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Claro Abánades López

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In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Abánades and the second or maternal family name is López.
Claro Abánades López
Born
Claro Abánades López

(1879-08-12)12 August 1879
Molina de Aragón, Spain
Died16 December 1973(1973-12-16) (aged 94)
Madrid, Spain
Occupationpublisher
Known forjournalist
Political partyComunión Tradicionalista

Claro Abánades López (12 August 1879 – 16 December 1973) was a Spanish journalist, publisher, historian and a Carlist activist. His career of a journalist lasted over 70 years (1897–1969), though he is rather known as author of studies on history of Alcarria and as editor of monumental multi-volume series of Juan Vázquez de Mella works.

Family and youth

[edit]
Molina de Aragón

Claro Abánades López was born to a working class family from tierra alcarreña, a natural region covering mostly what is now the Guadalajara province. His father, Pedro Abánades Jiménez (1847–1907), was a construction contractor.[1] Little is known about his mother, Antonia López del Rey.[2] The couple had 5 children, Claro born as the second oldest son; all were raised in a profoundly Catholic ambience. He was first educated in the local molinese Colegio de Santa Clara, a primary school ran by the Poor Clares order, later to join Colegio Molines de los Padres Escolapios (Escuelas Pias), a prestigious provincial secondary education establishment; it is there he gained the bachelor title.[3]

Claro intended to pursue law in Madrid, but financial standing of his parents did not allow regular studies; in 1899 he entered Facultad de Derecho of Universidad Central (later to become Universidad Complutense) as an unenrolled student.[4] Having graduated at an unspecified date he went on studying philosophy and letters, obtaining diploma in Sección de Historia in 1906.[5] Some time afterwards he became a Doctor in both disciplines,[6] in the Spanish education system of the time the title which enabled him to teach in primary or secondary schools.

Claro Abánades married Natalia Arpa, originating from Torrijos in the Toledo province. They initially lived in Molina de Aragón; in 1907 the family moved to Madrid, settling at calle Jesús del Valle in the university quarter.[7] Claro was employed as professor at Colegio de la Concepción, a prestigious education institution for the privileged and the wealthy. The college remained his primary workplace for unspecified time; in the early 1930s he was already reported as headmaster of another Madrid secondary school, Colegio San Ildefonso, offering a complete Catholic curriculum from kindergarten to bachillerato,[8] involved in education activities as late as in the early 1940s.[9] The couple had 3 children: Claro Pedro, Mariano and María de los Angeles. The older son, born already in Molina, worked as a journalist;[10] the younger one became a professor at another secondary school in Madrid.[11]

Career

[edit]
La Torre de Aragón

Abánades started his journalist career in 1897,[12] gradually commencing co-operation with many provincial periodicals regardless of their political outlook.[13] His contributions ranged from history to politics, literature and customs; touring the province he also kept sending local correspondence.[14] In 1906 he co-founded[15] a petty new journal, La Torre de Aragón;[16] though not defined politically,[17] it pursued a social-Catholic line.[18] Following differences with his partner[19] in 1908 he launched an own weekly, El Vigia de la Torre.[20] It assumed more militant tone, claiming to have been the unique genuinely Catholic periodical in the province.[21] One work described it as Catholic, though formatted along the Integrist pattern;[22] another one claims that both weeklies revealed a clear Carlist leaning.[23]

In 1910–1914 in Madrid Abánades three times unsuccessfully attempted to launch a local weekly of the Carlist youth: Juventud Tradicionalista,[24] El Combate[25] and El Cruzado.[26] His career in full-blown national newspaper commenced in 1914, when he was invited to contribute to El Correo Español,[27] the official Carlist daily.[28] Becoming member of its editorial board,[29] in 1919 Abánades left El Correo during the Mellista breakup in the party. The same year he became editor-in-chief of El Pensamiento Español,[30] a journal intended to be the piecemouth of the new Mellist party, and kept managing the paper until it ceased to exist in 1923.[31]

During the dictatorship Abánades co-operated with a vast array of dailies, be it national ones like El Día and La Nación[32] or local ones, like the Gipuzkoan La Constancia[33] or the Toledan El Castellano,[34] contributing also to weeklies like La Ilustración Española y Americana or Le Touriste and unsuccessfully renewing attempts to manage own periodicals.[35] During the Republic he contributed initially to La Correspondencia Militar, in 1932 emerging as its top comentator,[36] though starting 1933 he switched mostly to El Siglo Futuro, formally entering its editorial board.[37] He kept publishing also in other Catholic papers, be it local dailies like Navarrese Diario de Navarra and even Canarian Gaceta de Tenerife[38] or weeklies like La Hormiga de oro.[39] He is not known to have published in two leading national newspapers, the monarchist ABC and the Catholic El Debate.

Order of Alfonso X

After the Civil War Abánades was active mostly in Prensa Asociata, the agency he formed part of already before the war and where he remained during the early Francoist years.[40] He also briefly managed an unidentified periodical named "Lúmen"[41] and collaborated with a number of other titles,[42] above all with El Alcázar,[43] one of key dailies in the Falangist propaganda machinery.[44] In the 1940s he became one of the seniors of the Spanish press corps; in 1947, 50 years after commencing his newspaper career, he was awarded the order of Alfonso X the Wise as "veterano periodista"[45] and was later named Periodista de Honor by Asociación de la Prensa de Madrid,[46] becoming its oldest member.[47] His latest newspaper piece identified comes from 1969.[48]

Journalist profile

[edit]
La Correspondencia Militar

Apart from privately owned, small and ephemeral newspapers, Abánades was heading a major periodical only during his 1919–1923 tenure at El Pensamiento Español; he is also known as forming part of editorial board of El Correo Español and El Siglo Futuro. None of the sources consulted claims he headed a section or held jobs in middle management editorial structures; in case of the remaining 30-odd titles he seems to have contributed as a correspondent. Though his juvenile pieces covered a wide range of topics, later on Abánades specialised in three areas.[49] He supplied weeklies and in some cases dailies with articles focusing on history of Spain and Castile in particular, often a byproduct of his own research.[50] As editor-in-chief of El Pensamiento Español he took part in ongoing political debates, advocating political cause of the Mellistas; later on, during the 1920s and especially the 1930s, this thread was transformed as writings on history and doctrine of Traditionalism,[51] usually formatted as more or less direct homages to Vazquez de Mella.[52] However, he made his name mostly as foreign affairs comentator.[53]

His writings, usually medium-size essays of some 500 words, followed major events; their author aimed to inform the readers about international background of specific developments, their logic and implications. Some of them appear questionable; his piece on the Greek revolution of 1922 seems to confuse cause and effect.[54] Most turned out to be quite accurate, like his 1923 prediction that having won the war France found itself isolated and was not in position to safeguard status quo negotiated in Versailles,[55] or his 1932 analysis denouncing European collective security systems as unstable and forecasting the advent of power-based politics.[56] Most of Abánades' comments were plagued by political bias, especially by his anti-Republican and anti-British views.[57] He was the first to note that the Greek Republic would end up in trouble[58] and the first to speculate how developments in Ireland or in India would work to London's disadvantage.[59]

El Siglo Futuro

Abánades' vision of European political developments in the 1930s was derived from his germanophile[60] and conservative outlook. Sympathetic towards the Central Powers during the First World War, he considered Versailles treaty responsible for long-lasting crisis in international relations. Before Hitler's ascension to power he noted that his party was "admirably organized on the national basis" and hoped that ruled by the Rightist alliance, Germany would be an example to follow when it comes to confronting "communists, anarchists and those who support them with money, namely the Jews and their branch, the freemasonry".[61] Following the assassination of Dolfuss he shifted his sympathy to the Belgian Rexists[62] and in particular to the Italian Fascists. Always demonstrating respect and esteem for Benito Mussolini,[63] he titled his 1936 commentary on Abyssinian war "Italia tiene su Imperio", the headline with a highly nostalgic tone in Spain;[64] he did not miss the opportunity to declare the British the true losers of the conflict.[65]

Author

[edit]
Virgen de la Hoz sanctuary

Apart from his work as a journalist Abánades was active also as a writer. He published a number of books and booklets; he wrote some of them himself, some were co-authored and in some cases he edited writings produced by the others. His work falls chiefly into 3 areas: drama, history and Carlism, the last two at times hardly distinguishable.

His original contribution consists mostly of historical works related to the Alcarra region. The first to be mentioned is El Señorío de Molina. Estudio histórico geográfico, monumental 6-volume study which has never been published;[66] its scaled-down versions were La Ciudad de Molina (1952), El Real Señorío Molinés. Compendio de su historia (1966), Diego Sánchez Portocarrero (1966) and Tierra molinesa. Breve estudio geográfico de sus pueblo (1969), leaving also other related unedited studies in the archive.[67] Somewhat different focus is at work at La Reina del Señorío (1929), the work dedicated to sanctuary of Virgen de la Hoz, the works on local history completed by El alcazar de Molina: la Fábrica de Artillería de Corduente (1963).[68] Among a number of historical publications unrelated to Guadalajara province,[69] Apuntes, para una Historia, del Colegio de Madrid de Doctores y Licenciados en Ciencias y Letras (1949)[70] provides valuable insight into the history of Madrid educational structures.[71] Finally, other historical studies remain in manuscript.[72] In recognition of his merits, Abánades was nominated Cronista Oficial and Hijo Predilecto of Molina de Aragón.[73]

Zumalacárregui

Abánades' contribution to Carlist literature is probably mostly about his monumental, 31-volume edition of all works of Vazquez de Mella, published in the 1930s[74] and supplemented by own synthetic attempt, Doctrina tradicionalista de las obras de Mella (1935). Works retaining historical profile are La Casa de los Tradicionalistas (1918), Leyendas y Tradiciones (1923), Carlos V de España (1935), Centenario del Tradicionalismo Español (1935), Carlos VI, Conde de Montemolín (1936), Carlos VII, Duque de Madrid (1936), Balmes (1936), Las predicciones de Mella (1940) and Dinastia insobornable (1962).[75] Finally, publications intended as current political leaflets are Filosofía de la vida (1911), El peligro de España (1914), El año germanófilo (1915), La legitimidad and ¿Quién es el Rey, de derecho en España? (1916), La resurrección de Don Quijote (1921), Un verano, por el Mediodía de Francia (1928) and Gibraltar y Tánger (1929).

The last and the least-known part of Abánades' works is this related to the theatre. Probably in the very early years of the 20th century he wrote La mano de una madre, a drama played at various opportunities at Teatro Calderón in Molina in 1901.[76] In the late 1920s and early 1930s he was active in Madrid as amateur actor in cultural associations like Sociedad Española de Arte;[77] he also founded a theatrical group "Nosotros", based in Casa de Guadalajara in Madrid and active between 1934 and 1938. Finally, Abánades kept delivering public lectures, be it either on history of Molina,[78] on Virgen de la Hoz[79] or on de Mella and Traditionalist doctrine.[80]

Carlist: Restauración

[edit]
Carlist standard

In the late 19th century the Guadalajara provincial Carlism lost much of its previous appeal, reduced mostly to support among peasantry.[81] Nothing is known of political preferences of Pedro Abánades Jiménez, though he was allegedly proud of his son's beginnings of a conservative Catholic publisher.[82] Apart from journalism, Claro served the cause also as an enthusiastic local Carlist activist; in 1896 he was elected president of Juventud Católica in Molina[83] and co-founded La Benéfica Molinesa, a Catholic social fund.[84] Thanks to his work Señorio de Molina became the most dynamic Carlist county in the province, though he animated party structures also beyond Castile; he is noted as active in the neighboring Teruel,[85] e.g. in 1897 co-organising the propaganda tour of marquis de Cerralbo.[86] Following the death of provincial leader, José de Sagarmínaga, the new one Pablo Marín Alonso considered Abánades one of the future alcarreña leaders and directed him towards the press propaganda, possibly resulting in launching two periodicals in 1906 and 1908.[87]

During a Juventud Jaimista homage meeting in a Madrid restaurant in 1911 Abánades first met Juan Vazquez de Mella, the encounter which shaped his political future and theoretical outlook for the rest of his life.[88] He immediately became one of de Mella's followers, the faction increasingly at odds with the Carlist claimant. Though during the First World War Jaime III officially backed neutral stance leaning towards the Entente, in 1915 Abánades together with Manuel Abelló and de Mella published El año germanófilo, dubbed "perfect manual of a germanophile", and kept delivering pro-German lectures.[89] It was de Mella who invited him to join El Correo Español, the official party newspaper that two opposing Carlist factions competed to control. Finally, in 1919 Abánades followed de Mella when he was expulsed from the party.[90]

Juan Vazquez de Mella

The years of 1919–1923 mark the climax of Abánades' political career, as it was the only period when he emerged from the party back benches. Though he did not hold any major posts in the newly emergent Mellist organization, Partido Tradicionalista[91] and by historians he is not counted among key Mellistas,[92] he was entrusted with the task of managing the party newspaper, El Pensamiento Español. Abánades propagated political line of his leader, speaking against taking any official posts,[93] lambasting idea of a right-wing monarchist party[94] and especially voicing mistrust towards some conciliatory gestures made by Alfonso XIII versus Traditionalism.[95] He advocated derogation of 1876 constitution[96] and building an entirely new Traditionalist regime, possibly based on military dictatorship.[97] At the time when political system of Restauración was falling into pieces and two major partidos turnistas were rapidly disintegrating, it might have appeared that an anti-establishment extreme-Right alliance envisioned by de Mella could grow into a major player on the Spanish political scene. However, Mellismo proved ineffective as agglutinatory force and decomposed in the early 1920s;[98] El Pensamiento Español ceasing to exist.

Carlist: dictatorship, republic and Francoism

[edit]
Alfonso Carlos

Unlike most Mellistas who left the party to pursue their career elsewhere, Abánades was one of the few faithful and remained also a personal friend of Mella, who withdrew from politics.[99] This boiled down to his political isolation during Primo de Rivera dictatorship; Abánades was active neither in semi-official Carlist structures nor in official primoderiverista institutions. In 1931–1932 together with many already orphaned former Mellistas he reconciled with the new Carlist king Alfonso Carlos and joined the united Carlist organization, Comunión Tradicionalista. He did not assume major posts, merely forming part of Junta del Círculo Tradicionalista de Madrid.[100] His contribution to the cause consisted mostly of propaganda activities: press articles, books, booklets[101] and semi-scholarly lectures.[102] Second-row speaker, he was usually not mentioned in press headlines.[103] His modest personal victory was getting elected to Madrid educational board,[104] hailed by conservative press as "triumph of the Right".[105]

It is not clear whether Abánades was involved or aware of the forthcoming coup of July 1936; none of the sources consulted provides also any information about his whereabouts during the Civil War and the very first years of Francoism. A single author claims he joined those Carlists who estranged the intransigent regent-claimant Don Javier and aligned themselves with the partido unico amalgamation line; indeed in 1943 he is noted as paying homage to founders of Falange[106] and involved in the Francoist propaganda, especially El Alcazar.[107] On the other hand, at the same time he was recorded as active in Academia Vazquez de Mella, a semi-official Carlist cultural enterprise;[108] In the 1940s he joined supporters of Karl Pius, styled as the Carlist claimant Carlos VIII,[109] though at that time he was engaged mostly in religious projects, culminating in crowning of Virgen de la Hoz as Reina de Molina de Aragón.[110]

Carlos Hugo, 1968

Once Carlism abandoned its opposition strategy in the mid-1950s Abánades was awkwardly involved in a new internal power struggle. At that time a young generation of socially minded activists, grouped around prince Carlos Hugo, launched their bid to take control of Carlism. It was they who benefitted most from the new rapprochement policy towards Francoism, as javieristas controlled many new Carlist institutions, now officially permitted by the regime. One of them was Círculos Culturales Vázquez de Mella,[111] soon formatted by the socialist youth as means of disseminating their vision.[112] Not yet ready for open challenge, they invited older Carlists as front-men, supposed to provide them with Traditionalist credentials.[113] Abánades was probably not aware of the plot when elected president of Junta Nacional de los Círculos Vázquez de Mella in 1959,[114] later becoming the honorary president.[115] In the early 1960s - officially reconciled with the Javierista Carlists[116] - he was celebrated by Carlos Hugo and his faction, awarded orders,[117] presiding over official homages to de Mella,[118] quoted as authority on his writings[119] and receiving flattering letters from the prince.[120] In 1969[121] he published his last article identified, printed in the Carlist periodical.[122]

See also

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Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ "master de obras", La Torre de Aragón 15.01.07, available here
  2. ^ she was born in Anchuela del Pedregal to Mauricio López and María del Rey, see Claro Abánades' certificate of birth, available here Archived 2016-05-06 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ Juan Pablo Calero Delso, Claro Abánades López, [in:] Diccionario Biográfico de la Guadalajara Contemporánea online, 29.12.13, available here
  4. ^ Calero Delso 2013
  5. ^ and later "doctorado" in philosophy in 1906, Gonzalo Díaz Díaz, Hombres y documentos de la filosofía española, vol. 1, Madrid 2003, ISBN 9788400081454, pp. 27-28
  6. ^ Calero Delso 2013, Tomas Gismera Velasco, Claro Abánades Lopez, [in:] Biografias de gentes de Guadalajara 13.12.2013, available here
  7. ^ Calero Delso 2013
  8. ^ El Siglo Futuro 30.09.33, available here
  9. ^ in 1943 he was Director Técn. de la Sección de Bachillerato del Colegio de Terciarias Franciscanas de la Divina Pastora de Madrid, Claro Abánades López, La Madre Mogas: Bosquejo de una vida santa, Madrid 1943, front page, see here
  10. ^ Acción. Diario de Teruel y su provincia, 10.04.34, available here
  11. ^ Juan Manuel Orozco, Don Mariano y la natación sincronizada, [in:] Colegia Infanta Maria Teresa service, available here; he graduated in 1926, see ABC 02.10.26, available here and was later very well remembered by his pupils, see huerfanosinfanta service, available here
  12. ^ in 1897 in the local La Cronica de Guadalajara he published a series of articles titled Geografia descriptiva del Señorio de Molina, Calero Delso 2013
  13. ^ like a republican El Molinés, a liberal La Crónica, a Catholic Flores y Abejas and many others, though contributing most frequently to La Ilustración Diocesana Seguntina, the first periodical he joined as member of the editorial board, Calero Delso 2013
  14. ^ at one point he had to flee one of the locations, Maranchón, whose inhabitants found his correspondence on the town, published in La Crónica, offending, Calero Delso 2013
  15. ^ Angel Monterde Navarro
  16. ^ an 8-page weekly edited from his house at Calle del Chorro, Calero Delso 2013
  17. ^ the authors defined themselves as "católicos sinceros" holding the banner of "patria y honor', La Torre de Aragón entry at emerotecadigital service, available here
  18. ^ e.g. promoting the campaign to set up Cajas Rurales in the comarca, Calero Delso 2013
  19. ^ the periodical ceased to exist in 1907, La Torre de Aragón entry at Hemerotecadigital service
  20. ^ though managed together with a local Carlist entrepreneur Clodoaldo Mielgo Castel, Calero Delso 2013
  21. ^ and having been allegedly published "con la aprobación y censura ecclesiástica", Calero Delso 2013
  22. ^ Calero Delso 2013
  23. ^ Juan Pablo Calero Delso, Los curas trabucaires. Iglesia y carlismo en Guadalajara (1868–1876), [in:] Iglesia y religiosidad en España: historia y archivos : actas de las V Jornadas de Castilla-La Mancha sobre investigación en archivos, Guadalajara 2001-2, ISBN 8493165859, p. 375. Once he moved to the capital, Abánades was gradually losing control over El Vigia, which he ceased to support some time afterwards
  24. ^ as a private enterprise, Calero Delso 2013, Gismera Velasco 2013
  25. ^ official weekly of the Carlist youth organisation; only one number was issued, José Navarro Cabanes, Apuntes bibliográficos de la prensa carlista, Valencia 1917, pp. 276-7
  26. ^ Navarro Cabanes 1917, pp. 280-1
  27. ^ Gismera Velasco 2013
  28. ^ in terms of circulation it was laggining behind most popular national newspapers, but enjoyed some sort of prestige as having been in print for 28 years already
  29. ^ Revista general de enseñanza y bellas artes 01.04.16, available here
  30. ^ Gismera Velasco 2013
  31. ^ Calero Delso 2013
  32. ^ Calero Delso 2013
  33. ^ La Constancia 30.11.23, available here[permanent dead link‍]
  34. ^ El Castellano 06.12.22
  35. ^ La Tribuna and Orden, Calero Delso 2013
  36. ^ La Correspondencia Militar 20.01.32, available here
  37. ^ El Siglo Futuro 29.11.35, available here
  38. ^ Gaceta de Tenerife 08.03.35, available here
  39. ^ La Hormiga de Oro 25.08.32, available here
  40. ^ Calero Delso 2013
  41. ^ Calero Delso 2013
  42. ^ e.g. in 1963 with Nueva Alcarria promoting tourism in the area, ABC 14.02.63, available here
  43. ^ ABC 03.10.43, available here
  44. ^ Calero Delso 2013, though he does not appear as engaged until at least 1948, see Jordi Rodriguez Virgili, La cooperativa del diario "El Alcázar", [in:] Historia y comunicación social 5 (2000), pp. 171-187
  45. ^ ABC 22.04.47, available here
  46. ^ Gismera Velasco 2013
  47. ^ ABC 18.07.75, available here
  48. ^ Claro Abánades, Mella, cantor der Catolicismo, [in:] Portavoz del Circulo Vazquez de Mella 3 (1969), p. 10, available here
  49. ^ apart from purely editorial work and unsigned pieces; none of the sources consulted provides any information on his would-be pen-names
  50. ^ see e.g. La Hormiga de Oro 25.08.32
  51. ^ see e.g. El Siglo Futuro 29.01.35, available here
  52. ^ El Siglo Futuro 08.08.35, available here or El Siglo Futuro 26.02.34, available here
  53. ^ even fairly distant ones, like the Chinese-Japanese war, see La Correspondencia Militar 02.02.32, available here
  54. ^ El Castellano 06.12.22, available here Archived 2007-06-29 at the Wayback Machine
  55. ^ La Constancia 30.11.23
  56. ^ La Correspondencia Militar 20.01.32, available here
  57. ^ by no means atypical for Spanish Right, Carlism and other groups, see here. For review of popular approaches to warring parties during the First World War see Cristina Barreiro Gordillo, España y la Gran Guerra a través de la prensa, [in:] Aportes 84 (1/2014), pp. 161-182
  58. ^ El Castellano 06.12.22
  59. ^ La Correspondencia Militar 24.02.32, available here
  60. ^ as late as 1923 he appeared in Asociación Nacional Alemana de Empleados do Comercio, El Sol 18.01.23, available here; he was rewarded with the German Hoher Orden vom Schwarzen Adler, Calero Delso 2013
  61. ^ "el bloque derechista aleimán nos da la pauta a seguir para oponer en la Europa occidental nuevas fuerzas contra las cuales se estrellen las propagandas de comunistas, anarquistas, y las de los que las sostienen con su dinero y sus alientos, que no son otros que los judíos, y su rama filial, la masonería", La Correspondencia Militar 23.03.32, available here
  62. ^ who proposed to do away with "el régimen liberal caduco y estéril" in defense of religion and family; Leon Degrelle was applauded as "un caudillo joven y valeroso" who will help the Catholic idea to triumph across Europe, Javier Ugarte Telleria, En l'esprit des années trente europeo: la actitud del Diario de Navarra y Garcilaso en la primavera de 1936, [in:] Principe de Viana 209 (1996), p. 651
  63. ^ in the 1920s he was impressed by Italian fascism and kept endorsing it in his publications, also in a paradoxically titled "Mussolini no quiere ser un dictator", Calero Delso 2013
  64. ^ according to Abánades, in Italy the "men of action" prevailed over "men of politics", Ugarte Telleria 1996, p. 650
  65. ^ Ugarte Telleria 1996, 650
  66. ^ and remains in the municipal Molina archives, ABC 22.12.73, available here
  67. ^ La Casa Comunidad de Villa y Tierra, Geografia histórica de los pueblos del Real Señorio, Hijos ilustres de la comarca molinesa and El Cabildo Eclesiastico de Molina, Antonio Herrera Casado, Molina de Aragón: veinte siglos de historia, Guadalajara 2000, ISBN 9788495179425, pp. 87-8
  68. ^ José N. Alcalá-Zamora, Altos hornos y poder naval en la España de la edad moderna, Madrid 1999, ISBN 9788489512238, p. 129, Emilio Benedicto Gimeno, José Antonio Mateos Royo, La minería aragonesa en la cordillera ibérica durante los siglos XVI y XVII, Zaragoza 2013, ISBN 9788415770053, p. 281
  69. ^ Una excursión a Toledo (1907), Guadalalete y Covadonga (1911), Hernán Cortés y la conquista de Méjico (1923), Avanzada de Castilla (1936), and La Madre Mogas. Bosquejo de una vida santa (1943), Díaz Díaz 2003, pp. 27-28
  70. ^ ABC 12.02.50, available here
  71. ^ see e.g. Javier Peralta, Representación matemática en el Colegio de Doctores y Licenciados de Madrid (1899 - 1949), [in:] Avances de Investigación en Educación Matemática 85 (2004), pp. 87
  72. ^ Like La Madre Humildad. Biografía de la Madre Serra, Fundadora y Fundación. Biografía de Sor Joaquina López Alcázar, Geografía especial de España, Historia de la civilización española, Historia de la literatura latina and La existencia real de Pedro Crespo, see virgendelahoz service, available here
  73. ^ Calero Delso 2013, Gismera Velasco 2013
  74. ^ 1. Selección de Elocuencia e Historia, 2. Ideario. T. I., 3. Ideario. T. II., 4. Ideario. T. III., 5. La persecución religiosa y la Iglesia, independiente del Estado ateo, 6. Discursos parlamentarios. T. I., 7. Discursos parlamentarios. T. II., 8. Discursos parlamentarios. T. III, 9. Discursos parlamentarios. T. IV., 10. Discursos parlamentarios. T. V., 11. Discursos parlamentarios. T. VI, 12. Dogmas nacionales., 13. Política general. T. I., 14. Política general. T. II, 15. Política tradicionalista T. I., 16. Política tradicionalista. T. II., 17. Crítica. T. I., 18. Crítica T. II., 19. Filosofía. Teología. Apologética. T. I., 20. Flosofía. Teología. Apologética. T. II., 21. Filosofía. Teología. Apologética. T. III., 22. Filosofía. Teología. Apologética. T. IV., 23. Temas internacionales., 24. Temas sociales. T. I., 25. Temas sociales. T. II., 26. Regionalismo. T. I., 27. Regionalismo. T. II., 28. El pensamiento de Mella., 29. Juicios sobre Mella., 30. Índice cronológico y temático., 31. Vázquez de Mella y la educación nacional.
  75. ^ Gismera Velasco 2013
  76. ^ Calero Delso 2013
  77. ^ ABC 09.05.28, available here, ABC 25.03.31, available here[permanent dead link‍]
  78. ^ El Siglo Futuro 12.01.34, available here
  79. ^ ABC 17.06.44, available here
  80. ^ El Siglo Futuro 10.01.36, available here
  81. ^ Calero Delso 2001-2, p. 375
  82. ^ La Torre de Aragón 15.01.07, available here
  83. ^ Calero Delso 2013
  84. ^ together with Manuel Gómez de Llerena, Francisco Iturbe, Claudio Josa, Celestino Marco y Pedro Granje. He was its treasurer until 1908, Calero Delso 2013
  85. ^ like in 1897, Jordi Canal i Morell, Banderas blancas, boinas rojas: una historia política del carlismo, 1876–1939, Madrid 2006, ISBN 8496467341, 9788496467347, p. 153
  86. ^ Jordi Canal, La revitalización política del carlismo a fines del siglo XIX: los viajes de propaganda del Marqués de Cerralbo, [in:] Studia Zamorensia 3 (1996), p. 269
  87. ^ Calero Delso 2013
  88. ^ many Carlists were present in Madrid, as they came to attend the Congreso Eucaristico, Manuel Martorell Pérez, La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil [PhD thesis in Historia Contemporanea, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia], Valencia 2009, p. 454
  89. ^ "Germany is the most chivalrous nation while Iberia is the Latin race capable of pursuing great objectives and serving all the humanity. Germany was persecuted; it was England trying to snatch away its commerce and industry, as it has done with ours. Today Germany is a giant nation gallantly flying its colors; it keeps fighting the most formidable duel of the centuries. We do not intend to intervene in the struggle of two peoples, taking place in the centre of the world. Longing for peace, we want to establish sympathy between the Spaniards and the Germans; inspired by reasons put forward by our great man, Juan Vazquez de Mella, we want to set up an alliance with Germany to make sure that in the times to come unredeemed territories come back to the Spanish nation", full text available here
  90. ^ Calero Delso 2013
  91. ^ he is not listed among provincial party leaders, Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín, El cisma mellista. Historia de una ambición política, Madrid 2000, ISBN 9788487863820, p. 197
  92. ^ Andrés Martín 2000, p. 165
  93. ^ as that would be repeating the liberal crime, Andrés Martín 2000, p. 216
  94. ^ the vision promoted by El Debate; he went on saying that "mejor seía pedir la adhesión de las extremas derechas a un Ministerio o a un soberano efectivo; de ningun modo a quien no lo es", quoted after Andrés Martín 2000, p. 225
  95. ^ like spiritual subordination of Spain to Jesus in 1919 and criticism of liberal parliamentarism, which allowed El Debate to recommend Alfonso XIII to the Carlists as "tradicionalista convencido y hasta antiparlamentario". Abánades responded writing that "antiliberal por el discurso del Cerro de los Angeles, y como antiparlamentario por el de Córdoba; pero como un cautivo del sistema liberal y parlamentario [...] para qué invita a las extremas derechas? Paraque rompan el cautiverio o para qué sean cautivos también"?, Andrés Martín 2000, p. 225
  96. ^ "necesario exitrpar también el regimen escrito", Andrés Martín 2000, p. 226
  97. ^ "Debemes seguir el ejemplo de los legitimistas lusitanos", Andrés Martín 2000, p. 226
  98. ^ La Asamblea de Zaragoza of October 1922, animated by Victor Pradera, delivered a deadly blow to Mellismo, Andrés Martín 2000, pp. 237-241
  99. ^ ABC 22.12.73, available here
  100. ^ Calero Delso 2013
  101. ^ in 1935 he went on to declare that it is now the time to fulfill the "I will return" promise of Carlos VII of 1876, Canal 2006, p. 48
  102. ^ he preferred lectures on closed meetings to harangues on public gatherings, for an example see ABC 02.02.35, available here
  103. ^ compare El Siglo Futuro 27.02.35, available here
  104. ^ named Junta del Colegio de Doctores y Licenciados en Filosofia y Letras y en Ciencias
  105. ^ ABC 17.01.33, available here; he was active in the organisation since the mid-1920s, see El Imparcial 03.02.27, available here
  106. ^ ABC 12.03.43, available here
  107. ^ Calero Delso 2013, though at least until 1948 he is recorded as contributing to El Alcazar, as he is not mentioned in Rodriguez Virgili 2000
  108. ^ in 1942 was reported by the press as head of "grupo escolar Vazquez de Mella", ABC 26.02.43, available here, active in the group also in 1947, see ABC 27.02.47, available here
  109. ^ he is listed as carloctavista with no specific access date given, Francisco de las Heras y Borreo, Un pretendiente desconocido. Carlos de Habsburgo. El otro candidato de Franco, Madrid 2004, ISBN 8497725565, p. 157
  110. ^ and used to spend part of his summer holidays in Barranco de la Hoz, near the sanctuary, Calero Delso 2013
  111. ^ the other key structures were a Carlist workers' organisation Movimiento ObreroTradicionalista (MOT), students' association Agrupación de Estudiantes Tradicionalistas (AET) and new periodicals, especially Azada y asta and Montejurra
  112. ^ for details, see Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, El naufragio de las ortodoxias. El carlismo, 1962–1977, Pamplona 1997; ISBN 9788431315641, 9788431315641 and Manuel Martorell Pérez, Carlos Hugo frente a Juan Carlos.: La solución federal para España que Franco rechazó, Madrid 2014, ISBN 9788477682653
  113. ^ in 1958 Carlos Hugo wrote to him: "La proclamación de las Leyes Fundamentales en mayo 1958 [sic!] es el triunfo definitivo y la gloria de Juan Vázquez de Mella", Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 10
  114. ^ Jordi Canal, El carlismo, Madrid 2000, ISBN 8420639478, p. 357
  115. ^ he was replaced by Miguel Fagoaga, ABC 13.11.62, available here
  116. ^ e.g. nominated to preside of Javiersta feasts in 1962, Ramón María Rodon Guinjoan, Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939-1976) [PhD thesis Universitat Abat Oliba CEU], Barcelona 2015, p. 204; in 1962 he co-signed a letter hailing "la feliz consecución de la plena unidad carlista bajo la autoridad de S. M. C. don Javier de Borbón Parma", Heras y Borreo 2004, p. 157
  117. ^ Orden de la Legitimidad Proscrita
  118. ^ ABC 17.06.61, available here, ABC 11.10.61, available here[permanent dead link‍]
  119. ^ instead of mid-age experts on de Mella, Francisco Elias de Tejada and Rafael Gambra, who firmly pursued the Traditionalist line. When re-creating the Carlist student organisation AET in the early 1960s, the javieristas kept making constant references to de Mella's vision of sociedalismo and quoting Abánades, Martorell Perez 2009, p. 466
  120. ^ Carlos Hugo wrote to Abánades, probably consciously expoiting his lifetime adherence to Mella: "Mella no es el canto del pasado. Utiliza el pasado para exponer su sistema (...) La tradición es un conjunto de soluciones que han creado los hombres y que la historia ha acreditado como eficaces (...) La tradición no puede suponer nunca una coacción del pasado; es un proyecto de futuro, a partir de una altura histórica [...] La necesidad origina y precede a la tradición; de ahí que, cuando surgen problemas nuevos, es necesario inventar tradiciones nuevas cara el futuro", quoted after Martorell Perez 2009, p. 454
  121. ^ in 1968 he was still recorded as honorary president, ABC 28.04.68, available here
  122. ^ the piece in question was an analysis of de Mella's outlook, see Portavoz del Circulo Cultural Vazquez de Mella September 1969, available here

Further reading

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  • Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín, El cisma mellista. Historia de una ambición política, Madrid 2000, ISBN 9788487863820
  • Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo. Una vida entre el carlismo y la arqueología, Madrid 2015, ISBN 9788416242108
  • Raimundo García, Eduardo González Calleja, La prensa carlista y falangista durante la Segunda República y la Guerra Civil (1931–1937), [in:] El Argonauta español 9 (2012)
  • Diego Sanz Martínez, El patrimonio cultural y la identidad como factores de desarrollo de la sociedad rural. Prospección de recursos para un turismo cultural en el Señorío de Molina de Aragón (Guadalajara) [PhD thesis Universidad Complutense], Madrid 2015
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