2025 Singaporean general election
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General Elections are due to be held in Singapore no later than 23 November 2025 to elect the members of the 15th Singaporean Parliament. The elections will be the 19th in Singapore since the first general election in 1948 and the 14th since its independence.
For the first time since the 2006 general election, Lee Hsien Loong will not lead the governing People's Action Party (PAP), as Lawrence Wong succeeded him as Prime Minister on 15 May 2024,[1] and as secretary-general of the PAP on 4 December that year.[2] The PAP has won at least two-thirds of the seats in every election since independence.
Background
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The People's Action Party won a majority of seats in the 2020 general election in what was its toughest contest since independence, although it still won all but three electoral divisions (two GRCs and one SMC). It retained West Coast GRC in a fight against the Progress Singapore Party, though with the narrowest margin of victory among all electoral divisions;[3] the top scoring GRC was the neighbouring Jurong GRC won by the party.[4] The Workers' Party won the new Sengkang GRC and retained Aljunied GRC and Hougang SMC. Minister in the Prime Minister's Office and Secretary-General of the NTUC Ng Chee Meng, who had led the Sengkang PAP team, was considered the highest profile political casualty of the election.[5]
Electoral system
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Under Article 65(4) of the Singaporean Constitution, a parliamentary term lasts a maximum of five years from its first sitting before its automatic dissolution by law. However, the Prime Minister, with a vote of confidence from a majority of sitting Members of Parliament (MPs), can advise the President for early dissolution at any time during the five-year term. [6] A general election must be held within three months of dissolution.[7]
Electoral Divisions (also referred to as seats in Parliament) are organised into Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) and Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs). Each SMC returns one MP using the first past the post voting system, while each GRC returns four or five MPs by party block voting. At least one candidate in the GRC must be from the Malay, Indian or other minority communities. A group of candidates intending to contest an election in a GRC must all be members of the same political party, or a group of independent candidates. The voting age in Singapore is 21 years. Elections are conducted by the Elections Department (ELD), a department under the Prime Minister's Office.[8]
The returning officer for this election is Han Kok Juan, the Director-General of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS). This will be his first election as Returning Officer, taking over from Tan Meng Dui who had served in this role in the previous general election.[9]
In a statement from the Elections Department Singapore on 15 October 2024, special arrangements at nursing homes, which was first implemented in the 2023 presidential election, will be discontinued citing logistical constraints and mixed reception itself.[10][11]
Election dates
[edit]There has been speculation on when the next general election will be held, with the most likely being some time between March and July or September and October 2025, with January and February ruled out as the last time an election took place in January was in 1997. The election is also expected to not clash with the G20 Summit that will be held on 22–23 November 2025 in South Africa, which would be close to the latest allowed date for the election.[12] Though unconfirmed, the 46th ASEAN Summit is expected to be held in April or May and the 47th ASEAN Summit, along with APEC in November[13] — in the event that the General Election does clash with any of the international events mentioned, Prime Minister Lawrence Wong is expected to be represented by a senior cabinet official, as was the case in May 2011.[14]
By comparison, Goh Chok Tong's first general election in August 1991 occurred nine months after Goh assumed office in November 1990, and his parliament lasted for three years; his predecessor Lee Hsien Loong's first general election in May 2006 occurred two years after Lee assumed office in August 2004, and its parliament lasted for four years.[15]
Political parties
[edit]The table below lists political parties elected or nominated in Parliament after the 2020 parliamentary election:[16][17]
Name | Leader | Idealogy | Votes (%) | Seats | Status | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Last election | At present | ||||||
People's Action Party (PAP) | Lawrence Wong | Conservatism Civic nationalism |
61.23% | 83 / 93
|
79 / 93
|
Governing party | |
Workers' Party (WP) | Pritam Singh | Social democracy Progressivism |
11.22% | 10 / 93
|
8 / 93
|
Largest opposition | |
Progress Singapore Party (PSP) | Tan Cheng Bock | Social liberalism Progressivism |
10.18% | 0 / 93
|
0 / 93
|
Opposition (with 2 NCMPs) |
Pre-election composition
[edit]![]() | ||
---|---|---|
Party | Seats | |
People's Action Party | 83 | |
Workers' Party | 10 | |
Progress Singapore Party | 2 | |
Total | 95 | |
Source: Singapore Elections |
Under Singapore's constitution, the opposition will be guaranteed a set number of parliamentary seats which may consist of elected members of parliament (MP) from the opposition team and unsuccessful candidates in this election from the best-performing losing opposition party or parties, collectively known as Non-constituency Member of Parliament. The latest revision of the constitution was set on 27 January 2016, with a 12-seat minimum. The opposition consist of 10 elected seats all by the Workers' Party, and the remaining two seats were from the Progress Singapore Party.[18][19][20]
Electoral boundaries and voter rolls
[edit]In a statement by the Elections Department, the register will be refreshed in 2025. A person must be aged 21 and above (born before 1 March 2004), as of 1 March 2025 to be able to vote. This is as similar to every election whereby it requires 2 months to close the data registry before the election.[21] The latest certification for the Register of Electors was released on 21 July, announcing an electorate of 2,715,187.[22] A precursor to the general election, the Electoral Boundaries Review Committee was convened on 22 January 2025. Upon completion of the review, the committee would release a report detailing changes to the electoral map.[23]
The voter rolls would be opened for public inspection from 15 February to 28 February with updates expected to be completed by 1 April.[23][24]
Other constitutional changes
[edit]Amendments made by the Elections Department with Ministry of Home Affairs and Ministry of Digital Development and Information, announced that foreign family members and permanent residents will not need written authorisation signed by a candidate, or his or her election agent, to participate in election activities, though direct involvement on politics, such as canvassing, are still prohibited,[25] including any minors under the age of 16.[26]
Pre-election activities
[edit]Vacated seats
[edit]With a total of six seats vacated during the term (excluding the two Nominated Members of Parliament's resignations on 14 February 2025[27]), this parliament term had the largest vacation of seats post-independence since the inaugural parliament back in 1965, where a combined 14 seats were vacated (13 Barisan Sosialis and Ong Eng Guan of United People's Party).
Affiliation | Members with Voting Rights | |||||
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Elected | Non-Constituency | As at 2020 | At Present | Change | ||
PAP | 83 | - | 83 | 79 | ![]() | |
WP | 10 | - | 10 | 8 | ![]() | |
PSP | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | - | |
Government majority | 71 | 69 | ![]() | |||
Vacancies | 0 | 6 | ![]() |
List of vacated seats
[edit]Affiliation | Member | Constituency | Date of Resignation | Reason | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
WP | Raeesah Khan | Sengkang GRC | 30 November 2021 | Made unsubstantiated allegations in Parliament on three occasions | |
PAP | Tharman Shanmugaratnam | Jurong GRC | 7 July 2023 | Contested the 2023 Singaporean presidential election | |
PAP | Cheng Li Hui | Tampines GRC | 17 July 2023 | Involved in extramarital affair | |
PAP | Tan Chuan-Jin | Marine Parade GRC | |||
WP | Leon Perera | Aljunied GRC | 19 July 2023 | ||
PAP | S. Iswaran | West Coast GRC | 18 January 2024 | Prosecuted on multiple charges including corruption, later jailed |
People's Action Party
[edit]Leadership succession
[edit]After the 2020 general election, the governing People's Action Party (PAP) appointed Heng Swee Keat as First Assistant Secretary-General, and next in line to succeed Lee Hsien Loong as Prime Minister during their Central Executive Committee (CEC) election, subject to the party winning a majority of seats in the next general election.[28] Four new members, including three serving ministers and Ng Chee Meng, were also co-opted into the CEC.[29]
In April 2021, Heng subsequently withdrew from and ruled himself out as the potential next prime minister, citing age and health concerns, though analysts also attributed the withdrawal to Heng's worse-than-expected result in East Coast GRC during the previous general election.[30][31]
On 14 April 2022, Lawrence Wong was endorsed by an overwhelming majority of PAP MPs as the leader of the fourth generation (4G) of PAP leadership, placing him in line to succeed Lee as prime minister if the party wins a majority of seats in the next general election.[32] On 13 June 2022, Lawrence Wong was appointed Deputy Prime Minister. This move further cemented his standing as the successor to Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. It was announced on 5 November 2023 that Lee would hand over the office to Wong in 2024 before the party's 70th anniversary.[33][34] The date was confirmed as 15 May 2024 in an announcement on 15 April 2024; Lee stepped down his post and passed his premier to Wong on that day.[35] The new cabinet was also announced, with Gan Kim Yong promoted as the next-in-line Deputy Prime Minister and Lee conferred as a Senior Minister,[36] though changes to the cabinet were minor until the next election.[37] Senior Minister Lee relinquished his Secretary-General post (but remained in the party's Central Executive Committee (CEC)) to Wong for the party's 38th CEC[38] in their recent biennial conference on 24 November 2024, three days after PAP turned 70.[39][40] Notably, recently-appointed DPM Gan was among the 17 outgoing members in the CEC, who earlier handed his party chairman to Heng in 2022, while Chee Hong Tat was co-opted into CEC for the first time.[41] On 4 December 2024, Wong was elected as the Secretary-General of People's Action Party.[42]
In a statement by Prime Minister Lawrence Wong during the Women's Wing conference on 1 September 2024, following a record high number of female MP-elects in the previous election, he sought to further promote women representation in parliament.[43] Candidates are progressively announced before the parliament term expires, which include the successors for the three (out of four) vacated seats,[44] three new members in the opposition-held constituencies,[45] and at least one candidate in a potential swing constituency.[46]
On 7 July 2023, Tharman Shanmugaratnam resigned from all his positions in the government and as a member of the PAP in order to run for the 2023 presidential election,[47] in which he would later go on to win.[48]
Corruption investigation
[edit]On 12 July 2023, S. Iswaran was summoned to assist in an unspecified corruption investigation by the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB). Upon being briefed on the investigation by the CPIB, Prime Minister Lee instructed Iswaran to go on a leave of absence with immediate effect until investigations ended, and subsequently suspending his duties as an MP; Chee Hong Tat was appointed as Acting Minister for Transport.[49] On 15 July 2023, it was revealed that Iswaran had been arrested pursuant to the investigation and was released on bail on 11 July 2023.[50] The investigation had also expanded to include billionaire businessman Ong Beng Seng, who was arrested at the same time.[51][52][53]
CPIB's investigations were concluded on 9 January 2024 and was handed over to the Attorney-General's Chambers (AGC) for prosecution, according to a parliamentary reply given by Minister-in-charge of Public Service Chan Chun Sing.[54] A week later, Iswaran resigned from the Cabinet and as the MP of West Coast GRC and member of the People's Action Party (PAP), following the charges against him by the AGC.[55] In a follow-up letter the next day, he pledged to return the salary that he had received since the beginning of the CPIB investigation in July 2023 back to the government.[55] The following day, State Courts of Singapore revealed that Iswaran had been charged of 27 offences, including charges of corruption and obstruction of justice,[56][57] becoming the first cabinet minister since Teh Cheang Wan in 1986 to be charged for corruption; the charges against Iswaran, who pleaded not guilty, thus attracted several international news outlets to report on the case.[58][59][60][61] Consequently, Chee succeeded Iswaran as Minister for Transport, while Grace Fu succeeded him as Minister-in-charge for Trade Relations.[62] Iswaran was eventually pleaded guilty for five charges (out of the 35 known so far) on 24 September and was sentenced to a 12-month jail term on 3 October.[63][64][a]
Extramarital affair in PAP
[edit]On 17 July 2023, both Cheng Li Hui and Speaker Tan Chuan-Jin simultaneously resigned from Parliament and as members of the PAP due to "propriety and personal conduct", for having an extramarital affair between themselves, with Tan being already married and with a family.[66] Prime Minister Lee, in response to their resignation letters, said in a statement that their resignations were "necessary" to "maintain the high standards of propriety and personal conduct which the PAP has upheld all these years." On 2 August 2023, Seah Kian Peng succeeded Tan as Speaker of Parliament.[67][68]
Workers' Party
[edit]Party changes and departure of Low
[edit]After the 2020 general election, the Workers' Party (WP) elected the four newly elected MPs in Sengkang GRC into the Central Executive Committee (CEC).[69] Secretary-General Pritam Singh and Chairperson Sylvia Lim were re-elected to their posts unopposed.[70] As of the recent CEC change on 30 June 2024, former secretary-general Low Thia Khiang remains listed as a party's CEC member, so were the re-elections of secretary-general Singh and chairwoman Lim; among the new members were Ang Boon Yaw, Nathaniel Koh and Tan Kong Soon, while former Hougang SMC MP Png Eng Huat stepped down in 2022,[71] and former MP of the defunct Punggol East SMC Lee Li Lian was reinstated into CEC on 30 June 2024 after a three-year absence;[72] Lee was working as a town councilor to Sengkang Town Council at the time of announcement.[73] While the trial for Aljunied-Hougang Town Council was still underway since 2013, both Aljunied-Hougang and Sengkang Town Councils had outperformed better (along with 15 other town councils) in its management areas over the years, as it was last reviewed in 27 June 2024.[74][75] Observers predicted that an estimated 30 candidates will be contested mostly in the eastern areas of Singapore,[76][77] including the possibility of contesting Pasir Ris-Punggol and Tampines GRCs (both of which had divisions previously part of the defunct Cheng San and Eunos GRCs, in which the party were narrowly defeated in the 90s), and in the central regions such as Jalan Besar GRC, which the party last did in 2015.[78]
Former secretary-general Low, who stood down in the previous election following an injury, initially adamant that he would continue to be involved from politics, although he personally feels that it would be a "back step" were he to nominate himself for candidacy,[79][80] but on 7 December 2024, Low confirmed his political retirement via Instagram, quashing another speculation on whether Low would make a comeback after an election hiatus.[81][82] On November 18, 2024, WP engaged several commercial parties to help in candidate screening and personality reviews for the upcoming election[83] in efforts to best represent Singapore.[84][85]
Unsubstantiated allegations
[edit]On 30 November 2021, Raeesah Khan admitted to making unsubstantiated allegations in Parliament on three occasions.[86][87][88] Upon interviewed by the Parliament's Committee of Privileges on Ms. Raeesah Khan, Parliament referred Party Leaders Pritam Singh and Faisal Manap to the public prosecutor for potentially lying to mislead Parliament. Manap has since been advised by the police "to familiarise himself with the conduct expected of Members of Parliament". Singh has since been charged for lying to Parliament by the public prosecutor.[89][90] The party had also expelled a former CEC and NCMP Daniel Goh in June 2023 over his Facebook posts questioning Khan's resignation and criticising the party leadership for "allowing the transgression to persist".[91][92]
On 8 November 2024, Singh's trial concluded and was eventually pleaded guilty for two counts for falsified parliamentary committee under the Parliament (Privileges, Immunities and Powers) Act;[93] his verdict was determined on a court hearing on 17 February 2025,[94][95] in which he was given a maximum S$7,000 fine for both counts and has since lodged an appeal;[96] however, he was not issued an election ban as these sentences are separately counted.[97][98][99][b]
Extramarital affair in WP
[edit]On 19 July 2023, a viral video showing an extramarital affair between Leon Perera and president of the party's youth wing, Nicole Seah, surfaced online. Both members subsequently resigned from the party afterwards.[103][104] While Perera was seen working with the Progress Singapore Party sometime in January 2025,[105] he had since resided in New York City, implying that he would likely not contest in the election; the PSP subsequently also confirmed that Perera did not join the party.[106]
Progress Singapore Party
[edit]After the 2020 general election, Assistant Secretary-General Leong Mun Wai and Vice-Chairwoman Hazel Poa were appointed Non-Constituency Members of Parliament by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.[107] A policy research team, youth, and women wings were also created as part of the reorganisation of the party.[108] As of 2024, PSP's founder Tan Cheng Bock revealed he had not retired from politics, and continued his walkabout and rallying at West Coast GRC, the ward where it was their best-performing constituency for the party; however, neither Tan nor the team revealed further details at the time until the election date draws close.[109] Certain observers predicted that an unspecified number of PSP candidates will contest in most of western Singapore.[110]
The role for the party's Secretary-General had since taken over by Hazel Poa as of 20 February 2024,[111] quashing speculation of a rift within the party that Tan had been pressured by party cadres to step down in order to make way for a younger candidate, after Tan Cheng Bock relinquished the role on 3 April 2021 to Francis Yuen;[112] Yuen left the role on 26 March 2023 citing work commitments.[113] NCMP Leong Mun Wai then held the role from 4 April until 20 February 2024, following complications over the Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act (POFMA)[114] for a post about financial aid to an elderly couple living at West Coast.[115] Leong was succeeded by Poa, the incumbent Secretary-General.
On February 8, 2025, chairman Tan reaffirmed his party's position on multi-racialism in light of accusations against by Leong made by minister K Shanmugam during a parliament session, following the publishing of Leong's "Multi-racialism, National issues and Mature politics" Facebook post three days prior.[116]
On 13 May 2024, Assistant Secretary-General Ang Yong Guan, who was also a medical practitioner in his namesake Ang Yong Guan Psychiatry, was found guilty of three counts of professional misconduct for departing from guidelines in prescribing various medications to a patient, leading to the patient's death in 2012. The PSP did not take any immediate disciplinary action on Ang, but respected the court's decision.[117] It was later confirmed on 5 February 2025 that Ang would not stand in the election.[118][119]
Minor and extraparliamentary parties
[edit]Singapore Democratic Party
[edit]The Singapore Democratic Party had made preparations ahead of the election, and began their walkabout and campaigning around August 2023.[120] They also have announced on contesting Sembawang GRC for the first time since the 2011 election.[121][122] The party also relocated their headquarters to WGECA Tower on 11 November 2023.[123]
Reform Party
[edit]Reform Party Secretary-General Kenneth Jeyaretnam removed Chairman Andy Zhu from his position of the RP's Central Executive Committee (CEC), and replaced him with Charles Yeo, alongside treasurer Noraini Yunus. The party accused Zhu and his associates, for improper procedures in the handling of the party's bank account.[124] Zhu subsequently formed its splinter party, Singapore United Party, with several former members of RP.[125] Osman Suliaman was among the members who resigned, but joined the Singapore People's Party instead.[126]
Yeo relinquished his position on 15 January 2022 over arrests relating to alleged offences of criminal breach of trust and forgery in the course of his works.[127] While Yeo posted bail in July 2022 and was granted permission to leave Singapore to visit Vietnam for a hearing, instead of returning to Singapore, Yeo sought asylum in the United Kingdom,[128] leading Singapore to send a request to the UK in October 2023. Yeo was arrested by the authorities on 4 November 2024.[129]
Smaller alliances
[edit]Two parliamentary groups of four existing or new parties were formed within four months in 2023, making it the first addition of a political umbrella since Singapore Democratic Alliance in 2001. In June 2023, Peoples Voice's chief Lim Tean founded the People's Alliance for Reform, along with the Reform Party, People's Power Party and Democratic Progressive Party.[130] In January 2025, the People's Alliance for Reform announced its intention to contest in both Tanjong Pagar GRC and Radin Mas SMC.[131]
Four months later in October 2023, another group, the Coalition, was formed by the National Solidarity Party, Red Dot United, Singapore People's Party and Singapore United Party.[132][133]
Timeline
[edit]Date | Event |
---|---|
20 May 2024 | Revision of the Registers of Electors announced[134][135] |
21 July 2024 | Certification of the Registers of Electors[136][137] |
22 January 2025 | Convocation of the Electoral Boundaries Review Committee (EBRC); re-revision of the Registers of Electors announced[138][139] |
Political issues
[edit]Battleground states
[edit]Three Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) have been identified by Channel NewsAsia (CNA) as this year's election "hotspots":
- Sengkang GRC: the constituency was first won by WP in 2020. Residents in Sengkang are primarily focused on the cost of living, employment, and housing. While estate cleanliness and maintenance were noted as concerns and possible areas for improvement, these constituency-related issues were seen as secondary to broader national issues.[140]
- East Coast GRC: the constituency saw PAP's narrow victory with 53.41% of the vote, and it was also WP's best-performing GRC loss since 2006. Like Sengkang, the rising cost of living remains a major concern for residents in the East Coast. Additionally, with nearly one-third of the constituency’s population being elderly, residents emphasized the need for better support for seniors. While public housing facilities were generally well-received, ageing infrastructure in mature estates remains a challenge. Meanwhile, private estate owners are seeking greater transparency on lease renewals, with some leases set to expire in the coming years.[141]
- West Coast GRC: the constituency where PAP won by its narrowest winning margin of 3.36% against the PSP team in the last election.
Notes
[edit]- ^ Iswaran has since placed on house arrest on 8 February 2025.[65]
- ^ Under current Constitution and statement from Elections Department, any individual with a fine of at least S$10,000 (US$7,400) or at least a year of imprisonment in at least one separate count of offense carries a five-year election ban and the loss of the elected seat, unless being pardoned with an amnesty from the President. The last MP to receive this ban was the party's previous secretary-general J. B. Jeyaretnam, who also found guilty for the felonies (one of his sentences was fined S$2,000 or more (at the time of his sentence) and was jailed for three months) on 10 December 1986 which led to the vacation of now-defunct Anson SMC seat which he held for five years from 1981.[100][101][102]
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