United States Military Academy

United States Military Academy

Motto	Duty • Honor • Country
Type	Federal military academy
Established	1802
Superintendent	Lt. Gen. Franklin Hagenbeck
Undergraduates	4,000
Location	West Point , New York , United States
Campus	16,080 acres (65 km²)
Athletics	25 varsity teams, called "Black Knights"
Colors	Black █, Gray █, and Gold █
Website	www.usma.edu

"USMA" redirects here. For United States Metric Association, see U.S. Metric Association.

"West Point" redirects here. For other uses, see West Point (disambiguation).

The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA, West Point or, for collegiate athletic purposes, Army) is a United States Army post and service academy. West Point was the first United States military post built after the Declaration of Independence. In its inception, it was under the command of Benedict Arnold. Established in 1802, it is the oldest military academy in the United States. Students are referred to as cadets. Collectively, graduates are known as "The Long Gray Line" because of the color of cadet uniforms and the unbroken line of West Point graduates. West Point trains more United States Army officers than any other single institution and a high proportion of distinguished American generals have been West Point graduates. Currently, over 900 graduates are commissioned as U.S. Army lieutenants every year, representing 25% of new lieutenants commissioned.

The Academy is located at West Point, New York, on a scenic overlook of the Hudson River, about 50 miles (80 km) north of New York City. (41°23′38″N 73°57′16″W). Consequently, it is often referred to as "Hudson High". Occupying over 16,000 acres (65 km²), it is one of the largest school campuses in the world. By comparison, the United States Naval Academy is 338 acres (1.37 km²) and United States Air Force Academy is 18,000 acres (73 km²). Its unique combination of facilities includes a ski slope and artillery range, in addition to the academic buildings and sports facilities found on a typical university campus. The post itself was first occupied in 1778; it is thus the oldest continuously occupied military post in the United States.

Appointment process

By an Act of Congress passed in 1903, two appointments as Cadets were allowed for each senator, representative, and delegate in Congress, two for the District of Columbia, and five each year at large. Currently, each member of Congress and the Vice President can have five appointees attending the Military Academy at any time. When any appointee graduates or otherwise leaves the academy, a vacancy is created. The process is not political and applicants do not have to know their congressman to be nominated. Congressmen generally nominate ten people per vacancy. They can nominate people in a competitive manner, or they can have a principal nomination. In a competitive nomination, all ten applicants are reviewed by the academy to see who is the most qualified. If the congressman appoints a principal nominee, then as long as that candidate is physically, medically, and academically found qualified by the academy, he or she will be admitted, even if there are more qualified applicants. The degree of difficulty in obtaining a nomination varies greatly according to the number of applicants in a particular state. The process of obtaining a nomination typically consists of completing an application, completing one or more essays, and obtaining one or more letters of recommendation. These requirements are set by the respective senator or congressman and are in addition to the USMA application.

Additional sources of appointment are open to children of career military personnel (100 per year); 170 appointments per year are for active-duty Army enlisted personnel; 20 appointments per year are provided for Army Reserve Officer Training Corps Cadets; and 65 appointments are available to children of military members who were killed in action, or were rendered 100% disabled from injuries received in action, or are currently prisoners of war or missing in action. Additionally, children of Medal of Honor recipients do not need a nomination, but only need to qualify for admission.

Typically, five to ten candidates are nominated for each appointment, which are normally awarded competitively; candidates who do not receive the appointment for which they are competing may still be admitted to the Academy as a qualified alternate. If a candidate is considered qualified but not picked up, they may receive an indirect admission to the United States Military Academy Preparatory School in Fort Monmouth, New Jersey; the following year, these candidates receive direct appointment to the Academy.

Admissions requirements

To be admitted, candidates must be between 17 and 22 years old upon entrance, unmarried with no legal obligation to support a child, and of good moral character. The current process includes a university application, standardized testing, and personal references. Candidates for admission also must undergo a physical aptitude test as well as a complete physical exam (the Department of Defense Medical Examination Review Board, or DoDMERB), including a separate visual acuity test to be eligible for appointment, although medical waivers are available. Candidates with vision uncorrectable to 20/20, as well as a range of other injuries or illnesses, must apply for a medical waiver. The Candidate Fitness Assessment (CFA) may be administered by any physical education teacher or Service Academy Liaison Officer. Any active duty commissioned officer may administer the CFA for service members .

In addition, about 20 candidates are admitted from foreign countries per year at the expense of the sending nations.

Graduation

Graduates receive a Bachelor of Science degree and most are commissioned as second lieutenants (the lowest rank for a commissioned officer) in the U.S. Army with an obligation to serve 5 years active service and 3 years inactive-reserve in the military. Eligibility for particular specialties (infantry, artillery, armor, aviation, engineers, etc.) is typically determined by academic performance and personal preference. Foreign cadets are commissioned into the armies of their home countries.

Since 1959, cadets have been able to "cross-commission," or request a commission in the Air Force, United States Coast Guard, Navy or Marine Corps, provided they meet that service's eligibility requirements. In previous years, a small number of graduates would do this, typically in a one-for-one "trade" with similarly inclined cadets or midshipmen at the other service academies. Today, however, with the demand for trained Army officers exceptionally high due to the War on Terror, an even smaller number, if any, are granted permission to cross-commission.

Curriculum

Cadets are educated and graded on their performance in academics, physical fitness, and military leadership.

The academic program consists of a core of 31 courses balanced in the arts and sciences. All cadets are required to take at least three engineering courses and three calculus courses. Cadets choose their majors in the fall of their second year. Up until their third year, all cadets take the same classes. Regardless of major (there are currently 43) all cadets graduate with a Bachelor of Science Degree because of the engineering requirements.

The physical program includes both physical education classes and competitive athletics. Every cadet participates in an intercollegiate, club or intramural (called Company Athletics) level sport each semester. As with all soldiers in the Army, cadets also must pass a physical fitness test twice per year. Cadets take an annual "Indoor Obstacle Course Test", or IOCT—which generally is regarded by cadets to be the "worst three minutes of the year".

Cadets learn basic military skills, including leadership, through a military program that begins on their first day at West Point. Most military training takes place during the summer, with new cadets undergoing Cadet Basic Training — or "Beast Barracks" — the first year, followed by Cadet Field Training at nearby Camp Buckner the second year. Cadets spend their third and fourth summers serving in active Army units around the world; attending advanced training courses such as airborne, air assault or mountain warfare; and training the first- and second-year cadets as members of the leadership cadre. Additionally, cadets are housed in barracks and have leadership positions and responsibilities throughout the academic year.

Every summer, in the year between the Plebe Year and the Yearling Year, the men and women train at Camp Buckner. In this six week part of Cadet Summer Training at West Point Military Academy, the cadets are introduced to a variety of weapon systems and training exercises. The yearlings are under the command of the juniors, or Cows. The seniors, or Firsties, are in officer positions such as Platoon leader and Company commanders. There are eight companies of four platoons each, and they all must take part in the two, three week training exercises. The first of the three weeks are focused more on training, while the last three weeks are more focused on practical exercises. Some field training exercises include first aid and med-evac, patrolling, search and attack, and land navigation. At the end of the six week session, awards are given out to the best company based on the best performance at each training site. After the awards are given out, there is a “Camp Illumination” dance, and the yearlings are promoted to the rank of Cadet Corporal.

Moral-ethical development occurs throughout the formal programs as well as a host of activities and experiences available at the Military Academy. These include formal instruction in the important values of the military profession, voluntary religious programs, interaction with staff and faculty role models, and a vigorous guest-speaker program. The foundation of the ethical code at West Point is found in the Academy's motto, "Duty, Honor, Country." Cadets also develop ethically by adhering to the Cadet Honor Code, which states "A cadet will not lie, cheat, steal, or tolerate those who do."

Rank

Unlike virtually all other bachelor-degree granting institutions in the U.S. (but like the other military academies), the Academy does not refer to its students as freshmen, sophomores, juniors, or seniors; they are instead officially called "fourth class", "third class", "second class", and "first class".

Colloquially, freshmen are "plebes"; sophomores, "yearlings" or "Yuks"; juniors, "cows"; seniors, "firsties". Most cadets consider plebe year to be the most difficult because of the transition from civilian to cadet. However, the third class year is generally considered to be the hardest academically.

Within the classes, cadets can hold positions of increasing responsibility with a cadet rank:

• Fourth Class (Plebe): Cadet Private (Member of Squad).
• Third Class (Yearling or Yuk): Cadet Corporal (Team Leader).
• Second Class (Cow): Cadet Sergeant (Squad Leader); Platoon Sgt, various staff positions at the Company and Battalion level; Cadet First Sergeant (First Sergeant); Cadet Color Sergeant (Color Guard member), Cadet Sergeant Major (Sergeant Major of a Battalion).
• First Class (Firstie): Cadet Lieutenant (Platoon Leader), various staff positions within a Company; Cadet Captain (Company Commander, Battalion Commander, Regimental Commander), various staff positions at the Battalion level up to Brigade level; Cadet First Captain (Brigade Commander), highest position in the Corps of Cadets; Command Sergeant Major, at the Regimental and Brigade level.

Organization

Cadets on parade.

File:Bastille Day 2002 westpoint2.jpg

Cadets on parade on the Champs-Élysées during the Bastille Day 2002 parade

The Corps of Cadets has the following organization:

(The number of cadets is approximate)

• 1 Brigade (4,000 cadets) which consists of:
• 4 Regiments (1,000 Cadets) which consist of:
• 2 Battalions (500 cadets) which consist of:
• 4 Companies (120 cadets) which consist of:
• 4 Platoons (30 cadets) which consist of:
• 4 Squads (7 cadets) which consist of:
• 2–3 Teams (2–3 cadets)

Note that various staff positions are not included above.

History

The site was selected for the construction of a fort by George Washington, and the fortifications were designed in 1778 by Tadeusz Kościuszko. In addition to various forts surrounding the area, a great chain was strung across the Hudson River in order to obstruct British ships attempting to navigate the river. Though never tested, the chain performed its purpose by preventing British movement up and down the river.

General Washington considered West Point one of the most important positions on the continent. The high ground above a narrow "S" curve in the Hudson River enabled the Continental Army to control the vital river traffic. He felt that the British Army could have split the colonies in two if they gained control of this land. It was as commander of the fortifications at West Point that Benedict Arnold committed his infamous treason when he attempted to sell the fort to the British.

George Washington quickly realized the need for a national military academy, but his Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson argued that there was no provision in the Constitution which allowed for the creation of a military academy. However, when Jefferson became president, he signed legislation establishing the United States Military Academy on March 16, 1802; the school opened on July 4 of the same year.

The Superintendent from 1817 to 1833 was Colonel Sylvanus Thayer. He is known as the "father of the Military Academy." He upgraded academic standards, instilled military discipline and emphasized honorable conduct. He also created a teaching method known today as the Thayer Method, which emphasizes self study and daily homework, as well as small class size. This method is still used today. Inspired by the French École Polytechnique, Thayer made civil engineering the foundation of the curriculum. For the first half century, USMA graduates were largely responsible for the construction of the bulk of the nation's initial railway lines, bridges, harbors and roads. (The tradition continues in the hands of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.)

The development of other technical schools in the United States during the post-Civil War period allowed West Point to broaden its curriculum beyond a strict civil engineering focus.

After World War I, Superintendent Douglas MacArthur sought to further diversify the academic curriculum. In recognition of the physical demands of modern warfare, MacArthur pushed for major changes in the physical fitness and athletic programs. "Every cadet an athlete" became an important goal. At the same time, the cadet management of the Honor System, long an unofficial tradition, was formalized with the creation of the Cadet Honor Committee and an official Cadet Honor Code, which is that a cadet will not lie, cheat, steal, or tolerate those who do.[1]

Following the creation of the U.S. Air Force as a separate service in 1947 and until the graduation of the first United States Air Force Academy class in 1959, West Point cadets who met the eligibility standards could apply to be commissioned as Air Force officers.

In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson signed legislation increasing the strength of the Corps of Cadets from 2,529 to 4,417 (more recently reduced to 4,000 but soon to return to 4,400).

Women were first admitted in 1976.

West Point is home to the Sylvanus Thayer Award, named after the "father of the Academy." The award is given each year since 1958 by the Academy to a non-graduate who has committed his or her life to the Academy's motto of "Duty, Honor, Country." The award has been awarded to some notable people, to include George H.W. Bush, Colin Powell, Tom Brokaw, Carl Vinson and Bob Hope.

No classes graduated in 1810 or 1816, and there were two graduating classes during the war years of 1861, 1917, 1918, and 1943, as well as in 1922.

2007 West Point class ring

West Point began the collegiate tradition of the class ring, beginning with the class of 1835, and continuing ever since. The Class of 1879 had cuff links in addition to their class ring. Other classes are known to have cadets who had bracelets made.

In recent decades, the Academy's curricular structure has been markedly changed to permit cadets to major in any one of more than a dozen fields, including a wide range of subjects from the sciences to the humanities.

Based on the significance both of the Revolutionary War fort ruins and of the military academy itself, the majority of the academy area was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960.

Women at the Academy

West Point first accepted women as Cadets in 1976, when Congress authorized the admission of women to all of the federal service academies. Women comprise about 15 to 17 percent of entering plebes — or freshmen — and they pursue the same academic and professional training as do their male classmates, except with different physical aptitude standards on the Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT) and the Indoor Obstacle Course Test (IOCT).

The first class with female cadets graduated in 1980. In 1989, Kristen Baker became the first female First Captain at West Point. An effigy of her is in the West Point Museum in a display room honoring her. To date [May 2006] three females have been appointed as the First Captain: Grace H. Chung in 2004 and Stephanie Hightower in 2006.

In 1995, Rebecca Marier became the academy's first female valedictorian.

Following the Air Force Academy sexual assault scandal and because of concerns about alleged sexual assault in the U.S. military, the Department of Defense was required to establish a task force to investigate sexual harassment and assault at the U.S. military academies in the law funding the military for the 2004 fiscal year. Though the definitions were broad, the report, issued August 25, 2005, showed that during 2004, 50 percent of women at West Point reported instances of sexual harassment while 111 incidents of sexual assault were reported.

The first female cadet to attain flag (general officer) rank was Rebecca Halstead, class of 1981. She was promoted to Brigadier General in 2005 and is currently as the Army's Chief of Ordnance.

Sports

The Military Academy's sports teams were historically called The Black Knights of the Hudson, but the nickname has been officially shortened to Black Knights. U.S. sports media use Army as a synonym for the Academy; this usage is officially endorsed. The Army mascot was formerly the Mule, but was changed to the Black Knight in 2000. On Brave Old Army Team is the fight song for the athletic teams.

Football

Main article: Army Black Knights football

Army's football team at one time was considered a top-tier college program, reaching its pinnacle under coach Earl Blaik when Army won consecutive national championships in 1944-46 and produced three Heisman trophy winners; Doc Blanchard (1945), Glenn Davis (1946) and Pete Dawkins (1958). In modern times however, it hasn't been as powerful a team. This is due to the fact that top football recruits, with the chance to go to the NFL, would hesitate to go to a school that requires them to be on active Army duty for five years after they graduate.

Future NFL coaching legends Vince Lombardi and Bill Parcells were Army assistant coaches early in their careers (at different times).

The football team plays its home games on Blaik Field at historic Michie Stadium on campus near Lusk Reservoir. Cadets in attendance are required to stand for the duration of the game.

In recent years, Army was a member of Conference USA, but its NCAA Division I-A football program reverted to its former independent status after the 2004 season. It competes with the other academies for the Commander in Chief's Trophy. The 2007 football season marked Army's sixth consecutive loss in the Army-Navy Game.

File:Army Navy 105.jpg

USMA Color Guard at 2006 Army Navy.

Other sports

All West Point Cadets compete in extracurricular sports in addition to taking physical education classes. Extracurricular athletics are generally divided into three types: varsity (called Corps squad), club, and company competition. The most well-known varsity sport outside of the Academy is football.

Army is a member of the Division I Patriot League in most other sports; its men's hockey program competes in Atlantic Hockey. Every year, Army faces Royal Military College of Canada Paladins in the annual West Point Weekend hockey game. This series, conceived in 1923, is the longest running international ice hockey series in the world. Currently Army leads the Series 39-29-6. The 2007 game was not played due to an apparent scheduling conflict. Its sprint football team competes in the Collegiate Sprint Football League. The Academy is one of only 13 universities in the country offering NCAA Division I FBS football, D-I men's and women's basketball, and D-I hockey. Army also boasts Division I Men's and Women's rugby clubs. The Women's club is ranked number one in the nation as of this fall.

In the 2005-06 basketball season, the women's basketball team went 20-11 and won the Patriot League conference tournament; they went to the 2006 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament as a 15 seed, where they lost to the University of Tennessee, 102-54. It was the first March Madness tournament appearance for any Army basketball team. The head coach of that team, Maggie Dixon, died soon after the season at only 28 years of age.

In 2005, the USMA Rifle team swept the NCAA championships and won the national title.

Army Crew won a gold medal at the Intercollegiate Rowing Association championships in 2005 in the Men's Varsity Four w/o Coxswain.

Bob Knight, the winningest men's basketball coach in NCAA history, began his head coaching career at Army in the late 1960s and early 1970s before moving on to Indiana and Texas Tech. Because of his tenure at Army, Knight is still commonly known in sports circles as "The General". One of Knight's players at Army was Mike Krzyzewski, who later was head coach at Army before moving on to Duke where he won three national championships.

Notable alumni

Buzz Aldrin, Class of 1951, walking on the moon

West Point has a number of famous alumni.

For a list of well-known graduates, see:

Main article: Notable graduates of West Point

For a list of well-known alumni who did not graduate, see:

Main article: Notable non-graduate alumni of West Point

Superintendents

Main article: Superintendents of the United States Military Academy

Brigadier General René Edward De Russy, Superintendent (1833-1838).

The commanding officer of the United States Military Academy is its superintendent. This position is roughly equivalent to the president of a civilian university in the United States.

Since 1812, all superintendents have themselves been West Point graduates, though this has never been an official prerequisite to hold that position.

Sylvanus Thayer served as superintendent from 1817 to 1833, and he instituted a number of reforms to make the academy a top-tier academic institution, which it remains today. For this, Thayer is known as the "Father of the U.S. Military Academy." .

In recent times, the position of superintendent has been held by a Lieutenant General.

Lt. Gen. Franklin L. Hagenbeck, class of 1971, is the current superintendent, and has held the position since June 9, 2006.

Cullum number

A Cullum number is the number beside a Cadet's name in the Register of Graduates.

The Cullum number is a reference and identification number assigned to each graduate of the United States Military Academy. It was created by brevet Major General George W. Cullum (USMA Class of 1833) who, in 1850, began the monumental work of chronicling the biographies of every graduate. He assigned Number 1 to the first West Point graduate, Joseph Gardner Swift, and then numbered all successive graduates in sequence. Before his death in 1892, General Cullum completed the first three volumes of a work that eventually comprised 10 volumes, entitled General Cullum’s Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the United States Military Academy, and covering USMA classes from 1802 through 1850. The current Register of Graduates is a direct descendant of General Cullum's seminal work.

From 1802 through the Class of 1977, graduates were listed by General Order of Merit. Thus, the Register provided a quick reference for those looking for class rank. Beginning with the Class of 1978, graduates were listed alphabetically, and then by date of graduation.

Currently, seven graduates have an "A" suffix after their Cullum Number. For various reasons these graduates were omitted from the original class roster, and a suffix letter was added to avoid renumbering the entire class and subsequent classes.

Class Weekends

In addition to the myriad of mandatory cadet activities, they are given several opportunities to participate in high class social events. In particular, each class celebrates one class weekend while the firsties celebrate three major events. Every October, fourth class cadets participate in Plebe Parent Weekend, in February the third class cadets have Yearling Winter Weekend, and in January the second class cadets have 500th Night. In late August the first class cadets celebrate Ring Weekend, in February they observe 100th Night, and in May they have a week of events culminating in their graduation.

Academy grounds and buildings seen from an Amtrak train.

Points of interest

The visitor's center offers historical and informational videos, parking, restrooms, a gift shop, maps, pamphlets, a full-scale cadet barracks, and a movie theater; arrangements for guided tours also can be made. These tours, which are the only way the public can go on the grounds, are operated by a licensed contractor, West Point Tours, Inc., and leave the visitor's center several times a day. The tours stop and allow tourists to tour the Cadet Chapel (if not in use at the time), the parade grounds and Trophy Point. For the rest of the tour, the tourists remain on the bus as the guide narrates the tour of the rest of the campus.

The West Point Museum is directly adjacent to the visitor's center, in the renovated Olmsted Hall at Pershing Center on the grounds of the former Ladycliff College. The grounds were purchased by West Point after the college closed in the early 1980s. The building is named after the museum's primary donor, Major General George H. Olmsted, Class of 1922.

The West Point Museum is truly the National Museum of the United States Army, having been founded by funds provided by Congress prior to the Mexican War. The museum's collections represent all major categories of military study from arms, cannon and artillery to uniforms, military art and objects reflecting West Point's history. Originally opened to the public in 1854, the West Point Museum is the oldest and largest military museum in the country. It contains some of America's most interesting national military treasures and one of the finest collections of military artifacts available for public viewing. Every American armed conflict is represented in the 135 exhibits. An additional gallery portrays the history of the U.S. Army during peacetime and its role as a formative nation builder within the United States. West Point's history during and after the Revolutionary War, as well as the institutional history of the Military Academy, are traced in the West Point gallery devoted to the school, the cadet and the officer. The museum also provides exhibits in Thayer Hall, USMA to support the Department of History cadet curriculum with exhibit themes which range from ancient to modern civilizations.

The senior staff of the West Point Museum includes a director, three curators of collections, an exhibition designer, conservator, registrar and collections preparator. The Museum is self-guided and it is recommended to allow at least 1-2 hours to view the extended and magnificent exhibits. During the Summer months, the Museum operates historic Fort Putnam.

West Point often is the first place for automobile tourists to stop and view on the scenic Hudson River route between New York City and Albany.

Further reading

• David Lipsky: Absolutely American: Four Years at West Point, Houghton Mifflin 2003, ISBN 0-618-09542-X
• Theodore J. Crackel: West Point: A Bicentennial History, University Press of Kansas, 2002, ISBN 0-7006-1160-6

West Point in fiction

• Four of the six young adult novels written by Colonel Red Reeder about fictional cadet Clint Lane take place at West Point.

• Dick Prescott's Fourth Year at West Point: Ready to Drop the Gray for Shoulder Straps, H Irving Hancock.

• The Mary Higgins Clark suspense novel Nighttime Is My Time also takes place primarily on the West Point Campus.

• Dress Grey, a murder mystery set in USMA by Lucian K. Truscott IV.

• West Point is mentioned in the Star Trek: Enterprise episode entitled Hatchery, first aired February 25th, 2004. In it, the character of Major J. Hayes is referred to be an alumnus.

• Jack Reacher, the main protagonist in the novels by Lee Child, is a graduate of West Point.

• West Point is prominently mentioned in the North and South Trilogy series of novels by John Jakes

• West Point is the setting of Amy Efaw's young adult novel Battle Dress, about a female plebe undergoing cadet basic training.

• West Point is the setting of Louis Bayard's thriller The Pale Blue Eye, about murdered cadets, with a young plebe named Edgar Allan Poe hot on the trail.

• James Rutland, Lara Croft's enemy who performs in computer game: "Tomb Raider: Legend", went to West Point. Zip tells it to Lara after the level Bolivia.

External links

• United States Military Academy Official Website
• Official Army athletics site
• USMA class pages starting in 1924
• West Point Tours - authorized tour operator for public tours of USMA

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