Bestansur
 | |
  Shown within Near East  Bestansur (Iraq) | |
| Location | Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 35°22′36″N 45°38′44″E / 35.37667°N 45.64556°E |
| History | |
| Founded | approx 7700 BC |
| Periods | Neolithic to Sasanian |
| Site notes | |
| Archaeologists | Roger Matthews (archaeologist), Wendy Matthews, Kamal Rasheed Raheem |
Bestansur is a Neolithic tell, or archaeological settlement mound, located in Sulaimaniyah province, Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq in the western Zagros foothills. The site is located on the edge of the Shahrizor Plain, 30 km to the south-east of Sulaimaniyah. It is on the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List.
The site and its environment
[edit]Bestansur is a tell located on the left bank of the Tanjero River and near several other perennial and seasonal springs and streams in the Shahrizor Plain. This is an area that has been densely occupied throughout time, as evidenced by the many sites that have been recorded by archaeological surveys, including, for example, the large site of Yasintepe. Bestansur measures some 80–90 m in diameter and is 6 m high.[1]
History of research
[edit]The site was first examined by Ephraim Speiser in 1927 who noted that the pottery dated before Perian times.[2] The site was surveyed the Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities, and by the Shahrizor Survey Project (where Bestansur received the site number SSP 6).[3] Excavations have been undertaken at Bestansur since 2012 by the University of Reading and the University of British Columbia,[4] co-directed by Roger Mathews, Wendy Matthews and Kamal Rasheed Raheem.[5][6][7] Surface survey has recorded evidence of a spread of Neolithic artefacts, including chert and obsidian. Test trenches were excavated to establish the extent of Early Neolithic occupation, which is thought to cover an area of 100 x 50 m.[4] A gradiometry survey has recorded evidence for Neo-Assyrian activity.[4][8]
Bestansur is on the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List.[7]
Occupation history
[edit]
Occupation at Bestansur dates to the Early Neolithic period, 7600-7100 BC, and the Neo-Assyrian and Sasanian and Ottoman periods.[7]
Occupation at the site consists of mud-brick and pisé rectangular buildings. The use of plaster has been recorded. An infrared microspectroscopic study of plasters and pigments discovered from Building 8 found evidence for red and black pigments.[9] A large-porticoed building, Building 5, contained a large oven. Evidence for activities taking place in the external areas surrounding the buildings include hearths, butchery and stone-working waste.[7] Numerous burials have been discovered beneath floors at the site, including 72 individuals beneath the floor of a single-room in Building 5.[7]
The archaeological surface survey at the site also recorded pottery fragments dating to the seventh or early sixth millennium BC, based on well-stratified parallels found at sites like Tell Sabi Abyad, Tell Hassuna and Jarmo. More specifically, the links with Sabi Abyad allowed for a date between 6500-6200 cal BC. One interesting fragment had an imprint of a textile net, making this some of the earliest evidence for textile imprints in Upper Mesopotamia. The exact use of the net could not be established, but a primary function as fishing net has been proposed based on the size of the net's meshes, and the location of Bestansur in a marshy environment with plenty of water resources.[10] Fish are also depicted on painted Samarra and Halaf pottery vessels, indicating that fish must have been an important resource during this period.[1]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Nieuwenhuyse, Olivier; Berghuijs, Koen; Mühl, Simone (2012). "A Late Neolithic 'fishing net' from Kurdistan, Northern Iraq?". Paléorient. 38 (1): 141–147. doi:10.3406/paleo.2012.5464.
- ^ Speiser, Ephraim A. (1926). "Southern Kurdistan in the Annals of Ashurnasirpal and Today". The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 8: 1–41. doi:10.2307/3768524. JSTOR 3768524.
- ^ Altaweel, Mark; Marsh, Anke; Mühl, Simone; Nieuwenhuyse, Olivier; Radner, Karen; Rasheed, Kamal; Saber, Saber Ahmed; ﻧﻮﻳﻔﻨﻬﻮﺯﻩ, ﺃﻭﻟﻴﻔﻴﻴﺮ; RADNER, KAREN; ﺭﺍﺩﻧﺮ, ﻛﺎﺭﻥ; RASHEED, KAMAL; ﺭﺷﻴﺪ, ﻛﻤﺎﻝ; SABER, SABER AHMED; ﺻﺎﺑﺮ, ﺻﺎﺑﺮ ﺃﺣﻤﺪ (2012). "New Investigations in the Environment, History, and Archaeology of the Iraqi Hilly Flanks: Shahrizor Survey Project 2009–2011". IRAQ. 74: 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0021088900000231. JSTOR 23349777. S2CID 128905373.
- ^ a b c "Bestansur". MENTICA. Retrieved 2019-07-28.
- ^ Matthews, Roger, et al. “The Early Neolithic of Iraqi Kurdistan: Current Research at Bestansur, Shahrizor Plain.” Paléorient, vol. 45, no. 2, 2019, pp. 13–32
- ^ Richardson, Amy, et al. "EXCAVATIONS AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSES: BESTANSUR." The Early Neolithic of the Eastern Fertile Crescent: Excavations at Bestansur and Shimshara, Iraqi Kurdistan, edited by Amy Richardson et al., Oxbow Books, 2020, pp. 115–76
- ^ a b c d e "Bestansur Neolithic settlement". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2019-07-28.
- ^ Matthews, Roger; Matthews, Wendy; Richardson, Amy; Walsh, Sam; Iversen, Ingrid; Mudd, David; Rasheed, Kamal; Raeuf, Kamal; Bendrey, Robin; Whitlam, Jade; Charles, Mike; Bogaard, Amy; Elliott, Sarah (2019). "The Early Neolithic of Iraqi Kurdistan: Current research at Bestansur, Shahrizor Plain" (PDF). Paléorient. 45 (2): 13–32. doi:10.4000/paleorient.644. JSTOR 26896625. S2CID 210610438.
- ^ Godleman, Jessica; Almond, Matthew J.; Matthews, Wendy (June 2016). "An infrared microspectroscopic study of plasters and pigments from the Neolithic site of Bestansur, Iraq" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 7: 195–204. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.04.013.
- ^ Iversen, Ingrid. “BESTANSUR MOLLUSCS: REGIONAL CONTEXT AND LOCAL ACTIVITIES.” The Early Neolithic of the Eastern Fertile Crescent: Excavations at Bestansur and Shimshara, Iraqi Kurdistan, edited by Roger Matthews et al., Oxbow Books, 2020, pp. 397–410