Chầu văn
Hát chầu văn (Vietnamese: [háːt cə̂w van], chữ Nôm: 喝朝文), or in secular form hát văn (喝文),[1] is a traditional folk art of northern Vietnam which combines trance singing and dancing.[2] Its music and poetry are combined with a variety of instruments, rhythms, pauses, and tempos.[3][4][5] Hát chầu văn originated in the 16th century and spread quickly.[6] The main musical instrument used in hat van performance is the đàn nguyệt or moon-shaped lute.[7] The genre is famous for its use in rituals for deity mediumship. Chầu văn serves two purposes: to help hypnotize the medium for reception of the deities and to accompany the medium's actions with appropriate music.
The singing and dance in non-religious form is hát văn ("sung literature") without the word chầu ("to have an audience with someone of higher power", "to perform a service and pay homage to a deity").[8]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Dale Alan Olsen, Popular music of Vietnam: the politics of remembering, 2008. p 278. index "chầu văn, ..." several entries.
- ^ "Theatre to feature regular ethnic music performances", VietNamNet Bridge, March 21, 2011. "hat van (northern traditional folk art combining singing and dancing)"
- ^ Pattana Kitiarsa, Religious commodifications in Asia: marketing gods, 2008, p. 161. "..master (thầy cúng) reading the questions, by the attendants of the spirit medium during the ritual, and by the musicians (chầu văn) accompanying, explaining and commenting on the ritual. The ritual usually takes from a couple of hours, ..."
- ^ Endres, Andrea Lauser, Engaging the Spirit World: Popular Beliefs and Practices in Modern Southeast Asia. Edited by Kirsten W. Endres and Andrea Lauser. 2012, p. 93. "Images from this past are enacted during spirit possession rituals, such as Mrs Bình's, by dressing in the appropriate ritual costumes and in the songs of the chầu văn musicians."
- ^ Taylor, Philip, Modernity and Re-Enchantment: Religion in Post-Revolutionary Vietnam 2007, p. 197. "During the Lady spirits' manifestations, Nguyệt's husband suggests flowing arm and hand movements and gracefully flexes his fingers in tune with the rhythm of the chầu văn music that accompanies the ritual, while the other ritual ..."
- ^ "Chau Van preservation club inaugurated", VietNamNet Bridge, Feb. 26, 2011.
- ^ "Northern folk singing to be taught at degree level", VietNamNet Bridge, Oct. 20, 2010. "In the case of hat van (spiritual singing), students will be taught how to play the dan nguyet (moon-shaped two-string lute)."
- ^ Olga Dror Cult, Culture, and Authority: Princess Liễu Hạnh in Vietnamese History 2007