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the piston rod would, in most applications of this type, particularly in critical machinery like internal combustion engines, be manufactured using high-strength materials capable of withstanding great stress and wear, like steel or aluminium alloys. Manufacturing usually begins with appropriate raw material selection, often in the form of bar stock. The material then undergoes heating to a malleable temperature and forging or extrusion processes, among others, which will cast the material into a rough rod form. Subsequently, the shaped material undergoes precision machining in which CNC machines cut and refine the dimensions, while ensuring that the tolerances are appropriate for correct performance in the engine. Other additional procedures may also include heat treatment, which would increase toughness and resistance to fatigue. Many of them are treated with final coatings or other forms of treatment to improve corrosion resistance, thus further lowering friction so the piston rod reliably operates under harsh conditions