Experimental Page -Venomous mammal

Venomous mammals are animals of the class Mammalia that produce venom, which they use to kill or disable prey, or to defend themselves from predators. In modern nature, venomous mammals are quite rare. Venom is much more common among other vertebrates; there are many more species of venomous reptiles (e.g. snakes), and fish (e.g. stonefish). There are no species of venomous bird, however some birds are poisonous to eat or touch. There are only a few species of venomous amphibians; certain salamandrid salamanders can extrude sharp venom-tipped ribs.^[1]^[2]

Venomous mammals may have been more common in the past. Canine teeth dated at 60 million years old from two extinct species, the shrew-like Bisonalveus browni and another unidentified mammal, show grooves that some palaeontologists have argued are indicative of a venomous bite. However, other scientists have questioned this conclusion given that many living nonvenomous mammals (e.g., many primates, coatis and fruit bats) also have deep grooves down the length of their canines, suggesting that this feature does not always reflect an adaptation to venom delivery.

To explain the rarity of venom delivery in Mammalia, Mark Dufton of the University of Strathclyde has suggested that modern mammalian predators do not need venom because they are smart and effective enough to kill quickly with tooth or claw; whereas venom, no matter how sophisticated, takes time to disable prey. ^{[citation needed]}

Listed below are mammals that are venomous or that use poisonous or noxious chemicals in some form.

Venomous

Cuban Solenodon (Solenodon cubanus) & Hispaniolan Solenodon (Solenodon paradoxus): Solenodons look similar to very large shrews. They both have venomous bites; the venom is delivered from modified salivary glands via grooves in their second lower incisors.

Platypus (Ornithorhyncus anatinus): Males have a venomous spur on their hind legs. Echidnas, the other monotremes, have spurs but no functional venom glands.

Eurasian Water Shrew (Neomys fodiens): Capable of delivering a venomous bite.

Northern Short-tailed Shrew (Blarina brevicauda): Capable of delivering a venomous bite.

Southern Short-tailed Shrew (Blarina carolinensis) & Elliot's Short-tailed Shrew (Blarina hylophaga): Possibly have a venomous bite.

European Mole (Talpa europaea): The European mole, and possibly other species of mole ^[3], has toxins in its saliva that can paralyze earthworms, allowing it to store them for later consumption ^[4].

Venomous/poisonous

Slow lorises (Nycticebus coucang, Nycticebus bengalensis, Nycticebus pygmaeus ): Brachial glands on the inside of the elbows of the slow loris secrete a brown exudate. This exudate is licked and becomes mixed with saliva. A protein in the secretion, which is similar to the allergen protein isolated from the domestic cat, may be introduced by the bites of slow lorises, resulting in anaphylaxis. Thus, it is questionable whether the slow loris should be considered truly venomous.

Chemical defense

Family Mephitidae: Skunks can eject a noxious fluid from glands near their anus. It is not only foul smelling, but can cause skin irritation and, if it gets in the eyes, temporary blindness. Some members of the mustelid family, such as the striped polecat (Ictonyx striatus), also have this capacity to an extent. Pangolins can also emit a noxious smelling fluid from glands near the anus. The Great Long-nosed Armadillo can also release a disagreeable musky odor when threatened.

External links

Shrew handbook
Shrew venom
Northern short-tailed shrew venom
Platypus venom
Slow Loris Research by a toxicologist - includes photos.

References

Notes

^ "Venomous Amphibians (Page 1) - Reptiles (Including Dinosaurs) and Amphibians - Ask a Biologist Q&A". Askabiologist.org.uk. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
^ Robert T. Nowak and Edmund D. Brodie, Jr. (1978). "Rib Penetration and Associated Antipredator Adaptations in the Salamander Pleurodeles waltl (Salamandridae)". Copeia. 1978 (3): 424–429. doi:10.2307/1443606.
^ A-Z-Animals.com. "Mole (Talpidae) - Animals - A-Z Animals - Animal Facts, Information, Pictures, Videos, Resources and Links". A-Z Animals. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
^ Mukherjee, Sarah (2008-01-25). "Science/Nature | Searching for nature's tunnellers". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-07-28.

Bibliography

Folinsbee K, Muller J, Reisz RR (2007). "Canine grooves: morphology, function, and relevance to venom" Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27:547-551.

Fox RC, Scott CS (2005). "First evidence of a venom delivery apparatus in extinct mammals". Nature. 435 (7045): 1091–3. doi:10.1038/nature03646. PMID 15973406. PMID 15973406

Orr CM, Delezene LK, Scott JE, Tocheri MW, Schwartz GT (2007). "The comparative method and the inference of venom delivery systems in fossil mammals" Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27:541-546.