Jump to content

Thrissur

Coordinates: 10°31′39.4″N 76°12′51.8″E / 10.527611°N 76.214389°E / 10.527611; 76.214389
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Thrissur, Kerala)
This article is about the country. For other uses, see Thrissur (disambiguation).

Thrissur
Trichur, Thrissivaperur
Metropolis
Clockwise from top:
Thrissur city, Metharapolitha Cathedral, Cape of Kodungallur, Athiralpalli waterfalls, Clock tower, Sakthan Thampuran Palace, Vadakkunnathan Temple
Thrissur is located in Kerala
Thrissur
Thrissur
Thrissur (Kerala)
Thrissur is located in India
Thrissur
Thrissur
Thrissur (India)
Coordinates: 10°31′39.4″N 76°12′51.8″E / 10.527611°N 76.214389°E / 10.527611; 76.214389[2]
Country India
StateKerala
DistrictThrissur
Government
 • TypeMayor–council government
 • BodyThrissur Municipal Corporation
 • MayorM. K. Varghese (LDF – Independent)
 • Deputy mayorRajasree Gopan (LDF – CPI(M))
 • Police commissionerR Ilango [1] IPS
 • Member of ParliamentSuresh Gopi (BJP)
Area
[2]
 • Metropolis
101.42 km2 (39.16 sq mi)
 • Rank4th
Elevation
39.58 m (129.86 ft)
Population
 (2011)[3]
 • Metropolis
315,957
 • Rank113th
 • Density3,115/km2 (8,070/sq mi)
 • Metro
[4]
2,406,791
Demonym(s)Thrissurkaran (male)
Thrissurkari (female)
Thrissurkar (plural)
Languages
 • OfficialMalayalam, English
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
680xxx
Telephone codesThrissur: +91487xxxxxxx,
Irinjalakuda: +91480xxxxxxx,
Wadakkancherry: +914884xxxxxx,
Kunnamkulam: +914885xxxxxx
Vehicle registrationKL-08
Literacy rate97.24%
GDP(2020)US$3.654 (equivalent to $4.3 in 2023)Billion[5]
ImportanceCultural capital of Kerala
ClimateAm/Aw (Köppen)
Precipitation3,100 millimetres (120 in)
Avg. summer temperature35 °C (95 °F)
Avg. winter temperature20 °C (68 °F)
Websitehttps://thrissur.nic.in/

Thrissur (Malayalam: [t̪riʃ(ː)uːr] ⓘ), formerly Trichur, also known by its historical name Thrissivaperur, is a city and the headquarters of the Thrissur district in Kerala, India. It is the third largest urban agglomeration in Kerala after Kochi and Kozhikode, and the 21st largest in India.[6][7] The city is built around a 65-acre (26 ha) hillock called Thekkinkadu Maidanam which seats the Vadakkunnathan temple. It is located 304 kilometres (189 mi) north-west of the state's capital city, Thiruvananthapuram. Thrissur was once the capital of the Kingdom of Cochin, and was a point of contact for the Assyrians, Greeks, Persians, Arabs, Romans, Portuguese, Dutch and English.

Thrissur is known as City of Celebrations and also called the cultural capital of Kerala because of its cultural, spiritual and religious leanings throughout history.[8] The city centre contains the Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy, Kerala Lalithakala Akademi and Kerala Sahitya Academy.[9] The city hosts the Thrissur Pooram festival, the most colourful and spectacular temple festival in Kerala.[10][11] The festival is held at the Thekkinkadu Maidan of Vadakumnathan Temple in April or May, in the Malayalam month 'medam'.[8]

Religion is important and varied in Thrissur. The city has historically been a centre of Hindu scholarship, and Christianity, Islam and Judaism are believed to have entered the Indian subcontinent through Thrissur and its surrounding areas. Thrissur has a large number of well-known temples including the Vadakkumnathan temple, Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple, and Paramekkavu temple. There are three major Catholic churches, the St. Antony's Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane, Our Lady of Lourdes Syro-Malabar Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral and Our Lady of Dolours Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica, the largest Christian church in India.[12][13] Thrissur is home to the Academy of Sharia and Advanced Studies an Islamic institute that is unusual in that it teaches Sanskrit and aspart of the Sanskrit syllabus it includes study of several key Hindu texts.[14][15][16][17][18][19]

The city is the headquarters of four major scheduled banks, South Indian Bank Ltd, Catholic Syrian Bank, Dhanalakshmi Bank and ESAF Small Finance Bank[20] as well as several chit funds.[21] The city is also a big centre for silks and gold jewellery. Thrissur attracts the largest number of domestic tourists in Kerala.[22]

Thrissur is also a major academic hub and is home to several educational institutions, including the Kerala Kalamandalam, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala University of Health Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sree Kerala Varma College, St Thomas College, Jawahar Bal Bhavan Thrissur, Kerala Institute of Local Administration, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Kerala Police Academy, Police Dog Training Centre, Kerala Fire and Rescue Services Academy, Excise Academy and Research Centre, Government College Of Music And Performing Arts, Government College of Fine Arts, Government Law College, Government Engineering College, Government Medical College and Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda College.[23][24][25] UNESCO has included Thrissur in its Global Network of Learning Cities (GNLC) in recognition of the city's outstanding efforts to make lifelong learning a reality for all at the local level.[26]

Etymology

[edit]

The name Thrissur (Malayalam: തൃശ്ശൂർ) is a shortened form of the Malayalam word Thirusshivaperoor (തിരുശ്ശിവപ്പേരൂർ, Place of Lord Shiva's Name). The name owes itself to the most prominent feature of the city, which is the Vadakkumnathan Temple, which has Shiva as its presiding deity.[27] Thrissur was known by its anglicized name Trichur until 1990 when the government decided to replace it with its Malayalam name. Thrissur was also known as "Vrishabhadripuram" (Kailasam of the South) in ancient days.[28]

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Thrissur

The presence of numerous prehistoric megaliths and dolmens indicates that Thrissur has been occupied from at least 1000 BCE to 500 CE.[29][30]

Image of the main entrance of Vadakkunnathan Temple seen from Swaraj Round from Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway

The Portuguese had naval influence in many parts of Kerala in the 16th century, including Thrissur. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Portuguese naval power was reduced and Dutch became the main naval power. With the help of the Dutch, the royal family of the Kingdom of Cochin recaptured Thrissur from the Zamorin of Calicut in 1710.[31]

Thrissur rose to importance after Maharaja Sakthan Thampuran ascended the throne of the Kingdom of Cochin (1769–1805) and made Thrissur his capital. The Maharaja made the city into a major financial and commercial hub of South India, by inviting Syrian Christian families and Brahmins from adjoining areas.[31]

During 1750–60 Hyder Ali, the Sultan of the powerful Kingdom of Mysore, conquered Thrissur, making it a tributary of Mysore. In 1786, the son of Tipu Sultan of Mysore led another invasion of Thrissur but retreated after the Srirangapattanam war.[32] In the meantime, Rama Varma X, the successor of Sakthan Thampuran signed a treaty with the East India Company, transforming the state of Cochin into a British Protectorate.[citation needed]

The first known map of Thrissur City with Vadakkunnathan Temple prepared by John Gould in 1816

The Indian independence movement gained momentum after a Committee was formed at the 1919 meeting of the Indian National Congress. The civil disobedience movement attracted many people in Thrissur in subsequent years, and Mahatma Gandhi visited the city in 1927 and 1934 to promote it.[33][34]

R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, the controversial Diwan of Cochin Kingdom from 1935 to 1941, developed the city by constructing Thrissur Town Hall and Ramanilayam, buildings which remain important in Kerala politics. Other important civic buildings and infrastructure constructed around this time include the Municipal Corporation Building of Thrissur and the Swaraj Round.[35][36]

In 1947, when India gained independence from colonial rule, Thrissur was part of the Kingdom of Cochin. Thrissur district was formed on 1 July 1949, with the headquarters at the city of Thrissur.

Geography

[edit]
Main article: Geography of Thrissur
The Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands is one of largest, highly productive and threatened wetlands in Kerala. It acts as natural drainage for City of Thrissur.

Thrissur is the headquarters of Thrissur district, in the center of the Indian state of Kerala. The city is 75 km north-east of Kochi, 133 km south-west of Coimbatore, 124 km south-east of Kozhikode and 151 km north of Changanacherry.[37] The city is located in a hillock called Thekkinkadu Maidan which is the second highest point in the city after the Vilangan Hills. The city has an average altitude of 2.83 meters above sea level.[37]

From the hillock, the city gradually flattens into the Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands, which act as natural drainage for the city. The water from the wetlands flows via rivers into the Laccadive Sea, keeping Thrissur city safe from the major flooding that affects most other cities in Kerala.[38][39][40][41]

The city is located in the midland region of Kerala, with an extended part of the Palakkad plains.[42] The city geologically is composed of Archaean gneisses and crystalline schists. Major parts of the city are covered by Archaean rocks.[43] The city lies near the center of the Indian tectonic plate (the Indian Plate) and is subject to comparatively little seismic or volcanic activity.

Ponds and canals in Vadakkechira, Thrissur prevent flooding during monsoon season.

Climate

[edit]

Under the Köppen climate classification, the City of Thrissur features a tropical monsoon climate (Am). Summer lasts from March to May which is the hottest time of the year. Summer months are uncomfortable due to higher levels of heat and humidity. Daytime temperatures can rise up to 36 to 38 °C (96.8 to 100.4 °F) coupled with excessive humidity. Summer is followed by the southwest monsoon from June to September. October and November form the post-monsoon or retreating monsoon season. Winter from December through February is cooler, and windy, due to winds from the Western Ghats. Winter months are generally dry and less humid compared to other months of the year. Morning temperatures are usually cool and daytime temperatures hover around 30 °C or 86 °F.[44]

The city is drenched in the monsoonal season by heavy showers. The average annual rainfall is approximately 3,100 millimetres or 122 inches. The South-west monsoon generally sets in during the last week of May. After July the rainfall decreases. On average, there are 124 rainy days in a year. The maximum average temperature of the city in the summer season is 36 °C or 96.8 °F while the minimum temperature recorded is 27 °C or 80.6 °F. The winter season records a maximum average of 31 °C or 87.8 °F and a minimum average of 20 °C or 68 °F.[44]

Climate data for Thrissur
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31
(88) 		32
(90) 		35
(95) 		36
(97) 		35
(95) 		30
(86) 		29
(84) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		31
(88) 		31
(88) 		32
(89)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 21
(70) 		22
(72) 		25
(77) 		27
(81) 		27
(81) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		23
(73) 		24
(75) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		22
(72) 		24
(75)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 32
(1.3) 		26
(1.0) 		39
(1.5) 		147
(5.8) 		391
(15.4) 		576
(22.7) 		391
(15.4) 		367
(14.4) 		417
(16.4) 		467
(18.4) 		223
(8.8) 		47
(1.9) 		3,123
(123)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 3 3 5 13 17 26 28 24 18 23 13 4 177
Source: [3]

Economy

[edit]
Main article: Economy of Thrissur

Thrissur is home to many Malayaliee entrepreneurs[45] and is a major financial and commercial hub of Kerala.[46] Historians say that King Sakthan Thampuran invited Syrian Christian families and Brahmins to settle in Thrissur city from their business centers in adjoining areas. Soon, Thrissur became a flourishing centre of internal trade in Kerala. Thrissur is one of the major manufacturing centers of plain gold and rolled gold jewellery in South India; up to 70% of Kerala's jewellery is manufactured in Thrissur. There are around 3,000 gold ornaments manufacturing units in the city and 40,000-odd artisans and others work in these units.[47][48] The industry provides direct and indirect employment to 200,000 people in Thrissur.[49][50] The artisans based in these units craft nearly 85 percent of one tonne gold which is used per day in Kerala. About 90 tonnes of gold was being used annually in Kerala for manufacturing of ornaments daily.

The Town Hall in Thrissur

According to the Reserve Bank of India, Thrissur has been regarded as a banking town since the 1930s, when 58 banks were headquartered in the city. In the present, the city remains a significant center for banking and finance, with the headquarters of major banks like South Indian Bank, Catholic Syrian Bank, Dhanalakshmi Bank, and other financial institutions like Manappuram General Finance and Leasing, Kerala State Financial Enterprise and ESAF Small Finance Bank.[51][52][53] Many chit funds, a type of Indian savings and credit system, are located in Thrissur. In 2010, an estimated 3,000 chit fund companies were located in Thrissur, employing approximately 35,000 people.[54][55]

South Indian Bank headquarters in Thrissur City

The city is a hub for the Ayurvedic drug-manufacturing industry. Out of the 850 ayurvedic drug-manufacturing companies in Kerala, about 150, including some of the largest in the state like Oushadhi, Vaidyaratnam Oushadhasala, KP Namboodiris, are located in and around the city.[56] Thrissur Ayurveda Cluster, another initiative by a group of Ayurvedic manufacturers of Thrissur, has developed a cluster in KINFRA Park in Koratty in Thrissur District.[57][58][59][60]

Retail businesses in Thrissur include Kalyan Group, Jos Alukka & Sons, Joyalukkas and Josco Group.[61] InfoPark Thrissur, the fourth technology park in Kerala, is situated in Thrissur District.[62][63][64] Tourism has also contributed heavily to the economy of Thrissur. Domestic tourists generally use the city as a hub to explore the highly promoted tourism industry of the state of Kerala. The city with its temples, old churches and its culture, is ranked first in the number of domestic tourists visiting Kerala.[22]

Administration

[edit]
Main article: Administration of Thrissur
Municipal Corporation Officials
Mayor M K Varghese
Police Commissioner R Adithya IPS
Deputy mayor Rajashree Gopan
Members of Legislative Assembly
Thrissur Assembly Constituency P. Balachandran
Ollur Assembly Constituency K. Rajan (politician)
Member of Parliament
Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency Suresh Gopi
Main article: Thrissur Municipal Corporation
Municipal Corporation Building, Thrissur seen from M.O. Road

Thrissur has functioned as a municipality since 1921 under the Cochin Municipal Regulations.[65][66] In 1932, the new corporation building was constructed, and in 1972, several village councils or panchayats were added to the municipality.[65] On 1 October 2000, the municipal town was upgraded to a municipal corporation and took over the towns and villages of Ayyanthole, Koorkkenchery, Nadathara, Vilvattom (part), Ollur and Ollukkara.

The city is administered by the Thrissur Municipal Corporation, headed by a mayor and comprising three legislative assemblies Thrissur, Ollur and Cherpu.[67] For administrative purposes, the city is divided into 52 wards, from which the members of the corporation council are elected for five years.

It is the second-largest city corporation in the state of Kerala in India. The corporation, headquartered in the city of Thrissur proper, directly controls power, water supply and solid waste management system in the city.[65][68] The Thrissur Urban Development Authority and Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD) are the agencies that prepare development plan for the city.[69][70][71][72]

Police services

[edit]

The city is the headquarters of Thrissur City Police and Thrissur Rural Police. The Thrissur City Police is headed by a Police Commissioner, an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer. The city is divided into four sub divisions, Thrissur, Kunnamkulam, Ollur and Guruvayur. It also operates 24 police stations, including a woman police station and a traffic police station.[73][74][75]

The Thrissur City Police Commissionerate operates out of the erst-while District Armed Police headquarters at Ramavarmapuram. The Thrissur Rural Police has its headquarters at the District Collectorate complex at Ayyanthole. The city is also the headquarters of the Inspector General of Police, Thrissur Range, which looks after the law and order of Thrissur District, Palakkad District and Malappuram District. All the Superintendent of Police of these three districts come under his jurisdiction. The city also contains the Kerala Police Academy,[76] Central Prison, Viyyur,[77] Police Dog Training Centre and Excise Academy and Research Centre. Indian Reserve Battalion, the new commando unit of Kerala Police is headquartered in Ramavarmapuram.[78] Border Security Force (148 battalion) have its first center in Kerala in Thrissur only.[79][80]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1941 57,500—    
1951 69,500+20.9%
1961 73,000+5.0%
1971 76,200+4.4%
1981 77,900+2.2%
1991 74,600−4.2%
2001 317,526+325.6%
2011 315,957−0.5%
Source: [81]
Religions in Thrissur city (2011)[82]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 54.20%
Christianity
 
 40.04%
Islam
 
 5.50%
Other or not stated
 
 0.26%

As of 2011 India census, Thrissur city had a population of 315,957.[81] Males constitute 48.2% and females constitute 51.8% of the total population numbering 152,296 and 163,661 respectively.[81] The density of population is 3,130/km2. The sex ratio is 1,092/1,000 male. The total number of the households in the city is 66,827. The average family size in the city is 4.27 members. The city has a slum population equivalent to 0.30% of the total city population and 0.37% of the Kerala's slum population. The city has an average literacy rate of 95.96%: male literacy rate is 97.37% whereas female literacy rate is 94.72%.[83]

Hindus constitute the majority with 54.20% of the population. Christians constitute 40.04% of the population and Muslims constitute 5.50% of the population in Thrissur city. In Thrissur district Hindu population is 58.42% and Muslim population is 17.07% and Christian population is 24.27%.[82]

Languages of Thrissur city (2011)[84]

  Malayalam (97.76%)
  Tamil (1.35%)
  Others (0.89%)

By language, 97.76% of the population speaks Malayalam and 1.35% Tamil as their first language.[84]

Politics

[edit]
Main article: Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency

Thrissur has played a significant part in the political history of South India. Thrissur City administration is carried out by Municipal Corporation of Thrissur. MK.Varghese (LDF) is the Mayor of Thrissur Municipal Corporation. The city of Thrissur is represented in the Kerala State Assembly by two elected members, one from Thrissur Assembly Constituency and another from Ollur Assembly Constituency. As of 2021, P. Balachandran is the representative of Thrissur Assembly Constituency and K. Rajan from Ollur Assembly Constituency.

Thrissur city is also a part of the Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency and elects a member to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India, once every five years. The current MP is Suresh Gopi of the Bharatiya Janata Party.[85] The Lok Sabha seat has primarily been held by the Indian National Congress (seven terms since 1951) and the Communist Party of India (ten terms since 1957).

Culture

[edit]
Asia's tallest church, the Our Lady of Dolours Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica is situated in the middle of Thrissur city

Festivals

[edit]
Kerala Sahitya Academy building in Thrissur

Thrissur is known as the Cultural Capital of Kerala, the city enjoys a thriving cultural tradition dating back to centuries. Thrissur Pooram, the largest pooram in Kerala, is sometimes referred to as 'the pooram of all poorams'. It is celebrated every year in the month of Medam (mid-April to mid-may) as per the Malayalam calendar. For thirty-six hours, the city plays host to a large gathering of people and elephants.[86][87][88][89]

Puli Kali, also known as Kavakali, is another festival, which attracts thousands of people to the city. It is performed by trained artists to entertain people on the occasion of Onam, an annual harvest festival, celebrated mainly in Kerala.[90][91] Buon Natale is the cultural festival conducting at Swaraj Round with Christmas celebration. Buon Natale procession entered the Guinness World Records in 2014 for having the maximum number of people dressed up as Santa Claus. Other important festivals celebrated in the city include Christmas, Onam, Diwali, Easter, Eid and Vishu.

Elephants play a major part in many of the city's festivals.[92][93] Aanayoottu (feeding of elephants), held in Vadakkunnathan Temple in the City annually, is the world's largest elephant feeding ceremony. The ceremony is conducted on the first day of the Malayalam month of Karkidakam.[94][95][96]

Literature

[edit]

Literary lineage of city dates back to early history of Kerala but it came to prominence after Kerala Government set up Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi, Kerala Sahitya Academy, Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy and College of Fine Arts, Thrissur for promoting literature, music and arts in Kerala. After the Indian Independence, Thrissur became the literary capital of Kerala as turned to the playground of novelist, poets and orators. In 1952 when Current Books set its first shop in Thrissur by former education Minister Professor Joseph Mundassery, it become the abode of writer's like O. V. Vijayan, Kovilan, V. K. N., Uroob, Edasseri Govindan Nair, M. T. Vasudevan Nair, K. G. Sankara Pillai and Sarah Joseph. The area was later known as Current Moola ("Current Corner").[97] The building that housed the Current Books bookshop was demolished in 2011.[98]

Thrissur is home to prominent Malayalam literary figures like Kovilan, Kunhunni Mash, Sukumar Azhikode, K. Satchidanandan, Mullanezhi, Sarah Joseph, Attoor Ravi Varma, Lalitha Lenin, P. Bhaskaran, Joseph Mundassery.[99]

Religious buildings

[edit]
One of the four Vadakumnathan Temple Gates, inside the Swaraj Maidan
Cheraman Juma Mosque, said to be the oldest mosque in India
For more, see Places of worship in Thrissur.

The Vadakkunnathan temple, believed to have been founded by the legendary saint Parasurama, is an example of the Kerala style of architecture and houses several sacred shrines and murals delineating graphically, various episodes from the Mahabharata. Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple, one of the largest Sree Krishna temples in Kerala and Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple which is one of the largest Bagavathi temples in Kerala is also situated in the city. Aykunnu Pandavagiri Devi Temple is situated at Venginisseri village, that around 9 km from city center. Sree Guruvayurappan Temple is located in Guruvayur (28 km from Thrissur); it is also referred to as Bhuloka Vaikunta which means "Holy Abode of Vishnu on Earth".

Asia's tallest church, the Our Lady of Dolours Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica (Puthan Pally), Our Lady of Lourdes Syro-Malabar Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral which has an underground shrine, Saint Antony's Syro-Malabar Church, Ollur which has been called as Chinna Roma (Small Rome) are masterpieces of architecture and indigenous paintings. Saint Euphrasia's tomb and museum also situated in the city. St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayur (28 km from Thrissur) is the first church in India, and Thomas the Apostle performed the first baptism in India here.

The Chettiyangadi Hanafi Mosque in Thrissur City is one of the oldest mosque in Thrissur. Cheraman Juma Mosque in Kodungallur, (40 km from Thrissur) is the first mosque in India.

Cuisine

[edit]

The cuisine of Thrissur is linked to its history, geography, demography and culture. Rice is the staple food. Achappam, Kuzhalappam, Vatteppam, Unniyappam and Pazham Pori are common snacks. Vellayappam, a kind of rice hopper is another dish which is special to the city, there have a food street named vellayappam angadi.

Education

[edit]
Government Engineering College, Thrissur
See also: List of colleges and universities in Thrissur district

Thrissur, which has been a centre of learning from ancient times, is developing as a modern education hub.[100][101] Schools in city are either run publicly by the Kerala Government or privately, some with financial aid from the Government. Education is generally conducted in English or Malayalam, with the former being the majority. Most schools are affiliated with the Kerala State Education Board or Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) or the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE) or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) or the Montessori system.[102][103] There are 93 lower primary schools; 34 upper primary schools;[104][105] and 78 high schools;[106] and 157[107] higher secondary schools in the city. Church Mission Society School started in 1845 is the oldest school and St. Thomas College is the first college in Thrissur. On 2nd September 2022, Thrissur joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities (GNLC).[108]

Healthcare

[edit]
Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, a Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Thrissur run medical college.
Main article: Hospitals in Thrissur

The city serves as a centre for healthcare in Central Kerala, with people from Thrissur District, Palakkad District, Malappuram District and the northern part of Ernakulam District coming to Thrissur for medical care. There are three medical colleges in the city: Government Medical College, Thrissur, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, and Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute. The Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda Medical College also situated in city.

Sports

[edit]
V.K.N. Menon Indoor Stadium in Thrissur city
Main article: Football in Thrissur

Football is the most popular sport in the city, and there are two football stadiums in the city, Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium and Thope Stadium.The largest and highest temporary stadium in the world as per Guinness Book of World Records was built in the Thrissur Corporation Ground in 1990 for the occasion of Federation Cup football tournament, which was designed by Er. TJ Antony. International ballers and former Indian captains C. V. Pappachan, I. M. Vijayan and Jo Paul Ancheri, and the Under 17 World Cup player K. P. Rahul belongs to Thrissur. The N.I. David Memorial Trophy, an annual inter-club football tournament is held in Thrissur every year. The football championship was started in 1996 by the Superintendent of Police, Thrissur.[109][110][111][112][113] The city has a floodlit stadium, known as Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium.[114] It also has two indoor stadiums, V.K.N. Menon Indoor Stadium and a SAI maintained Thrissur Aquatic Complex with international facilities. Thrissur has contributed many national and international bodybuilding stars to India.[114] Chess prodigy Nihal Sarin is from Thrissur.

Media

[edit]

The first Malayalam newspaper which published from Thrissur was Lokamanyan in 1920. Then came Deenabandhu edited by V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan. Ezhuthachan started publishing as a weekly in 1941 from Thrissur. It was one of the first periodicals that supported the national movement. As soon as the Quit India movement was started, its editor and staff were sent to jail and publications were banned.[115] Later Lokamanyan (1920); Kerala Chintamani (1905); Kerala Kesari (1924); Mahatma (1930); Gomathy (1930) and Navajeevan of Joseph Mundassery was also published from Thrissur.[116][117][118] The Express started in 1944 from Thrissur with K Krishanan as the editor is known in Central Kerala for its nationalist and socialist views.[115] Major Malayalam newspapers published in Thrissur include Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhumi, Madhyamam, Deepika, Kerala Kaumudi, Deshabhimani, Mangalam, Veekshanam, Metro Vaartha and Janayugom. A number of evening papers, like General in Malayalam and City Journal in English, are also published from the city. Newspapers in other regional languages like Hindi, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu are also available in city.

The first cinema hall in Kerala, with a manually operated film projector, was opened in Thrissur by Jose Kattookkaran in 1907. In 1913, the first electrically operated film projector was established in city again by Jose Kattookkaran and was called the Jose Electrical Bioscope now known as Jose Theatre.[119][120][121]

A film festival, known as ViBGYOR Film Festival, is held in the city every year. It is an international short and documentary film festival. Telephony services are provided by various players like Aircel, Airtel, Idea cellular, Vodafone, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Docomo, MTS, Uninor, Tata Indicom and the state owned BSNL. BSNL is also offering 3G services in Thrissur.[122] The city also has Broadband wireless services on WiMAX platform.[123][124]

Private FM radio stations in the Thrissur are Club FM 104.8 MHz, Radio Mango 91.9  MHz,[125] Best FM 95 MHz by (Asianet Communications Limited), Red FM 91.1 MHz.[126] All India Radio has an AM (630 kHz) and an FM (101.1 MHz) station for the city.[127] The transmitter of the All India Radio (630 kHz) was commissioned on 4 November 1956. The station started independent broadcasting in 1974.[128][129] Thrissur has a Doordarshan studio with a low power transmitter located near the studio.[130][131][132]

Transport

[edit]
Shaktan Thampuran Private Bus Stand, Thrissur, is the largest private bus station in Kerala State.
Thrissur railway station
Schematic Road network map of Thrissur City
Main article: Transport in Thrissur

Road

[edit]

The city is connected to the North-South Corridor National Highway (India) via the four-lane National Highway 544, previously NH 47.[133] The highway traverses through the entire length and breadth of the city from different points and provides access to the nearby cities such of Kochi, Palakkad and Coimbatore. NH 544 provides two main exit points at Mannuthy and Thalore which is bypass to the Thrissur city.

The city is largely dependent on private buses, taxis and auto rickshaws for public transport. A transit terminal was announced for Puzhakkal in 2013.[134] Land was transferred to the Thissur Mobility Hub Society on a 99-year lease in 2015.[135]

State-owned Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) runs inter-state, inter-district and city services. Thrissur has three bus stations, the Shaktan Thampuran Private Bus Stand, Thrissur in Sakthan Thampuran Nagar, Vadakke Stand (Northern Bus Stand) and the Thrissur KSRTC Bus Station near the Thrissur railway station. State Highway (SH 69) Thrissur-Kuttippuram Road, SH 22 Kodungallur – Shornur Road, SH 75 Thrissur – Kanjani – Vadanappally Road are the three state highways which connect city with its suburbs and municipalities.

Railway

[edit]

The Southern Railway zone of the Indian Railways operates the main rail transport system in Thrissur. There are four railway stations in Thrissur city. Thrissur railway station, one of the four A+ railway station in Kerala provides trains to three directions and lies on the busy Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section. It has a satellite station, Punkunnam railway station[136] and two minor stations, Ollur railway station and Mulankunnathukavu railway station. Thrissur railway station also connects to the temple town of Guruvayur by Guruvayur–Thrissur spur line. In addition, Southern Railway is running a suburban railway system connecting Thrissur to Kochi and Palakkad using Mainline Electrical Multiple Unit services (MEMU).[137][138][139]

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Thrissur Pooram disruption: City Police Commissioner Ankit Asokan transferred".
  2. ^ "തൃശ്ശൂര്‍ കോര്‍പ്പറേഷന്‍".
  3. ^ "Kerala (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
  4. ^ "Thrissur City" (PDF). Census2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  5. ^ https://metroverse.cid.harvard.edu/city/7864/overview
  6. ^ "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011" (PDF). Census India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
  7. ^ "Comparative study of decadal growth of state/districts 1991–2001, 2001–2011" (PDF). Census India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
  8. ^ a b "Thrissur". Thrissur Municipal Corporation. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  9. ^ "Literary and cultural societies". Kerala Government. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  10. ^ "Festivals and Fairs of Thrissur". Kerala Government. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
  11. ^ "Tourism". Thrissur Corporation. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  12. ^ "Pilgrimage". Thrissur Corporation. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  13. ^ "Catholic Syrian: God's Own Bank". Forbes India. Archived from the original on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  14. ^ "Kerala: Islamic Institute Starts Sanskrit Course, Sets Example Amid Saffronisation Debate". www.outlookindia.com/. 13 November 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  15. ^ "Islamic Institute in Kerala to teach Bhagvad Gita, Sanskrit Hindu texts as part of its syllabus". www.oneindia.com/. 17 January 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  16. ^ "Hindu texts, Sanskrit in Islamic school". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
  17. ^ "Islamic institution in Thrissur teaches students Sanskrit, Gita, Upanishads". The South First. 13 November 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
  18. ^ Web Desk (13 November 2022). "Kerala Islamic institute teaches Sanskrit and Upanishads". english.madhyamam.com. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
  19. ^ Bureau, I. N. (14 November 2022). "Kerala's Islamic institution teaches Sanskrit, Hindu scriptures". Indianarrative. Retrieved 19 February 2023. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  20. ^ "With RBI nod, ESAF is now 'scheduled bank'". @businessline. 28 December 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  21. ^ "Chit fund cos on the rise in Kerala". The Indian Express. 7 September 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  22. ^ a b "Tourist statistics" (PDF). Kerala Tourism. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  23. ^ "History". Kerala Agricultural University. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  24. ^ "About Us". Kerala Institute of Local Administration. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  25. ^ "Educational Institutions". Thrissur Corporation. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  26. ^ "UNESCO Global Network of Learning cities - Thrissur, India". UNESCO. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  27. ^ Kapoor, Subodh (2002). The Indian Encyclopaedia. Cosmo Publications. ISBN 9788177552577. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  28. ^ "Thrissur – History". Thrissur district website. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
  29. ^ S Hemachandran, "Monuments Embossing History"[permanent dead link‍], Kerala Calling, July 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2009
  30. ^ "A tour of heritage sites in Thrissur". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 4 December 2009. Archived from the original on 8 December 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
  31. ^ a b "Brief History" (PDF). Kerala Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  32. ^ "Tipu Sultan: as known in Kerala". VOI Books. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  33. ^ "Thrissur school remembers Mahatma's visit". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 15 October 2010. Archived from the original on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  34. ^ "Barrister Krishna Menon's forgotten story". CityJournal. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  35. ^ C A Krishnan (2009). Anchuvilakku, p.35-38. Green Books, Thrissur. ISBN 978-81-8423-128-1
  36. ^ "Thrissur – History". Thrissur Govt. Archived from the original on 26 October 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  37. ^ a b "Geography and Climate" (PDF). ADB. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
  38. ^ "Warning bells in Kole". The Hindu. 14 October 2007. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  39. ^ "Agriculture-wetland interactions and sustainability of rice cultivation in the Kole land, Kerala" (PDF). Jeena T Srinivasan. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  40. ^ "Project to protect kole wetlands". The Hindu. 8 January 2011. Archived from the original on 24 April 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  41. ^ "Migratory fish spotted in kole land". The Hindu. 18 April 2011. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  42. ^ Jose AI, Paulose S, Prameela P & Bonny BP (eds), 2002, Package of Practices Recommendations: Crops Archived 19 December 2005 at the Wayback Machine, Kerala Agricultural University. Retrieved 18 January 2006.
  43. ^ "Geography". Thrissur Municipal Corporation. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
  44. ^ a b "Climate". Kerala Government. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  45. ^ "South Indian Bank sees sunshine in slowdown". The Economic Times. 4 March 2009. Archived from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
  46. ^ "Banking/Finance". (The Economic Times). 4 March 2009. Archived from the original on 19 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
  47. ^ "Kerala shines in gold ornament export". The Economic Times. 20 August 2005. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  48. ^ "No impact of recession on gold business'". Business Line. Retrieved 13 December 2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  49. ^ "Kerala Hosts First Gem & Jewellery Show". Diamonds Net. 20 November 2008. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  50. ^ "Exhibition on gold jewellery from November 14". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 6 October 2008. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  51. ^ "ESAF to start with 10 branches as small finance bank". The Hindu. 18 July 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  52. ^ "About Us". South Indian Bank. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  53. ^ "Genesis". Catholic Syrian Bank. Archived from the original on 17 February 2010. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  54. ^ "Chit fund companies on the rise". DNA India. DNA. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  55. ^ "Chit fund cos on the rise in Kerala". The Indian Express. 7 September 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
  56. ^ "Thrissur – The nerve-centre of Ayurveda". Pharmabiz.com. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  57. ^ "Centre to part-fund Ayurveda testing facility in Thrissur". The Financial Express. 23 January 2008. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  58. ^ "Centre sanctions Rs 29 cr for ayurveda cluster in Thrissur". Business Line. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  59. ^ "Ayurvedic Industry – Challenges And Opportunities" (PDF). CII. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  60. ^ "Ayurveda Sector in India: Challenges, Potential & Way Forward" (PDF). Global Ayurveda Summit 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  61. ^ "Thrissur, the new textile capital". Manorama Online.com. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
  62. ^ "Koratty IT park set to begin operations". Business Standard. 11 May 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
  63. ^ "InfoPark Thrissur". Kerala IT. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
  64. ^ "Koratty Infopark first phase inauguration on Oct". The New Indian Express. 8 October 2009. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
  65. ^ a b c "Thrissur City Corporation turns 100". Malayala Manorama. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
  66. ^ "History". Thrissur Corporation. Archived from the original on 19 July 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  67. ^ "Demographic & Area Particulars of Urban Local Bodies". Thrissur District. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  68. ^ "Thrissur Corporation". Thrissur Municipal Corporation. Archived from the original on 20 July 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  69. ^ "Urban Planning and Land Use Management" (PDF). ADB. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  70. ^ "T.N. Rugmani And Another vs C. Achutha Menon And Ors on 20 December, 1990". Indiankanoon.org. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  71. ^ "Reinstatement of Thrissur Urban Development Authority" (PDF). Kerala Government. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  72. ^ "TUDA is back". Manoramaonline.com. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  73. ^ "Thrissur to have city police commissionerate". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 2 March 2011. Archived from the original on 7 March 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
  74. ^ "Probe ordered into explosions". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 3 February 2011. Archived from the original on 7 February 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
  75. ^ "Thrissur gets Police Commissioner". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 4 March 2011. Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
  76. ^ "Official website of Kerala Police". Archived from the original on 1 January 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
  77. ^ "Central Prison, Viyyur" (PDF). Kerala Government. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  78. ^ "State security force soon". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 7 January 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
  79. ^ "29 more battalions for BSF". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 1 November 2009. Archived from the original on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
  80. ^ "More BSF facilities promised". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 28 January 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
  81. ^ a b c 2011 census data censusindia.gov.in
  82. ^ a b "Table C-01: Population by religious community: Kerala". Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
  83. ^ "Thrissur City Population 2023 - Sex Ratio, Population Density, Literacy". www.indiacensus.net.
  84. ^ a b "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue (Urban): Kerala". www.censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  85. ^ Raghunath, Arjun (4 June 2024). "Lok Sabha Elections 2024 – Lotus blooms in Kerala; Suresh Gopi wins from Thrissur". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  86. ^ "Lakhs witness Thrissur Pooram". The Hindu. 25 April 2010. Archived from the original on 28 April 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  87. ^ "Probe into Thrissur Pooram fireworks blast begins". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 6 May 2006. Archived from the original on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  88. ^ "Hundreds of thousands converge as 'Thrissur Pooram' begins in Kerala". OneIndia. 24 April 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  89. ^ "Caparisoned elephants steal the show at Thrissur Pooram". Sify News. Archived from the original on 22 November 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  90. ^ "Thousands feast on colourful Pulikali". The New Indian Express. 27 August 2010. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  91. ^ "'Tiger Dance' performed in Kerala". OneIndia. 27 August 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  92. ^ "Yeddyurappa's elephant gift sparks row". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 7 November 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  93. ^ "Thrissur elephants get a jumbo relief". DNA. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  94. ^ "Elephants in Kerala tuck into a jumbo feast". CNN. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  95. ^ "Elephants run amok at Thrissur and Guruvayur". Sify. Archived from the original on 21 July 2010. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  96. ^ "When jumbos line up to solemnise a wedding". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 29 August 2005. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
  97. ^ Ramavarman, T (23 September 2011). "Thrissur mourns its 'electric' corner". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  98. ^ "Demolition of dilapidated buildings begins in Thrissur - KERALA - The Hindu". The Hindu. 21 September 2011.
  99. ^ "Thrissur mourns its 'electric' corner". The Times of India. 23 September 2011. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  100. ^ "Call to develop Thrissur as 'education destination'". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 12 February 2004. Archived from the original on 11 March 2004. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
  101. ^ "Thrissur set to become major education hub". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 11 November 2010. Archived from the original on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
  102. ^ "Home". Thrissur Educational District. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
  103. ^ "Home". DDE, Thrissur. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
  104. ^ "Institutions". DDE Thrissur. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
  105. ^ "List of UP schools in Thrissur District" (PDF). Kerala Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
  106. ^ "List of High schools in Thrissur District" (PDF). Kerala Government. Retrieved 29 January 2011.[permanent dead link‍]
  107. ^ "List of Schools". Kerala Government. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
  108. ^ "UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities: 77 new members from 44 countries". UNESCO. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  109. ^ "Inter-club football". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 26 December 2010. Archived from the original on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
  110. ^ "Football". Kerala Police. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
  111. ^ "Sudheesh fires in three". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 27 December 2010. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
  112. ^ "Golden Threads posts win". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 31 December 2010. Archived from the original on 4 January 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
  113. ^ "Aneesh shines". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 4 January 2011. Archived from the original on 8 January 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
  114. ^ a b "Sports". Thrissur Municipal Corporation. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  115. ^ a b "Media and political scenarios in Kerala" (PDF). Vidyanidhi.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
  116. ^ "The Evolution of Press in Kerala" (PDF). Shodhganga. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  117. ^ "History of Press in Kerala". PRD. Archived from the original on 7 August 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  118. ^ "Read history as the old newspapers reported". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  119. ^ "Cinema". Malayala Cinema.com. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
  120. ^ "Hundred years of filial indifferenc". City Journal. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  121. ^ Chelangad, Saju (29 September 2013). "A true adventurer". The Hindu.
  122. ^ "BSNL 3G services in Thrissur". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 17 January 2010. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  123. ^ "WiMax in Thrissur". Manoramaonline. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  124. ^ "BSNL launches WiMAX Services". BSNL. Archived from the original on 27 September 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  125. ^ "Radio Mango Thrissur". Archived from the original on 12 March 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  126. ^ "Red FM Thrissur". Kal Radio Limited. Archived from the original on 27 September 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  127. ^ "Thrissur radio stations". Asiawaves. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
  128. ^ Address of AIR Station, Thrissur [1] (Retrieved 8 January 2009)
  129. ^ In euphonious harmony, The Hindu dated 3 February 2006
  130. ^ "List of Doordarshan Studios". Ddindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  131. ^ "AIR Offices". Prasar Bharati. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  132. ^ "Doordarshan Kendra's". Prasar Bharati. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
  133. ^ "NHAI report on four-lane work ready". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 7 September 2008. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
  134. ^ "State govt to launch Puzhakkal mobility hub". Kerala, India: City journal. 14 August 2013. Archived from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  135. ^ Muringatheri, Mini (20 July 2015). "Thrissur Mobility Hub to become a reality soon". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  136. ^ "Guruvayur-Tirunavaya rail line soon: Ahamed". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 12 August 2009. Archived from the original on 17 August 2009. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
  137. ^ "Ekm-Thrissur Memu to chug off today". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  138. ^ "Ernakulam-Thrissur MEMU from tomorrow". The Hindu. 22 March 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  139. ^ "MEMU services to roll out in Thrissur". The Hindu. 5 September 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2013.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.
Retrieved from "http://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Thrissur&oldid=1264614010"