years in Office
16 Gabriel Sinoy 1894–1897

Revolution Presidents (1898-1900)

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During the initial phase of the Philippine revolution in Panay organized by Gen. Adriano Hernández y Dayot,[14] Don Vicente Dayot, son of juez de paz (justice of the peace) Don Maximiliano Dayot y del Rosario, served his first term as town head at the age of 9 during the absence of capitán municipal Don Gabriel Sinoy.[5]

Order Name Years in Office
17 Vicente Dayot 1898
18 Gabriel Sinoy 1898–1900

Early American Period Presidents

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Order Name Years in Office
Gabriel Sinoy 1900–1902
19 Nicolás Roces 1902–1904

Capitán del barrio

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Dingle was reduced to the status of barrio from 1904 to 1907 after it was merged with the Municipality of Pototan by virtue of Act No. 719, an Act reducing the fifty-one municipalities of the province of Iloilo to seventeen.[19] During this interlude, the heads of government for Dingle were Pototan municipal presidents Don Rafael Parcon (1904-1906) and Don Magdaleno Silva (1907).

Order Name Years in Office
Nicolás Roces 1904–1907

Presidentes & vice presidentes municipal

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Dingle was re-established as a municipality in 1907 after Iloilo 4th District Assemblyman Adriano Hernández y Dayot succeeded in persuading Governor-General James Francis Smith to issue an executive order separating Dingle from Pototan.[14]

Don Vicente D. Dayot (1898, 1916–1919)
Don Julio Muyco y Dayot (1909–1910, 1919–1922, 1931–1934, 1938–1945)
Don Luís Dayot y Roces (1925–1928)
Municipal presidents of Dingle during the American occupation
Iloilo 4th District Assemblyman Adriano Hernández y Dayot (1907–1909), later Iloilo Governor (1912–1914), and the first Filipino Director of Agriculture (1916–1925)
Order Presidente municipal Years in Office Order Vice presidente municipal Years in Office
20 Julián Dalipe 1907-1908
21 Juan Cancio Dacudao 1908–1909 1 Julio Dayot Muyco 1908–1909
22 Julio Dayot Muyco 1909–1910
23 Tomás Sanico 1910–1913 2 Celestino Dañocup 1910–1913
Tomás Sanico 1913–1916 3 Julián Masna 1913–1916
24 Vicente Dayot 1916–1919 Julián Masna 1916–1919
25 Julio Dayot Muyco 1919–1922 4 Manuel Roces 1919–1922
26 Tomás Sanico 1922–1925 Manuel Roces 1922–1925
27 Luís Roces Dayot 1925–1928 5 Celestino Dañocup 1925–1928
28 Cipriano Montero Sr. 1928–1931 6 Simplicio Dabalus 1928–1931
29 Julio Dayot Muyco 1931–1934 7 Numeriano Dayot Dator 1931–1934

Municipal Mayors

[edit]
Order Mayor Years in Office Order Vice-mayor Years in Office
30 Cristino Abelardo Muyco Aportadera 1934–1938 8 Vicente Muyco 1934–1938
31 Julio Dayot Muyco 1938–1942 9 Numeriano Dayot Dator 1938–1942
Julio Dayot Muyco (Civil Resistance Government) 1942–1945 Numeriano Dayot Dator (Civil Resistance Government) 1942–1945
José Dacudao (Japanese Puppet Mayor) 1942
Remedios Dacudao (Japanese Puppet Mayor) 1943–1945
32 Julián Masna 1945–1948 10 Salvador Dayot Dator 1945–1948
33 Alfonso Muyco Espino 1948–1951 11 Cipriano Montero Sr. 1948–1951
Alfonso Muyco Espino 1951–1957 12 Maximiliano Dalipe Dayot 1951–1957
34 Felipe Defensor (appointed) 1957 13 Leonardo Muyco Aportadera 1957
35 Leonardo Muyco Aportadera 1959–1963 14 Maximino Muyco 1959–1963
36 Rufino Aportadera Palabrica Jr. 1964–1967 15 Felipe Potente 1964–1967
37 Roberto Aportadera Palabrica Sr. 1968–1971 16 Cipriano Dayot Montero Jr. 1968–1971
Roberto Aportadera Palabrica Sr. 1971–1986 17 Teodoro Luntao Jr. 1971–1986
38 José Aportadera (OIC Mayor) 1986–1988 18 Remegio Confesor Sr. (OIC Vice-mayor) 1986–1988
39 Teodoro Luntao Jr. 1988–1992 19 Robin Espino Solinap 1988–1992
40 Henry Anotado 1992–2001 20 Jessie Alecto 1992–2001
41 Robin Espino Solinap 2001–2006 21 Reblun Luntao-Lacson 2001–2006
42 Reblun Luntao-Lacson 2006-2007 22 Quindialem Deaño-Villanueva 2006-2007
43 Rufino Palabrica III 2007–2010 23 Reblun Luntao-Lacson 2007–2010
Rufino Palabrica III 2010-2016 24 Jessie Alecto 2010-2016
44 Jessie Alecto 2016–2018 25 Rufino Palabrica III 2016–2018
45 Rufino Palabrica III 2018–2019 26 Jimmy Quicoy 2018–2019
Rufino Palabrica III 2019–present 27 Quindialem Deaño-Villanueva 2019–present

Municipal officials

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The elected municipal officials of the local government unit of Dingle, Iloilo for 2022-2025.

Local Government Unit of Dingle
Representative
Ferjenel G. Biron (NP)
Mayor
Rufino P. Palabrica III (NP)
Vice Mayor
Quindialem Deaño-Villanueva (NUP)
Sangguniang Bayan Members
Thalea Julina P. Memoracion-Wong (NP) Edwin L. Cabayao (NP)
Rufino C. Sorianosos (Independent) Rhenan Val D. Ariola (PDPLBN)
Jimmy C. Quicoy (NP) Marilyn M. Solinap (NP)
Mia Marie L. Pasquin (NP) Jessie M. Alecto (NP)
ABC President
Amando L. Dayaday
SK Federation President
Aljanette Helen Cerezo-Syching

Notable personalities

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References

[edit]
  1. ^  Municipality of Dingle | (DILG)
  2. ^ "2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Quezon City, Philippines. August 2016. ISSN 0117-1453. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  3. ^ a b c Census of Population (2020). "Region VI (Western Visayas)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  4. ^ "PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. 2 April 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av Municipality of Dingle (1993). 400 Years from Foundation and Christianization: Fresh Hopes for Dingle.
  6. ^ a b c d Fernández, Juan (1899). Monografias de los pueblos de la Isla de Pan-ay [Monographs of the towns in Panay] (in Spanish). Iloilo City: University of San Agustin Pub. House. p. 153. ISBN 9789710381050.
  7. ^ Fox, Enriquita (1957). Bisayan Account of Early Bornean Settlements: Recorded by Father Tomás Santarén OSA (1858). University of Chicago. p. 15.
  8. ^ a b c Lumbera, Bienvenido (2001). Filipinos Writing: Philippine Literature from the Regions. Anvil Publishing. p. 427.
  9. ^ a b Laureano, Felix (1795). Recuerdos de Filipinas : album-libro : útil para el estudio y conocimiento de los usos y costumbres de aquellas islas con treinta y siete fototipias tomadas y copiadas del natural. Barcelona. p. 106.
  10. ^ Serag, Sebastian Sta. Cruz (1997). The Remnants of the Great Ilonggo Nation. Quezon City: Rex Printing Company. p. 171. ISBN 9712321428.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h de Medina, Juan (1630). Historia de la Orden de S. Agustín de Estas Islas Filipinas [History of the Augustinian Order in the Filipinas Islands] (in Spanish). Manila (published 1893).
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i Galende, Pedro G. (1987). Angels in stone: Architecture of Augustinian churches in the Philippines (published January 1, 1987). p. 404. ISBN 978-9718575000.
  13. ^ a b Erreción de Pueblos, Yloýlo: Erigiendo en Pueblo la Visita de Dingle [Establishment of Towns, Iloilo: Erecting as a Pueblo the Visita of Dingle] (in Spanish). Manila. 10 May 1823.
  14. ^ a b c d e Sonza, Demy (2001). Adriano Hernandez: A Hero in War and in Peace. Iloilo City: Local History and Biography Foundation.
  15. ^ "House of Representatives, H. No. 5650" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-11-21.[permanent dead link‍]
  16. ^ "Proclamation No. 253 by the President of the Philippines" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-25. Retrieved 2012-11-21.
  17. ^ Esguerra, Darryl John (September 29, 2024). "Marcos declares non-working days in 5 localities across PH". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved September 29, 2024.
  18. ^ a b c United States, Bureau of Insular Affairs (1902). A Pronouncing Gazetteer and Geographical Dictionary of the Philippine Islands. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 548.
  19. ^ a b "Act No. 719: AN ACT REDUCING THE FIFTY-ONE MUNICIPALITIES OF THE PROVINCE OF ILOILO TO SEVENTEEN". Supreme Court E-Library. April 4, 1903. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  20. ^ Sonza, Demy (2001). Adriano Hernandez: A Hero in War and in Peace. Iloilo City: Local History and Biography Foundation. p. 173.
  21. ^ "Republic Act No. 5442: AN ACT CREATING THE MUNICIPALITY OF MINA IN THE PROVINCE OF ILOILO". Supreme Court E-Library. September 9, 1968. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Municipality of Dingle (1951). Dingle Church Centennial Souvenir: Historical Glimpses from 1593 to 1951.
  23. ^ a b c Salvador, Maximo G. (1974). Panay Guerilla Memoirs (1st ed.). Iloilo City. p. 213.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  24. ^ Philippines, Bureau of Public Welfare (1922). Annual Report. p. 44.
  25. ^ "An Act Creating the Barrio of Nasumi in the Municipality of Dingle, Province of Iloilo". LawPH.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2011-04-09.
  26. ^ "Dingle: Average Temperatures and Rainfall". Meteoblue. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  27. ^ Census of Population (2015). "Region VI (Western Visayas)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  28. ^ Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Region VI (Western Visayas)" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  29. ^ Censuses of Population (1903–2007). "Region VI (Western Visayas)". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. National Statistics Office.
  30. ^ "Province of Iloilo". Municipality Population Data. Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  31. ^ "Poverty incidence (PI):". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  32. ^ "Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 29 November 2005.
  33. ^ "2003 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 23 March 2009.
  34. ^ "City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates; 2006 and 2009" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 3 August 2012.
  35. ^ "2012 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 31 May 2016.
  36. ^ "Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates; 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. 10 July 2019.
  37. ^ "PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  38. ^ "PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. 2 April 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  39. ^ Duldulao, Manuel D. (January 1, 1987). The Filipinos: Portrait of a People (1st ed.). Oro Books. p. 136.
  40. ^ Ferrando, Juan (1870–1872). Historia de los pp. Dominicos en las islas Filipinas y en sus misiones del Japon, China, Tung-kin y Formosa, que comprende los sucesos principales de la historia general de este archipiélago, desde el descubrimiento y conquista de estas islas por las flotas españolas, hasta el año de 1840 (in Spanish). Madrid: Impr. y estereotipia de M. Rivadeneyra. pp. 60–61.
  41. ^ de León Pinelo, Antonio Rodríguez & de Solórzano Pereira, Juan [in Spanish], eds. (1680). Recopilación de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias (in Spanish). Vol. Libro Sexto. Archived from the original (pdf) on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2014. Títulos: i De los Indios. ii De la libertad de los Indios. iii De las Reducciones, y Pueblos de Indios. iv De las caxas de censos, y bienes de Comunidad, y su administracion. v De los tributos, y tassas de los Indios. vi De los Protectores de Indios. vii De los Caciques. viii De los repastimientos, encomiendas, y pensiones de Indios, y calidades de los titulos. ix De los Encomenderos de Indios. x De el buen tratamiento de los Indios. xi De la sucession de encomiendas, entretenimientos, y ayudas de costa. xii Del servicio personal. xiii Del servicio en chacras, viñas, olivares, obrajes, ingenios, perlas, tambos, requas, carreterias, casas, ganados, y bogas. xiv Del servicio en coca, y añir. xv Del servicio en minas. xvi De los Indios de Chile. xvii De los Indios de Tucuman, Paraguay, y Rio de la Plata. xviii De los Sangleyes. xix De las confirmaciones de encomiendas, pensiones, rentas, y situaciones.
  42. ^ a b Blair, Bourne, and Robertson. The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898. ISBN 978-1426486869.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  43. ^ Real Decreto of 1863
  44. ^ de la Concha, José (20 December 1863). Real Decreto [Spanish Royal Decree of 20 December 1863] (in Spanish). Gaceta de Madrid.
  45. ^ Laurel, José (1926). Local government in the Philippine Islands. Manila: La Pilarica Press. pp. 30, 36–37.
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