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ANSI Z35.1
Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs
Photograph of three Z35.1 signs, a "Notice" and two "Danger" signs.
AbbreviationANSI Z35.1, ASA Z35.1, Z35.1
Year started1937 (1937)
First publishedJanuary 10, 1941; 83 years ago (1941-01-10)
Latest version4
1972
OrganizationAmerican National Standards Institute Originally known as "American Standards Association"
CommitteeCommittee Z35
SeriesZ35
Related standards
DomainSafety signage design

ANSI Z35.1 the Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs,[c] was an American standard that dictated the layout, colors and wording of safety signs in the United States. The standard is the first American standard that made specific demands for the design, construction, and placement of safety signage in industrial environments. The first edition was published in January 1941, and the fourth and final edition in November 1972.[d] Changes in societal needs of signage, and further research into signage would result in the establishment of a new committee, the ANSI Z535 Committee on Safety Signs and Colors, combining the separate committees of Z35.1 - Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs, Z35.2 - Specifications for Accident Prevention Tags, and Z53 - Marking Physical Hazards Safety Color Code, resulting in a new combined standard, ANSI Z535.[2]

Background

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Diagram of Stonehouse's 1912 'Universal Danger Signal' design.

Initial groundwork for safety signs started in the 1910s, with Hansen's Universal Safety Standards (1913) called for a "universal danger sign" consisting of the word "DANGER" in white letters on a red field, and a "universal safety sign" consisting of white letters on a green field, for identifying exits and first aid equipment.[3] Beyond this, various industries, including railroads, mines, and woodworking designed and implemented their own signage to protect workers and the public.[4][5]

In 1912 James W Stonehouse, a sign manufacturer in Colorado would advertise an early form of the iconic 'DANGER' sign, referred to as the 'universal danger signal'. It featured a red oval, on a black rectangle, with 'DANGER' in white letters. He would later devise and sell multiple uniform safety sign designs. Revised versions of these early designs would later become the basis of Z35.1.[6]

In 1937, the National Safety Council identifying the need to improve workplace and industrial safety by setting standardized sign designs, to replace the haphazard sign designs that every workplace and industry was coming up with independently with set designs that workers could recognize in any workplace, on any jobsite in any industry. The NSC approached the American standards Association with the proposal, sponsored and led the project.

Design, application and use of warning signs or symbols (other than slogans) intended to indicate, and in so far as possible, to define specific hazard of a nature such that failure to so designate them may cause, or tend to cause, accidental injury to workers, or the public, or both

— ASA Z35.1 Project Scope, Specifications for Industrial Accident Prevention Signs (1941)

Even as early as the first edition, safety signs were recommended as a solution for when eliminating the hazard could not be achieved. Elimination or guarding against a hazard was a superior form of protection.[7] While Z35.1 was intended for widespread use across all industries, there were exceptions. Z35.1 signage was not intended for motor vehicles, trains, maritime traffic, all of had specific regulations and standards of their own, such as the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for motor vehicles. Also excluded were safety posters, safety slogans, and bulletin boards, while safety related, fell out of the project scope, and were for clarity explicitly excluded.[7][8][9]

Design

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Diagram of a Z35.1 sign - A. Signal Word, B. Header, C. Text message.

Z35.1 consisted of a common design through its four editions, consisting of three primary elements.

  • Header panel - The top portion of the sign, consisting of a colored rectangle, containing the signal word.
  • Signal word - A single word or phrase intended indicate sign purpose.
  • Text message - The text conveying the hazard or other information.

Headers were always placed on top, with the text message located below the header. The design of headers, including distinct designs, such as the oval of 'Danger' and the solid black block of 'Caution' was intentional. This enabled non-English speaking persons to associate a design with hazard severity, and enabled color blind individuals to differentiate between header designs.[7] Headers were not required on informational, directional and fire/emergency signs.[7][8][9][10] How to include symbols on a sign was not elaborated on until the fourth, 1972 edition, with the exception of the Radiation sign.[9]

Editions

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1941

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The first edition, published on 10 January 1941, the designs laid out in this edition would be the foundation for all successive versions.[7]

Consideration was made for other forms of warning, such as tags, flags, and flare pots,[e] but were set aside in order to complete the standard as quickly as possible.[7][4]

  • Danger
    Danger
  • Caution
    Caution
  • Safety Instruction
    Safety Instruction
  • Informational
    Informational
  • Informational (Alternate Design)
    Informational
    (Alternate Design)
  • Directional
    Directional

1959

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Z35.1-1959 was the second edition of the standard, published in 1959. This would mark the first appearance of the ionizing radiation trefoil symbol in the Z35.1 standard, as well as the addition of a radiation warning sign design.[11][12]

  • Radiation
    Radiation
  • Radiation trefoil symbol
    Radiation trefoil symbol

1968

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The third edition, published 18 September 1968, would see the addition of the slow moving vehicle emblem, and the Biological hazard symbol.[8] The symbol developed two years earlier by staff at Dow Chemical Company as a standardized symbol to warn of infectious substances, which it was adopted for this purpose by Z35 Committee through its inclusion in Z35.1.[13]

  • Slow Moving Vehicle
    Slow Moving Vehicle
  • Biological Hazard
    Biological Hazard

OSHA adoption

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In 1971, OSHA adopted regulation §1910.145, which required that accident prevention signs in workplaces to comply with the standards laid out in ANSI Z35.1-1968 and ANSI Z35.2-1968[f] starting on August 31, 1971.[14] Later, in 1979, OSHA would adopt regulation §1926.200 which specified accident prevention signs for use in the construction industry.[15] The regulation varied a bit from §1910.145, by requiring a specific design for exit signs, using red 6 inches (150 mm) letters on a white background, omitting mention of radiation and biohazard signs, tags, and symbols; as well as informational or 'Notice' signage and the slow moving vehicle emblem. However, it did state that signs and tags were required to comply with Z35.1-1968 and Z35.2-1968 in situations not covered by the rules in regulation.[15]

1972

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The fourth and final edition of Z35, published on 16 November 1972 would see significant change in the standard, with it being nearly half the page count, and would a split of the standard, spinning off "informational and miscellaneous signs" and "directional signs" as a supplemental standard, later released as Z35.3-1973. Z35.1 would be overhauled, doing away with the suggested wordings, diagrams of the headers, charts of various sign dimensions. Signs were reorganized into a new 'Class' system, which assigned each type a class number.[g] Guidance in the standard was made more general, leaving decisions to sign manufactures and workplaces. Clearer guidance on how to include a symbol with a sign's design was provided, however symbols, aside from five specific ones,[h] were not provided, nor guidance on where to obtain or how to design symbols. A new 'Fire/Emergency' sign was designed, and references to exit signage were removed, instructing readers to refer to NFPA standards.[9]

Split off from Z35.1, informational signs were became the new Z35.3 Specifications for Informational Signs Complimentary to ANSI Z35.1-1972, Accident Prevention Signs standard. This standard also used the class system, with two classes: Class A, informational and Class B, Regulatory, which was new to the Z35 standard. The default design for Class A featured a "Notice" signal word on a blue header. The Class B design did not have a default signal word, which would be placed on a black header with white text. Directional arrows were also placed into Z35.3, but were no longer a standalone sign type. Most of the standard duplicated Z35.1-1972, such as sign placement, sizes, lettering, symbols and general layout of the signs.[10]

  • A Caution sign featuring a symbol.
    A Caution sign featuring a symbol.
  • Fire/Emergency
    Fire/Emergency
  • Fire/Emergency Alternate Design
    Fire/Emergency
    Alternate Design
  • Regulatory
    Regulatory
  • Regulatory Alternate Design
    Regulatory
    Alternate Design

End of Z35

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A Z35.1 "Caution" sign.

The 1970s saw major societal changes in the United States, increased globalization and recognition of a non-English speaking workforce, and changes in legal liability that would put significant responsibility on manufacturers of products and workplaces to provide suitable warnings. These changes highlighted the limitations of the nearly 40 year old standard. Recognizing the need for change, in 1979, the Z35 Committee on Safety Signs was merged with the Z53 Committee on Safety Colors, to form Z353 Committee on Safety Signs and Colors. This new committee would unveil Z535 in 1991, updating three existing standards, alongside two new standards.[16] These new standards would provide more extensive guidance on the creation of text messages, more effective designs, and incorporating safety symbols.[17]

Wording limitations

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Z35.1 suggested easy to read and concise wording on signage.[i] This often resulted in sign wordings that stated the general hazard very well, but often lacked information about how to avoid the hazard, specific nuances of the hazard, and consequences of ignoring the warning. Even more complex statements like "Caution - Operators of this machine shall wear snug fitting clothing - No gloves", still lacked any information on the possible consequences posed by wearing gloves, or loose clothing. The standard also provided minimal guidance on how to write a text message, with regards to concepts such as voice,[j] length of messages, word choice, etc.; even after the removal of the lists of standardized text messages in the Fourth edition.[9]

Bilingual limitations

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An English & Spanish 'Danger' sign.

In 1968, the year of the third edition of Z35.1, US exports and imports were valued at $45.5 & $45.3 billion respectively. By 1972, the year the fourth and final edition of Z35.1 was published, these values had climbed to $67.2 & $72.7 billion. By 1980, these had grown to $271.8 and $291.2 billion.[18] During the 1980s, removal of trade barriers and free trade arrangements was an objective of the US Federal government.[19] This would cumulate in the 1988 Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement.[20] Trade with regions and populations that did not speak English was increasing, as were members of the workforce domestically who didn't speak English.

While a reason behind standardizing the designs and colors of signs in 1941, was to make signs understandable to non-English speakers, by being able to associate color and designs to severity of a hazard, this still left significant limitations. The hazards represented by "Danger" varied widely from electric hazards, to flammable or explosive materials, to toxic chemicals, which require different approaches to avoid harm. Z35.1 contained no requirement or even suggestion to provide signage in languages other than English, in a multilingual workplaces. Further, no instructions were ever provided on how to present a multi-language message with safety signage, such as English and Spanish, or what words should be used as the signal words in non-English languages. Often, the solution was to simply duplicate the sign in the other language, often placed directly below the English sign. This did have significant limitations, as manufacturers, who won't know what languages the end user of their product can read. An English/Spanish sign is unhelpful, if a user can only read Polish, for example. This issue became more important through the 1980s, as legal obligations around warnings on products and equipment changed.[21][2]

The fourth edition did include some information about how to include a symbol, the guidance was rather simple:[9]

  • Symbols should be either to the right of the entire sign (word message and header), or below the header, in the word message panel area.
  • Symbols should only be used after testing and approval by a suitable authority.
  • Symbols should be the same color as the message text of the sign.
  • Specifying the exact symbol to be used in five specific instances.[h]

No information was provided on how to design a symbol or a catalog of symbols or suitable sources for symbols. Despite stating symbols should be tested, no information was provided on how to test the symbols, or what authorities should be to approving symbols.[9]

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In 1960, Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc. signaled the end of privity of contract and the need to prove negligence on the part of the manufacturer. This would mark the start of a major shift nationwide towards the concept strict liability.[22] The Restatement of Torts (Second) would be published in the mid-1960s and in time adopted by the majority of states. Section 402A introduced the concept of a strict liability that placed responsibility on manufacturers to ensure that users of products were aware of dangers posed by their products. In 1972, the Consumer Product Safety Act embowered the newly formed Consumer Product Safety Commission to implement safety standards for consumer products, which included requiring a product be marked or accompanied with adequate warnings and instructions, and the ability to mandate specific warning designs.[23]

By the late 1970s and through the 1980s, numerous lawsuits dealing with injuries and deaths resulting from accidents where it was found by courts that companies were responsible, in situations where provided warnings were insufficient. It was no longer enough to indicate a hazard existed. In addition to that, the severity of the hazard and consequences of being exposed to hazard needed to be clear.[23] Ultimately Z35.1 design was not up to this task.[23] Effective warning signs and labels came into the spotlight as the 1970s closed, with court cases like Gordon v. Niagara Machine & Tool Works. The court found that a warning placed only in a repair service manual was ineffective, as an operator would fail to see the warning. Further, it was reasonable for manufacturer to know that an operator was unlikely to see a warning in a service manual.[23]

By the early 1980s, courts were also ruling that companies couldn't defend themselves by stating they failed to realize a warning was inadequate. This meant that companies were now incentivized to implement the most through and robust warnings possible, as an inadequate warning could leave them open to liability.[24]

In the 1980 court case, American Optical Co. v. Weidenhamer, a factory worker suffered a serious eye injury after a piece of metal went through the safety glasses he was wearing. He had not been aware the glasses were not unbreakable, as a provided warning had been removed by another worker in charge of supplying the safety glasses to workers. The worker in charge of the safety glasses had seen the tag on the glasses for years, but failed to read it, or recognize its importance. The warning[k] was a 1 inch (25 mm) circular tag attached to the nosepiece of the glasses, with 1⁄32 inch (0.79 mm) letters.[25] The court determined that warnings needed to give an accurate perspective as to the type and risk posed by the hazard and be designed in a way that it will be easily seen by the product user.[23]

In Freund v. Cellofilm Properties, Inc., a worker was seriously burned while cleaning a paint mixer, when highly flammable nitrocellulose dust ignited. While containers the nitrocellulose was provided in contained a warning message, this warning was ultimately largely directed at individuals transporting the material, not workers handling it at a manufacturing plant, and contained limited directions on handling it.[26] The 1982 case, Blackwell Burner Co. V. Cerda, a highway worker was burned when a hose on a kerosene weed burner for heating asphalt, disconnected, spraying the worker with kerosene that ignited. The hose had been improperly repaired, which failed suddenly. While warnings were provided in a manual, the equipment itself contained no warnings about the hose separating or the risks that unauthorized repairs posed to a user.[27]

A New Jersey case, Campos v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., was reversed in 1984, in favor of a worker who had placed his hand inside a tire safety cage and was injured when the tire suddenly exploded. While a warning was provided in English to not place hands inside the tire cage, a symbol had not been provided. The worker was unable to read English.[21][23]

Moving away from Z35.1

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Companies and organizations began to migrate away from Z35.1 on their own, particularly for safety labels intended for consumer products, and industrial equipment.

A high voltage safety label, designed according to FMC Corp.'s 1980 standards.

Manufacturers FMC Corporation and Westinghouse Electric Corp. both devised their own manuals for designing safety labels for their products and equipment. FMC Corporation's Product Safety Sign and Label System included master artwork of symbols and label layouts, and detailed directions on various aspects of label design, far beyond anything provided in Z35.1.[28][29][30]

In reaction to the changing legal landscape, as well as incidents where children had been injured by unsecured Pad-mounted transformers, members of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association set out to design a new label to discourage children from playing near equipment and warn the public to notify the power company of unsecured equipment. While NEMA Standard 260, introduced in 1983 is known for memorable symbol, Mr. Ouch, the standard consisted of a label design that deviated heavily from Z35.1.[31][32] The new label design included a new header design, including the 'international alert symbol' on a single solid background. The message text went beyond just stating the hazard posed, including the possible injuries, how to avoid them, and what to do if the equipment wasn't secured. These additions helped impress the gravity of the hazard, and alerted the public of the importance of reporting unsecured equipment, and to who it should be reported.[32]

Despite Z535's introduction in 1991, Z35.1-1968 would persist in American industry and workplaces into the 2010s, due to OSHA's CFR 1910.145 and CFR 1926.200, which explicitly required use of signage that complied with Z35.1-1968.[14][15] OSHA would confirm this in Standard Interpretations letters in 1983 and 2011. In 1983, OSHA stated that alternate standards or designs, such as NEMA Standard 260, could only supplement and not replace Z35.1-1968 compliant signage when required by OSHA regulations.[33] In 2011, OSHA did state that if an employer was using a if a sign was not compliant with OSHA regulations, but was complaint with a newer, current consensus standard, that provided equal or greater protection to employees, it was still a violation, however it "may be considered de minimis and not be cited."[34][33] In 2013, OSHA updated CFR 1910.145, and § 1926.200 to allow use of either the older Z35.1-1968 standard or the then current ANSI Z535-2011, as well as including language that allowed usage of whatever the current ANSI standard was in the future, negating the need for further revisions when standard revisions were released.[35] The changes did not withdraw the Z35.1 designs, allowing a workplace to continue using the designs.[35]

Z35.2

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Z35.2 was a related standard titled Specifications for Accident Prevention Tags, that entered development in the mid 1960s, spun off from Z35. It was first published on 18 September 1968. The committee initially considered making the standard for both tags and labels, before ultimately deciding against inclusion of labels. The tags were specifically intended for temporary warnings of hazards, and not at as a replacement for Z35.1's accident prevention signs. Example of uses were during the lockout-tagout process of machinery for repair, marking defective or broken equipment awaiting removal for repair.[36] The standard laid out six standardized designs: Do Not Start, Danger, Caution, Out of Order, Radiation, Biological Hazard.[36] It was superseded in 1991 by ANSI Z535.5, American National Standard for Safety Tags and Barricade Tapes (for Temporary Hazards).[37]

  • Do Not Start
    Do Not Start
  • Danger
    Danger
  • Caution
    Caution
  • Out of Order
    Out of Order
  • Radiation
    Radiation
  • Biohazard
    Biohazard

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Standard for Safety Color Code for Marking Physical Hazards and Equipment. [1]
  2. ^ Now known as NFPA 101 - Life Safety Code
  3. ^ The title changed twice. This is the final name, used with the fourth, 1972 edition.
  4. ^ A supplemental document for 'informational signs' was published in 1973. It was not intended as a stand alone edition.
  5. ^ A common signal device at the time, similar to a modern road flare. It was a metal ball containing a liquid fuel source with burning wick on top, and was designed to be reused. They were replaced by electric warning lights and disposable roadway flares.
  6. ^ Accident Prevention Tags
  7. ^ Class I: Danger; Class II: Caution; Class III: General Safety; Class IV: Fire & Emergency; Class V: Radiation.
  8. ^ a b 1. Radiation trifoil; 2. Radio-frequency hazard symbol, 3. Slow Moving Vehicle symbol, 4. Fissile material symbol, 5. A laser symbol that was in development at the time.[9]
  9. ^ Suggested wordings in the 1941 edition included: "DANGER - NO SMOKING", "DANGER - MAN IN BOILER", "DANGER - HIGH VOLTAGE", "CAUTION - KEEP AISLES CLEAR", "CAUTION - GOGGLES MUST BE WORN WHEN OPERATING THIS MACHINE".
  10. ^ Active voice (Keep hands clear of blade) vs. passive voice (You must keep your hands clear of blade).
  11. ^ The warning text was "CAUTION - These Super Armorplate (R) lenses are impact resistant but are NOT unbreakable. Clean and inspect lenses frequently. Pitted or scratched lenses reduce vision and seriously reduces protection. Replace immediately. Meets ANSI Z87. 1-1968 363B."[25]

References

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  1. ^ ANSI. (1979). Safety Color Code for Marking Physical Hazards (Z35.1-1979). New York, New York: American National Standards Institute.
  2. ^ a b Peckham, Geoffrey (January 2017). "Safety Signs as Risk Communication: A Brief History of the ANSI Z535 Standards". Professional Safety. 62 (1). American Society of Safety Professionals: 26–27. JSTOR 48688765. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  3. ^ Hansen, Carl (1914). "Universal Safety Standards". Hathi Trust. New York, New York: Universal Safety Standards Publishing Company. pp. 38, 108–109. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t50g3r876. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  4. ^ a b Bulot, Mark (March 1941). "Standard Safety Signs To Help Prevent Injury". Industrial Standardization and Commercial Standards Monthly. 12 (3). New York, NY: American Standards Association: 60–63.
  5. ^ "Safety Engineering". Hathi Trust. Albany, NY. September 1914. pp. 226–231. hdl:2027/mdp.39015074952469. Retrieved 12 July 2023. Mine Signboards
  6. ^ Wills, Christian (February 2021). "Go-Withs: Stonehouse Signs" (PDF). hemingray.info. Drip Points Magazine. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e f ASA. (January 10, 1941). Specifications for Industrial Accident Prevention Signs (Z35.1-1941). New York, New York: American Standards Association.
  8. ^ a b c USAS. (September 18, 1968). Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs (Z35.1-1968). New York, New York: United States of American Standards Institute.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h ANSI. (November 16, 1972). Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs (Z35.1-1972). New York, New York: American National Standards Institute.
  10. ^ a b ANSI. (April 9, 1973). Specifications for Informational Signs Complementary to ANSI Z35.1-1972, Accident Prevention Signs (Z35.4-1973). New York, New York: American National Standards Institute.
  11. ^ ASA. (1959). Industrial Accident Prevention Signs (Z35.1-1959). New York, New York: American Standards Association.
  12. ^ Arnell, Alvin (1963). Standard Graphical Symbols. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. pp. 508–509. LCCN 63-18702.
  13. ^ Baldwin, CL; Runkle, RS (Oct 13, 1967). "Biohazards symbol: development of a biological hazards warning signal" (PDF). Science. 158 (3798): 264–5. Bibcode:1967Sci...158..264B. doi:10.1126/science.158.3798.264. PMID 6053882. S2CID 38466300. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 24, 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
  14. ^ a b 29 CFR 1910.145 - Specifications for accident prevention signs and tags. (1974). (Scan of the Federal Register Vol 39 No 125 - 1974 - Pages 215-217.)
  15. ^ a b c 29 CFR Part 1926.200 - Accident prevention signs and tags. (1979). (Scan of the Federal Register Vol. 44, No. 29 - February 9 1979 - Pages 37-39.)
  16. ^ ANSI. (June 1991). American National Standard for Environment and Facility Safety Signs (Z535.2-1991). Washington, DC: National Electrical Manufacturers Association.
  17. ^ ANSI. (28 April 1998). American National Standard for Product Safety Signs and Labels (Z535.4-1998). Rosslyn, Virginia: National Electrical Manufacturers Association.
  18. ^ U.S. Department of Commerce (2004). "U.S. International Trade In Goods & Services - Balance of Payments (BOP) Basis, 1960-2004". export.gov. Archived from the original on 19 July 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  19. ^ "FREE TRADE ENDORSED BY REAGAN". New York Times. 26 September 1984. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  20. ^ Farnsworth, Clyde (3 January 1988). "Reagan and Mulroney Sign Pact To Cut U.S.-Canada Trade Curbs". New York Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  21. ^ a b Campos v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., 485 A. 2d 305 - NJ: Supreme Court 1984
  22. ^ Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc., 161 A. 2d 69 - NJ: Supreme Court 1960
  23. ^ a b c d e f Ryan, Joseph P. (1990). "12 - Legal Aspects of Warning Labels". Design of Warning Labels and Instructions. New York, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 187–196. ISBN 0442319533.
  24. ^ Ursic, Michael (1985). "Product Safety Warnings: A Legal Review". Journal of Public Policy & Marketing. 4: 80–90. doi:10.1177/074391568500400107. JSTOR 30000076. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  25. ^ a b American Optical Co. v. Weidenhamer, 404 N.E.2d 606 (Ind. Ct. App. 1980)
  26. ^ Freund v. Cellofilm Properties, Inc., 432 A. 2d 925 - NJ: Supreme Court 1981
  27. ^ Blackwell Burner Co., Inc. v. Cerda, 644 SW 2d 512 - Tex: Court of Appeals, 4th Dist. 1982
  28. ^ Robinson, Patricia (2009). Writing and Designing Manuals and Warnings (4th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781420069846.
  29. ^ Product Safety Sign and Label System (3rd ed.). Santa Clara, CA: FMC Corporation. 1980.
  30. ^ Product Safety Label Handbook. Pittsburgh, PA: Westinghouse Electric Corp. 1981.
  31. ^ National Electrical Manufacturers Association. "Safety Labels for Pad-Mounted Switchgear and Transformers Sited in Public Areas (260-1996 - Revision 2019)". www.nema.org. Vosslyn, Virginia: National Electrical Manufacturers Association. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
  32. ^ a b Ross, Kenneth (October 1983). "The Story of 'MR OUCH' - Creation of a warning label". Product Liability International: 152–154.
  33. ^ a b Hillenbrand, Bruce (10 June 1983). "NEMA's "Mr. Ouch" labeling system cannot be used in place of signs required by OSHA". osha.gov. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  34. ^ Galassi, Thomas (22 February 2011). "ANSI standards regarding accident prevention signs and physical hazard marking". osha.gov. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Archived from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  35. ^ a b 78 FR § 35585. 13 June 2013. - Updating OSHA Standards Based on National Consensus Standards; Signage. (Archived.)
  36. ^ a b USAS. (September 18, 1968). Specifications for Accident Prevention Tags (Z35.2-1968). New York, New York: United States of American Standards Institute.
  37. ^ ANSI. (1991). American National Standard for Safety Tags and Barricade Tapes (for Temporary Hazards) (Z535.5-1991). Washington, DC: National Electrical Manufacturers Association.
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