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Capacity of a set

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In mathematics, the capacity of a set in Euclidean space is a measure of the "size" of that set. Unlike, say, Lebesgue measure, which measures a set's volume or physical extent, capacity is a mathematical analogue of a set's ability to hold electrical charge. More precisely, it is the capacitance of the set: the total charge a set can hold while maintaining a given potential energy. The potential energy is computed with respect to an idealized ground at infinity for the harmonic or Newtonian capacity, and with respect to a surface for the condenser capacity.

Historical note

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The notion of capacity of a set and of "capacitable" set was introduced by Gustave Choquet in 1950: for a detailed account, see reference (Choquet 1986).

Definitions

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Condenser capacity

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Let Σ be a closed, smooth, (n − 1)-dimensional hypersurface in n-dimensional Euclidean space , n ≥ 3; K will denote the n-dimensional compact (i.e., closed and bounded) set of which Σ is the boundary. Let S be another (n − 1)-dimensional hypersurface that encloses Σ: in reference to its origins in electromagnetism, the pair (Σ, S) is known as a condenser. The condenser capacity of Σ relative to S, denoted C(Σ, S) or cap(Σ, S), is given by the surface integral

where:

is the normal derivative of u across S; and
  • σn = 2πn⁄2 ⁄ Γ(n ⁄ 2) is the surface area of the unit sphere in .

C(Σ, S) can be equivalently defined by the volume integral

The condenser capacity also has a variational characterization: C(Σ, S) is the infimum of the Dirichlet's energy functional

over all continuously differentiable functions v on D with v(x) = 1 on Σ and v(x) = 0 on S.

Harmonic capacity

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Heuristically, the harmonic capacity of K, the region bounded by Σ, can be found by taking the condenser capacity of Σ with respect to infinity. More precisely, let u be the harmonic function in the complement of K satisfying u = 1 on Σ and u(x) → 0 as x → ∞. Thus u is the Newtonian potential of the simple layer Σ. Then the harmonic capacity or Newtonian capacity of K, denoted C(K) or cap(K), is then defined by

If S is a rectifiable hypersurface completely enclosing K, then the harmonic capacity can be equivalently rewritten as the integral over S of the outward normal derivative of u:

The harmonic capacity can also be understood as a limit of the condenser capacity. To wit, let Sr denote the sphere of radius r about the origin in . Since K is bounded, for sufficiently large r, Sr will enclose K and (Σ, Sr) will form a condenser pair. The harmonic capacity is then the limit as r tends to infinity:

The harmonic capacity is a mathematically abstract version of the electrostatic capacity of the conductor K and is always non-negative and finite: 0 ≤ C(K) < +∞.

The Wiener capacity or Robin constant W(K) of K is given by

Logarithmic capacity

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In two dimensions, the capacity is defined as above, but dropping the factor of in the definition:

This is often called the logarithmic capacity, the term logarithmic arises, as the potential function goes from being an inverse power to a logarithm in the limit. This is articulated below. It may also be called the conformal capacity, in reference to its relation to the conformal radius.

Properties

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The harmonic function u is called the capacity potential, the Newtonian potential when and the logarithmic potential when . It can be obtained via a Green's function as

with x a point exterior to S, and

when and

for .

The measure is called the capacitary measure or equilibrium measure. It is generally taken to be a Borel measure. It is related to the capacity as

The variational definition of capacity over the Dirichlet energy can be re-expressed as

with the infimum taken over all positive Borel measures concentrated on K, normalized so that and with is the energy integral

Generalizations

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The characterization of the capacity of a set as the minimum of an energy functional achieving particular boundary values, given above, can be extended to other energy functionals in the calculus of variations.

Divergence form elliptic operators

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Solutions to a uniformly elliptic partial differential equation with divergence form

are minimizers of the associated energy functional

subject to appropriate boundary conditions.

The capacity of a set E with respect to a domain D containing E is defined as the infimum of the energy over all continuously differentiable functions v on D with v(x) = 1 on E; and v(x) = 0 on the boundary of D.

The minimum energy is achieved by a function known as the capacitary potential of E with respect to D, and it solves the obstacle problem on D with the obstacle function provided by the indicator function of E. The capacitary potential is alternately characterized as the unique solution of the equation with the appropriate boundary conditions.

See also

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  • Analytic capacity – number that denotes how big a certain bounded analytic function can become
  • Capacitance – Ability of a body to store an electrical charge
  • Newtonian potential – Green's function for Laplacian
  • Potential theory – Harmonic functions as solutions to Laplace's equation
  • Choquet theory – Area of functional analysis and convex analysis

References

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