Iron nanoparticle
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Nanoscale iron particles are sub-micrometer particles of iron metal.[1] Due to their high catalytic activity, low toxicity, and strong adsorption capacity, iron-based nanoparticles are widely utilized in drug delivery, magnetic targeting, gene therapy, and environmental remediation.[2]
Synthesis
[edit]Iron nanoparticles can be synthesized using two primary approaches: top-down and bottom-up methods.[3]
Top-down approaches create nanoparticles by breaking down larger bulk materials into smaller particles, including laser ablation and mechanical grinding.[2]
Bottom-up approaches involve the chemical and biological synthesis of iron nanoparticles from metal precursors (e.g., Fe(II) and Fe(III))[2]. This method is widely regarded as the most effective and commonly used strategy for nanoparticle preparation.[3] For example, iron nanoparticles can be chemically prepared by reducing Fe(II) or Fe(III) salts with sodium borohydride in an aqueous medium. This process can be described by the following equations:[4][5]
4Fe3+ + 3BH4- + 9H2O → 4Fe0↓ + 12H+ + 6H2 + 3H2BO- (1)
4Fe2+ + 3BH4- + 9H2O → 4Fe0↓ + 8H+ + 8H2 + 3H2BO- (2)
Reactivity
[edit]Iron nanoparticles are prone to oxidation when exposed to air and water.[2] This redox process can occur under both acidic and neutral/basic conditions:[6]
- 2Fe0 + 4H+ + O2 → 2Fe2+ + 2H2O (3)
- Fe0 + 2H2O → Fe2+ + H2 + 2OH− (4)
Application in Environmental Remediation
[edit]Research has shown that nanoscale iron particles can be effectively used to treat several forms of ground contamination, including grounds contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated organic solvents, and organochlorine pesticides. Nanoscale iron particles are easily transportable through ground water, allowing for in situ treatment. Additionally, the nanoparticle-water slurry can be injected into the contaminated area and stay there for long periods of time.[7] These factors combine to make this method cheaper than the most currently used alternative.
Researchers have found that although metallic iron nanoparticles remediate contaminants well, they tend to agglomerate on the soil surfaces. In response, carbon nanoparticles and water-soluble polyelectrolytes have been used as supports for the metallic iron nanoparticles. The hydrophobic contaminants adsorb to these supports, improving permeability in sand and soil.[7]
In field tests have generally confirmed lab findings. However, research is still ongoing and nanoscale iron particles are not yet commonly used for treating ground contamination.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Huber, Dale L. (May 2005). "Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Iron Nanoparticles". Small. 1 (5): 482–501. doi:10.1002/smll.200500006. ISSN 1613-6810. PMID 17193474.
- ^ a b c d Xu, Weihua; Yang, Ting; Liu, Shaobo; Du, Li; Chen, Qiang; Li, Xin; Dong, Jie; Zhang, Zhuang; Lu, Sihui; Gong, Youzi; Zhou, Liang; Liu, Yunguo; Tan, Xiaofei (2022-01-01). "Insights into the Synthesis, types and application of iron Nanoparticles: The overlooked significance of environmental effects". Environment International. 158: 106980. Bibcode:2022EnInt.15806980X. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106980. ISSN 0160-4120.
- ^ a b Saif, Sadia; Tahir, Arifa; Chen, Yongsheng (November 2016). "Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles and Their Environmental Applications and Implications". Nanomaterials. 6 (11): 209. doi:10.3390/nano6110209. ISSN 2079-4991. PMC 5245755. PMID 28335338.
- ^ Wang, Chuan-Bao; Zhang, Wei-xian (1997-07-01). "Synthesizing Nanoscale Iron Particles for Rapid and Complete Dechlorination of TCE and PCBs". Environmental Science & Technology. 31 (7): 2154–2156. Bibcode:1997EnST...31.2154W. doi:10.1021/es970039c. ISSN 0013-936X.
- ^ Ponder, Sherman M.; Darab, John G.; Mallouk, Thomas E. (2000-06-01). "Remediation of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) Aqueous Solutions Using Supported, Nanoscale Zero-valent Iron". Environmental Science & Technology. 34 (12): 2564–2569. Bibcode:2000EnST...34.2564P. doi:10.1021/es9911420. ISSN 0013-936X.
- ^ Dickinson, Michelle; Scott, Thomas B. (2010-06-15). "The application of zero-valent iron nanoparticles for the remediation of a uranium-contaminated waste effluent". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 178 (1): 171–179. Bibcode:2010JHzM..178..171D. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.060. ISSN 0304-3894. PMID 20129731.
- ^ a b Zhang, Wei-xian (2003). "Nanoscale iron particles for environmental remediation: an overview". Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 5 (3/4): 323–332. Bibcode:2003JNR.....5..323Z. doi:10.1023/A:1025520116015.
External links
[edit]- National Nanotechnology Initiative
- Nanotechnology methods to clean up water pollution
- Largescale production and applications of zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI)
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