Wadi al-Hasa

Wadi al-Hasa (Arabic: وادي الحسا), known from the Hebrew Bible as the valley and brook of Zered (Hebrew: זרד), is a wadi in western Jordan.^[1] It is located between the Karak and Tafilah governorates.

Geography

The wadi is very wide and long and flows into the Dead Sea at Al-Safi.^[2] Its length is approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi), and it contains many historical and modern facilities and farms. At no time during the year does the water stop flowing. There are many springs and other sources that feed it, particularly in the section flowing through the governorate of Tafilah. It is longer and wider than Wadi al-Moujib, which is located to the north.

The wadi is part of the eastern Dead Sea basin.^[3] The waters of Wadi al-Hasa feed the Dead Sea; in winter they accumulate in the southern part^{[dubious – discuss]} of the Dead Sea. The area of the wadi's drainage basin is approximately 2,500 km² (970 sq mi). The wadi collects its waters from the desert wadis and streams whose basins reach the al-Jafr region to the east, and then flow down to the Jordan Rift Valley and into the Dead Sea.^{[citation needed]}

Water use

The wadi area is intensely used by farmers who use the water for irrigation, mostly for vegetables like tomatoes and melons.

In 1999, Jordan built a dam atop the wadi, known as the Al-Tannur Dam. It has a storage capacity of about 16.8 million cubic metres (590×10^⁶ cu ft).^[4] The wadi has special significance for walks and for hiking.^[5] The route spans about 30 kilometres (19 mi), and is a popular destination for adventure tourists in Jordan for walkers and hikers. A group of hiking clubs have been organized, most of which end at the Jordan Valley, where there are many mineral hot springs, which are said to have many health benefits^{[by whom?]}.

Throughout the wadi there are many farms, most of them vegetable farms,^[6] above stream of the Al-Tannur Dam. There are also olive trees and clovers. There are fountains and streams that are suitable for drinking which are used by the local residents. There is natural scenery and it contains bodies of water that have formed over time because the stones were carved with water, reaching a depth of more than six meters. The wadi is rich in fish, caught by both residents and visitors.

Hebrew Bible

Zared (also Zered) is a name used in the Torah for a brook and its valley. It is mentioned briefly in Deuteronomy 2:13–14 and more extensively in Numbers 21:12–13, as the place where the Israelites camp on their final approach to Moab. From the context it is understood that it lay in Edom, south of the border to Moab which is marked by the River Arnon, modern Wadi Mujib.

According to Peter C. Craigie, Zered's "exact location is uncertain."^[7]

Archaeological research

Palaeolithic

The archaeological excavations at Wadi al-Hasa have contributed to a rethinking in archaeology of the use of tools made from bone or bone-like material. Some of the evidence at the site of Ain el-Buhira, a site located at the eastern end of the wadi. The site is characterized by a lake, and sediments and stone formations like marls and tufa formations that give insight into the drainage system that was built at the wadi in the Upper Pleistocene period, between 24,000 and 19,000 BP. Coinman suggested in 1996 that both bone and blade technologies were more common in this period than previously thought^[8] (see Levantine Upper and Epi-Palaeolithic)

Nabataean sites

The Nabataean temple at Khirbet et-Tannur stands on a mountaintop at the confluence of a tributary, Wadi La'ban, and Wadi Hasa. Further up Wadi La'ban is the ancient village of Khirbet ed-Dharih with its own Nabataean sanctuary. Both shrines were dedicated to the Nabataean deity Dushara.

References

^ Routledge, B. (2004). Moab in the Iron Age: Hegemony, Polity, Archaeology. Archaeology, Culture, and Society. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-8122-3801-3. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
^ Dever, W.G. (2012). The Lives of Ordinary People in Ancient Israel: When Archaeology and the Bible Intersect. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-8028-6701-8. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
^ Myriam Ababsa (ed.) Atlas of Jordan. History, Territories and Society (أطلس الأردن: التاريخ. الأرض. المجتمع). Beyrouth, Presses de l’Ifpo, 2013 Archived 7 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine
^ http://alrai.com/سد التنور في وادي الحسا Archived 8 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine
^ أحد عشر خيارًا لرحلات نهاية هذا الأسبوع - 7iber | حبر Archived 8 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine
^ سعر كيلو البندورة 20 قرشاً بالسوق المركزي .. والمواطن يشتري الكيلو بدينار .. والزراعة توضح Archived 15 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine
^ Craigie, P.C. (1976). The Book of Deuteronomy. New International Commentary o. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-8028-2524-7. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
^ Coinman, Nancy R. (1996). "Worked bone in the Levantine Upper Paleolithic: rare examples from the Wadi al-Hasa, West-Central Jordan" (PDF). Paléorient. 22 (2): 115. doi:10.3406/paleo.1996.4638 – via Google Scholar.

External links

For a series of spectacular photos, see: [1]
Photos of Wadi al-Hasa at the American Center of Research
Website . Wadialhasahiketrail.com

[Routledge_2004-1] Routledge, B. (2004). Moab in the Iron Age: Hegemony, Polity, Archaeology. Archaeology, Culture, and Society. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-8122-3801-3. Retrieved February 18, 2018.

[Dever_2012-2] Dever, W.G. (2012). The Lives of Ordinary People in Ancient Israel: When Archaeology and the Bible Intersect. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-8028-6701-8. Retrieved February 18, 2018.

[3] Myriam Ababsa (ed.) Atlas of Jordan. History, Territories and Society (أطلس الأردن: التاريخ. الأرض. المجتمع). Beyrouth, Presses de l’Ifpo, 2013 Archived 7 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine

[4] ttp://alrai.com/سد التنور في وادي الحسا Archived 8 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine

[5] أحد عشر خيارًا لرحلات نهاية هذا الأسبوع - 7iber | حبر Archived 8 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine

[6] سعر كيلو البندورة 20 قرشاً بالسوق المركزي .. والمواطن يشتري الكيلو بدينار .. والزراعة توضح Archived 15 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine

[Craigie_1976-7] Craigie, P.C. (1976). The Book of Deuteronomy. New International Commentary o. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-8028-2524-7. Retrieved February 18, 2018.

[8] Coinman, Nancy R. (1996). "Worked bone in the Levantine Upper Paleolithic: rare examples from the Wadi al-Hasa, West-Central Jordan" (PDF). Paléorient. 22 (2): 115. doi:10.3406/paleo.1996.4638 – via Google Scholar.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]