1974 Ethiopian Muslim protests
| 1974 Ethiopian Muslim protests | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Opposition to Haile Selassie | |||
 Ethiopian Muslims rally held in 1974 | |||
| Date | 20 April 1974 | ||
| Location | |||
| Caused by |
| ||
| Goals | Reforms, demands for equal opportunity | ||
| Methods | Civil resistance, demonstrations, protest marches, picketing | ||
| Resulted in | Muslim leaders hold meeting with Prime minister Endelkachew Makonnen
| ||
| Parties | |||
| |||
| Lead figures | |||
Ahmed Kellow | |||
The 1974 Ethiopian Muslim protests, was a protest against the Haile Selassie regime that occurred on Saturday, April 20, 1974.[1][2][3] Protestors denounced the government for marginalizing the Muslim community and called for reforms.[4][5] It was the largest protest ever held at the time since the countries formation, an estimated 100,000 people participated including some Christians who showed solidarity.[6]
Background
[edit]The Muslim populace in Ethiopia endured inequality; politically, socially and economically. Historical Muslim leaders who governed Ethiopia for more than a decade such as Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi were disparaged, and Muslim status in the country was portrayed as foreign rather than indigenous by the high society.
Historian Ahmed Jemal, relates a common Amharic saying directed towards Muslims included:[7]
The abode of the bird is on the tree (Warka);
The homeland of a Muslim is Mecca. (Saudi Arabia)
Political analyst Stephen R. Goodwin states that since the foundation of Ethiopia by Menelik II, Muslim Ethiopians had been considered inferior to their Christian counterparts in the country, and their status was akin to that of the Calipahte's treatment of non Muslims under the Dhimmi system. They had only received brief respite during the reign of Iyasu V and later through the Italians who occupied Ethiopia from 1936 to 1941. The Haile Selassie regime however upon returning to power revoked these rights granted by Italy leading to discontent.[8]
Protests
[edit]
In April 1974, the rally was spearheaded by the Muslim committee leaders which included Dr. Ahmed Kellow, and Ababiya Abajobir among others.[9] Protestors had several demands from the Haile Selassie regime which involved insistence on equal rights with Christians, and promotion of the three Muslim religious celebrations; Eid al-Adha, Eid al-Fitr and Mawlid as statutory holidays.[10] A list of grievances that should be addressed were lodged at the state.[11]
According to historian Temesgen Baye, one of the placards at the rally read:
Equality is the basis of unity!
We cannot afford to remain second class citizens!
We demand for equal participation in administration!
Out of 14 Enderasies, none of them is a Muslim!
Out of 20 ministers only two are Muslims! No Muslim is a General!
Our demand is equality, not superiority!
The constitution discriminates against the majority of the population! Ethiopia is not only a Christian island!
We are too Ethiopians! Declare Secular state!
Liberty, equality and fraternity!
Men are born free and equal rights!
Prime minister of Ethiopia at the time Endelkachew Makonnen would respond positively to the protestors and arranged a meeting with Muslim leaders however it didn't bear much success aside from a symbolic gesture from the state.[12]
Aftermath
[edit]The rally held in 1974 by Ethiopian Muslims was one of the key events that led to the eventual overthrow of emperor Haile Selassie, and the incoming transitional government led by the Derg would go onto grant some of the rights requested by the Muslim community.[13][14][15]
References
[edit]- ^ Tiquet, Margaret (April 1987). "Ethiopia: 'Destroy the Muslims'". Index on Censorship. 16 (4). Sage: 33–34. doi:10.1177/030642208701600415.
- ^ Ahmed, Hussein (2006). "Coexistence and/or Confrontation?: Towards a Reappraisal of Christian-Muslim Encounter in Contemporary Ethiopia". Journal of Religion in Africa. 36 (1). Brill: 10. doi:10.1163/157006606775569622. JSTOR 27594361.
- ^ Revolution of 1974. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
- ^ Tronvoll, Kjetil (9 December 2011). Contested Power in Ethiopia Traditional Authorities and Multi-party Elections. Brill. p. 181. ISBN 978-90-04-21843-7.
- ^ Wiebel, Jacob (2017). "The Ethiopian Red Terror". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. Oxford Research Encyclopedias. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.188. ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4.
- ^ Tiruneh, Andargachew (8 April 1993). The Ethiopian Revolution 1974-1987 A Transformation from an Aristocratic to a Totalitarian Autocracy. Cambridge University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-521-43082-1.
- ^ Jemal, Ahmed (2023). "Aliens within homeland: Ethiopian Muslims and their request for "Ethiopianness"". African Identities. Taylor & Francis: 1–20. doi:10.1080/14725843.2023.2261640.
- ^ Goodwin, Stephen (3 November 2011). World Christianity in Muslim Encounter Essays in Memory of David A. Kerr Volume 2. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4411-8722-2.
- ^ The 1974 Ethiopian Muslim Rally. Badr newsletter. 2003. p. 3.
- ^ Loimeier, Roman (8 September 2016). Islamic Reform in Twentieth-Century Africa. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-1491-3.
- ^ Prunier, Gérard (15 September 2015). Understanding Contemporary Ethiopia Monarchy, Revolution and the Legacy of Meles Zenawi. Hurst. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-84904-618-3.
- ^ Baye, Temesgen (2018). "Muslims in Ethiopia: History and identity". African Studies. 77 (3). Taylor & Francis: 412–427. doi:10.1080/00020184.2018.1475634.
- ^ Ali, Mohammed. THE ETHIOPIAN REVOLUTION: PERCEIVED AND ACTUAL MAKING FACTORS VIS-À-VIS THE FRAMING PROCESS. DergiPark. pp. 314–315.
- ^ Ficquet, Éloi. The civil rights movement of Ethiopian Muslims in 2012. Routledge.
- ^ Epple, Susanne (31 July 2020). Legal Pluralism in Ethiopia Actors, Challenges and Solutions. transcript Verlag. p. 143. ISBN 978-3-8394-5021-5.