Diaspididae

Diaspididae
	Three species of armored scales
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hemiptera
Suborder:	Sternorrhyncha
Superfamily:	Coccoidea
Family:	Diaspididae; Maskell, 1878
Subfamilies
	Aspidiotinae; Comstockiellinae; Diaspidinae; Ulucoccinae; Xanthophthalminae;

Diaspididae is the largest family of scale insects with over 2650 described species in around 400 genera. As with all scale insects, the female produces a waxy protective scale beneath which it feeds on its host plant. Diaspidid scales are far more substantial than those of most other families, incorporating the exuviae from the first two nymphal instars and sometimes faecal matter and fragments of the host plant.^[1] These can be complex and extremely waterproof structures rather resembling a suit of armor. For this reason these insects are commonly referred to as armored scale insects. As it is so robust and firmly attached to the host plant, the scale often persists long after the insect has died.

Some African Diaspididae are attended by ants of genus Melissotarsus. The ants appear to consume the armored scales because Diaspididae are completely naked when ant-attended; the ant nest itself remains completely hidden under the bark of the tree.^[2]

Selected species

Notable species include:

Abgrallaspis cyanophylli, the cyanophyllum scale
Aonidiella aurantii, the California red scale
Aonidomytilus crookiae the St. John's Wort scale
Aulacaspis yasumatsui, the cycad aulacaspis scale
Carulaspis minima, the minute cypress scale
Diaspidiotus perniciosus, the San Jose scale
Hemiberlesia lataniae, the latania or palm scale
Lepidosaphes beckii, the citrus mussel scale
Lepidosaphes ulmi, the oystershell scale
Quadraspidiotus juglansregiae, the walnut scale

Genera

The majority of genera are in the Aspidiotinae and Diaspidinae; other subfamilies contain:

Comstockiellinae

Comstockiella Cockerell, 1896

Ulucoccinae

Ulucoccus Takagi, Tho & Khoo, 1990

Xanthophthalminae

Xanthophthalma Cockerell & Parrott, 1899

References

^ Miller, Douglass R.; Davidson, John A. (2005). Armored Scale Insect Pests of Trees and Shrubs (Hemiptera : Diaspididae). Cornell University Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-8014-4279-6.
^ Delabie, J.H.C. (2001). "Trophobiosis between Formicidae and Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha): an overview". Neotropical Entomology. 30 (4): 501–516. doi:10.1590/S1519-566X2001000400001.

Борхсениус (Borchsenius), Н. С. (N. S.) (1966). Каталог щитовок (Диаспидоидеа) мировой фауны (A catalogue of the armoured scale insects (Diaspidoidea) of the world) (in Russian). Moscow: Академия наук СССР – Зоологический институт (Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences).
Howard, Forrest D. (2001). "Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha". In Howard, Forrest D.; et al. (eds.). Insects on Palms. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CABI Publishing. pp. 161–226. ISBN 978-0-85199-326-3.
Takagi, Sadao (2002). "One new subfamily and two new tribes of the Diaspididae (Homoptera: Coccoidea)" (PDF). Insecta Matsumurana. 59: 55–100. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.

External links

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[Miller-1] Miller, Douglass R.; Davidson, John A. (2005). Armored Scale Insect Pests of Trees and Shrubs (Hemiptera : Diaspididae). Cornell University Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-8014-4279-6.

[Delabie_2001-2] Delabie, J.H.C. (2001). "Trophobiosis between Formicidae and Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha): an overview". Neotropical Entomology. 30 (4): 501–516. doi:10.1590/S1519-566X2001000400001.

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