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The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)

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J.R.R. Tolkien's
The Lord of the Rings
An early poster for the film.
Directed byRalph Bakshi
Written byScreenplay:
Peter S. Beagle
Chris Conkling
Based on the novel by J. R. R. Tolkien
Produced bySaul Zaentz
StarringChristopher Guard
William Squire
Michael Scholes
John Hurt
Simon Chandler
Dominic Guard
Michael Graham Cox
Anthony Daniels
David Buck
CinematographyTimothy Galfas
Edited byDonald W. Ernst
Music byLeonard Rosenman
Distributed byUnited Artists
Release dates
November 15, 1978
Running time
132 minutes
CountryUSA
LanguageEnglish
BudgetUS$8,000,000[1]

J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings is a 1978 animated fantasy film directed by Ralph Bakshi. It is an adaptation of the first half of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. Set in Middle-earth, the film follows a group of Hobbits, Elves, Men, Dwarves and Wizards who form a Fellowship and embark on a quest to destroy the One Ring made by the Dark Lord Sauron, and with it, ensure his destruction. The screenplay was written by Peter S. Beagle. An earlier draft was written by Chris Conkling, but not used.[2] The film features the voice work of William Squire, John Hurt, Michael Graham Cox and Anthony Daniels.

Director Ralph Bakshi encountered Tolkien's writing in the early days of his career, and made several attempts to produce The Lord of the Rings as an animated film before successfully gaining funding from producer Saul Zaentz and distributor United Artists.[3] The film was produced using rotoscoping, wherein many scenes were shot in live-action first and then traced onto animation cels.[3] The film is notable for featuring some of the most extensive use of the technique. The film received a mixed reaction from critics, and was deemed to be a flop by the original distributors, who refused to fund a sequel that would have covered the remainder of the story. However, the film was a success,[4][5] and sparked new interest in Tolkien's writing, inspiring the production of several further adaptations of the story.

Plot

In the early years of the Second Age of Middle-earth, the Elven-smiths forged nineteen Rings of Power for mortal Men, the Dwarf-lords, and the tall Elf-kings. Eventually the Dark Lord Sauron made the One Ring to rule them all. As the Last Alliance of Men and Elves fell beneath his power, the Ring fell into the hands of Prince Isildur of the mighty kings from across the sea. After Isildur was killed by Orcs, the Ring lay in the bottom of the river Anduin for years, during which Sauron captured the nine Rings that were made for Men and turned their owners into the Ringwraiths: terrible shadows under his great shadow who roamed the world searching for the One Ring. The Ring was found by two friends. One of them, Sméagol, was so enticed by the Ring's power that he killed his friend Déagol to get it. The Ring warped him into a twisted, gurgling wretch known only as Gollum, until his "precious" was discovered by the hobbit Bilbo Baggins. Years later, in a land called the Shire, Bilbo is celebrating his birthday. In Bilbo's hobbit hole, the wizard Gandalf tells him to leave the Ring for Frodo Baggins. Bilbo finally agrees, and leaves the Shire. Seventeen years pass, during which Gandalf learns that the Shire is in danger—evil forces have learned that the Ring is in the possession of a Baggins. Gandalf meets with Frodo, and explains the Ring's history and the danger it poses to all of Middle-earth. Frodo leaves his home, taking the Ring with him.

File:BakshiHobbits.JPG
Pippin, Frodo, Sam, and Merry.

In his journey he is accompanied by three hobbit friends, Pippin, Merry, and Sam. From the start, they are pursued by the Ringwraiths. Narrowly escaping them, they eventually come to Bree, where they meet Strider, another friend of Gandalf who leads them the rest of the way to Rivendell. Frodo is stabbed upon the mountain of Weathertop by the chief of the Ringwraiths, with a knife imbued with evil magic. Part of the knife stays inside him, and he gets sicker as the journey progresses. They meet the Elf Legolas. The Ringwraiths catch up with them, and at a standoff at the ford of Rivendell, the former are swept away by the enchanted river itself. At Rivendell, Frodo is healed by its lord, Elrond. He meets Gandalf again, who has been held captive by his fellow wizard Saruman, who plans to join with Sauron but also wants the Ring for himself. Bilbo, Gandalf, and others argue about what should be done with the One Ring. Frodo volunteers to go to Mordor, where the Ring can be destroyed. Frodo sets forth from Rivendell with eight companions: Gandalf; Aragorn and Boromir, son of the Steward of the land of Gondor; Legolas the Elf; Gimli the Dwarf; and Frodo's original three hobbit companions.

Their attempt to cross the Misty Mountains is foiled by heavy snow, so they are forced to take a path under the mountains via Moria, an ancient Dwarf kingdom, now full of Orcs and other evil creatures, where Gandalf falls into the abyss after battling a Balrog. The remaining eight members of the Fellowship then spend some time in the elf-haven of Lothlórien. They leave Lórien by river. Boromir tries to take the Ring from Frodo, who puts it on to escape him. Frodo decides to leave the others behind and continue his quest alone - but the faithful Sam insists on coming along. Boromir is killed by Orcs while trying to defend Merry and Pippin, whom the Orcs capture, meaning to take them to Isengard through the land of Rohan. After managing to escape the Orcs, and flee into Fangorn Forest, Merry and Pippin meet Treebeard, a huge treelike creature. Aragorn, Gimli and Legolas, tracking Merry and Pippin, find small prints and they follow these into Fangorn Forest, where they find Gandalf, whom they believed had perished in the mines of Moria. The four ride to Rohan's capital, Edoras. Gandalf persuades King Théoden that his people are in danger. Aragorn, Gimli and Legolas then travel to the defensive fortification Helm's Deep. Frodo and Sam, meanwhile, discover Gollum stalking them, and capture him. Frodo pities him, and lets him live in return for guidance to Mount Doom. Gollum promises to lead them to a secret entrance to Mordor. At Helm's Deep, Théoden's forces resist an onslaught of Orcs sent by Saruman, and Gandalf arrives the next morning with the Riders of Rohan just in time — and none escape.

Differences from the book

The movie makes some deviations from the book, but overall follows Tolkien's narrative quite closely. Many parts of the book explaining the transition from one part of the plot to another were omitted, which could make the middle part of the film somewhat difficult to follow if the viewer is unfamiliar with the story. Of the adaptation, Bakshi stated, "Things had to be left out but nothing in the story was really altered."[3]

Omissions

The film greatly condenses Frodo's journey from Bag End to Bree. The subplot of Merry and Pippin's "conspiracy" to help Frodo is reduced to a few sentences. Stop-overs at Farmer Maggot's house, Merry's house, and the house of the mysterious Tom Bombadil deep in the Old Forest are omitted. Maggot and his family and Bombadil and his wife Goldberry are thus all omitted, along with Fatty Bolger, a hobbit in on the conspiracy who accompanied Frodo at the beginning. According to Bakshi, "Tom Bombadil was dropped because he didn't move the story along."[3] As the Bombadil episode is omitted, the subsequent episode of the journey through the Barrow-downs, as well as encounters with Barrow-wights, are omitted as well.

In the scene where Frodo finds out that his ring is the One Ring, he and Gandalf do not look for "fire-letters" inscribed on the ring as in the book.[6] These "fire-letters", along with the Ring not getting warmed (due to its virtual indestructibility) identify the ring as Sauron's Ring. The latter identifier is included.

Later, Aragorn carries a broken sword up to the Rivendell section of the story where he presents it to the council. He identifies it as the "sword of Elendil of Gondor". The book makes clear that the sword of Elendil is a royal sword, and thus borne by his rightful heirs. Aragorn, in short, is heir to the throne of Gondor. Elendil is actually Isildur's father, and Isildur is king of Gondor after his father, but this is not made clear in the film. Though Aragorn is established as a descendant of Isildur in the film, it is not made clear that he is the heir to Gondor's throne. (The fact that Isildur cut off Sauron's ring with Elendil's sword is also omitted.) After Rivendell, the sword is shown whole again, as in the book wherein it is reforged, but the reforging is passed over in the film.

The film omits some action scenes, such as a pre-Moria battle with wolves, Legolas shooting down a Ringwraith's mount, and Orc archers shooting at the Fellowship on the river Anduin.

The terms "Ent" and "Nazgûl" are omitted in favor of "tree-herder" and "Ringwraith".

Modifications

In the film's prologue it is suggested that Sauron learned the craft of Ring-making after the 19 lesser rings were made whilst in the original story it is Sauron who teaches the Elven-smiths this ability. Another scene suggests that the Last Alliance of Men and Elves were losing the war against Sauron which contradicts the original story.[7]

Some changes were cosmetic in nature. For example, Saruman the White adopts the title "Saruman of Many Colours" as in Tolkien's novel. In it he initially wore white but modified his robe.[7] However, in the film his robes are neither white nor multicolored, but are in different shades of red. Legolas wears silver and grey clothes whereas in the book he is "clad in green and brown".[7] Aragorn too wore "rusty green and brown"[8] in the book whereas his garments are in different shades of brown in the film. Boromir wears a horned helmet, which has no precedent in the book.

The scene where the Ringwraiths arrive in the hobbits' room and begin slashing at their beds only to find that they are not there is not in the book, wherein the hobbits only find the aftermath of the attack before dawn of the next day.[9] Also, Tolkien implies that the attack was carried out by agents of the Ringwraiths in Bree, possibly including one Bill Ferny, not the Ringwraiths themselves (though they were present in the town). As Aragorn states:

"In dark and loneliness they are strongest; they will not openly attack a house where there are lights and many people - not until they are desperate, not while all the long leagues of Eriador still lie before us. But their power is in terror, and already some in Bree are in their clutch. They will drive these wretches to some evil work: Ferny, and some of the strangers, and, maybe, the gatekeeper too."[10]

The High Elf Glorfindel whom the hobbits and Aragorn meet as they approach Rivendell[11] is replaced by the more prominent Wood-elf Legolas, who appears later in the book, in Rivendell.[7]

Éomer and Éowyn both have no lines. Similar to Legolas and Glorfindel, Éomer's role is merged with that of the minor character Erkenbrand.

The depiction of the battle of Helm's Deep differs in some details from the book. Notably, the fortress itself is called "Helm's Deep" in the film while in the book it was called the "Hornburg", and "Helm's Deep" is the name of the valley where it is located,[12] or more precisely, the ravine behind the fortress.[13] The explosive-like "blasting-fire", here the "Fire of Isengard," appears as magical projectiles shot from Isengard itself. Éomer is portrayed as a renegade who Gandalf finds; together, they save the day at Helm's Deep. In the book, he was present at the battle, and Gandalf arrives with Erkenbrand.[12]

Cast

Template:LotR casts navbox*Christopher Guard .... Frodo Baggins (voice)

Production

File:RalphSaulscouting.jpg
Ralph Bakshi and Saul Zaentz scouting locations in Spain for the live action shoot.

Director Ralph Bakshi was introduced to The Lord of the Rings during the mid-1950s, when he was working as an animator for Terrytoons. In 1957, the young animator started trying to convince people that the story could be told in animation.[3] In the 1970s, Bakshi, who had since achieved box office success producing adult-oriented animated films such as Fritz the Cat, learned that a live-action film adaptation was being produced by United Artists, under the direction of John Boorman. According to Bakshi, he was told that Boorman had planned to produce all three parts of The Lord of the Rings as a single film. "I thought that was madness, certainly a lack of character on Boorman's part. Why would you want to tamper with anything Tolkien did?"[14] When Boorman's proposed adaptation fell apart, Bakshi approached the studio and proposed that he direct a three-part animated film adaptation of the book. "And here comes the horror story, right? They said fine, because Boorman handed in this 700-page script, and do I want to read it? I said, 'Well, is it all three books in one?' They said, 'Yes, but he's changed a lot of the characters, and he's added characters. He's got some sneakers he's merchandising in the middle.' I said, 'No, I'd rather not read it. I'd rather do the books as close as we can, using Tolkien's exact dialogue and scenes.' They said, 'Fine,' which knocked me down, 'because we don't understand a word Boorman wrote. We never read the books. [...] We ain't got time to read it. You understand it, Ralph, so go do it.'"[14]

Across the hall from United Artists, located in the same building, was the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer office, where Bakshi spoke to then-president Dan Melnick. "I thought he would understand what The Rings meant, because UA did not."[14] Bakshi and Melnick made a deal with Mike Medavoy at United Artists, giving Medavoy his money back. "The Boorman script cost $3 million, so Boorman was happy by the pool, screaming and laughing and drinking, 'cause he got $3 million for his script to be thrown out."[14] After Melnick was fired from MGM, the deal fell through.[14] Following this, Bakshi contacted Saul Zaentz (who helped finance Bakshi's first film, Fritz the Cat) and asked him if he wanted to produce The Lord of the Rings. Zaentz agreed to do so. At United Artists, the original three-part adaptation was negotiated down to two parts. Before the production started, Bakshi met with Tolkien's daughter Priscilla to discuss how the film would be made. She showed him the room where her father did his writing and drawing. Bakshi states that "My promise to Tolkien's daughter was to be pure to the book. I wasn't going to say, 'Hey, throw out Gollum and change these two characters.' My job was to say, 'This is what the genius said.'"[15]

Screenwriting and development

An early draft of the screenplay was written by Chris Conkling, who told the bulk of a story in flashback, from Merry Brandybuck's point of view.[2] After Bakshi and Zaentz saw Conkling's first draft, fantasy author Peter S. Beagle was called in for a rewrite.[2] According to the website of publisher Conlan Press, Beagle wrote multiple drafts of the script for this movie for only $5,000 on the strength of promises from Saul Zaentz to hire him for other, better-paying projects afterward, and Zaentz later reneged on these promises.[16]

Directing

File:RBLorcamera.jpg
Ralph Bakshi looks into the camera lens during the live-action shoot.

According to Bakshi, "The directorial problem was directing an epic. Epics tend to drag. The biggest challenge was to be true to the book."[3] When asked what he was trying to accomplish with the film, Bakshi stated "The goal was to bring as much quality as possible to the work. I wanted real illustration as opposed to cartoons. [...] Descriptions were dropped because you actually see it in the film. It's not that important to me how a hobbit looks. Everyone has their own idea of what the characters look like. It's important to me that the energy of Tolkien survives. It's important that the quality of animation matches the quality of Tolkien. Who cares how big Gandalf's nose is? The tendency of animation is just to worry about the drawing. If the movie works, whether you agree about Bilbo's face or not, the rest becomes inconsequential."[3]

Bakshi's major artistic influences on the film were classical illustrators such as Howard Pyle and N. C. Wyeth. Bakshi states that no contemporary illustrators were an influence on the style of the film. Bakshi states that "The film is a clash of a lot of styles like in all my films. I like moody backgrounds. I like drama. I like a lot of saturated color. Of course, a big problem was controlling the artists so they drew alike. How do you have 600 people draw one character alike? The tendency is to want to let the artist have some freedom but then someone would leave off a hat or horn on a hat on a character. [...] I think we've achieved real illustration as opposed to cartoons. Artistically, we can do anything we want."[3]

Animation

File:Bakshi Orcs.jpg
Orcs in Moria.

According to Jim Korkis, publicity for the film announced that Bakshi had created "the first movie painting" by utilizing "an entirely new technique in filmmaking."[3] Much of the film used live-action footage which was then rotoscoped to produce an animated look.[3] This saved production costs and gave the animated characters a more realistic look. For the live-action portion of the production, Bakshi and his cast and crew arrived in Spain where the rotoscope models acted out their parts in costume. According to Bakshi, "I was told that at Disney the actor was told to play it like a cartoon with all that exaggeration. In Lord of the Rings, I had the actors play it straight. The rotoscope in the past has been used in scenes and then exaggerated. The action becomes cartoony. The question then comes up that if you're not going to be cartoony, why animate? [...] It is the traditional method of rotoscoping but the approach is untraditional. It's a rotoscope realism unlike anything that's been seen. It really is a unique thing for animation. The number of characters moving in a scene is staggering. In The Lord of the Rings, you have hundreds of people in the scene. We have cels with a thousand people on them. It was so complex sometimes we'd only get one cel a week from an artist. It turned out that the simple shots were the ones that only had four people in them."[3]

File:LOTR cast.jpg
Bakshi and the Lord of the Rings cast

Many of the actors who contributed voices to this production also acted out their parts for rotoscoped scenes. The actions of Bilbo Baggins and Samwise Gamgee were performed by Billy Barty, while Sharon Baird served as the performance model for Frodo Baggins.[17] Although some cel animation was produced and shot for the film,[18][19] very little of it appears in the final film. Most of the film's crowd and battle scenes use a different technique, in which live-action footage is posterized to produce a more three-dimensional look. In a few shots the two techniques are combined. Of the rotoscoping, Bakshi stated that he "didn't start thinking about shooting the film totally in live action until I saw it really start to work so well. I learned lots of things about the process, like rippling. One scene, some figures were standing on a hill and a big gust of wind came up and the shadows moved back and forth on the clothes and it was unbelievable in animation. I don't think I could get the feeling of cold on the screen without showing snow or an icicle on some guy's nose. The characters have weight and they move correctly."[3]

Following the live-action shoot, each frame of the live footage was printed out, and placed behind an animation cel. The details of each frame were copied and painted onto the cel. Both the live-action and animated sequences were storyboarded.[20] Of the production, Bakshi is quoted as saying, "Making two pictures [The live action reference and the actual animated feature.] in two years is crazy. Most directors when they finish editing, they are finished; we were just starting. I got more than I expected. The crew is young. The crew loves it. If the crew loves it, it's usually a great sign. They aren't older animators trying to snow me for jobs next year."[3] Although he continued to use rotoscoping in American Pop, Hey Good Lookin' and Fire and Ice, Bakshi later regretted his use of rotoscoping, stating that he felt that it was a mistake to trace the source footage rather than using it a a guide.[21]

Tim Burton worked as a cel painter on the film. He would later become an animator for Disney, and later a film director in his own right.[15][22][23]

Music

Main article: The Lord of the Rings (soundtrack)

The film's score was composed by Leonard Rosenman. Bakshi had wanted to include music by Led Zeppelin, but was unable to get the rights to do so.[24]

Sequel

File:Lotr78.jpg
Later poster depicting a scene not featured in the film that may have been intended for the unproduced sequel.

The film was originally intended to be distributed as The Lord of the Rings Part 1.[14][15] According to Bakshi, when he completed the film, United Artists executives told him that they were planning to release the film without indicating that a sequel would follow, because they felt that audiences would not pay to see half of a film. "I told them they can't drop the Part One, because people are going to come in thinking they'll see the whole film, and it's not there. We had a huge fight, and they released it as Lord Of The Rings. So when it came to the end, people were stunned in the theater, even worse than I ever realized they would be, because they were expecting to see the whole film. People keep telling me I never finished the film. And I keep saying, 'That's right!'"[14] In another interview, Bakshi stated "Had it said 'Part One,' I think everyone would have respected it. But because it didn't say 'Part One,' everyone came in expecting to see the entire three books, and that's where the confusion comes in."[15]

In interviews, Bakshi sometimes refers to the film as The Lord of the Rings Part 1. According to Bakshi, a few A and B-rolls were shot for Part 2, but no other work was done.[25] Bakshi states that he would have never made the film if he knew what would happen during the production. "I was doing it to save it for Tolkien, because I loved the Rings very much. [...] I think it took more out of me then I got back. [...] [The film] made me realize that I'm not interested in [adapting another writer's story]. That the thing that seemed to interest me the most was shooting off my big mouth, or sitting in a room and thinking about how do you feel about this issue or that issue and how do you get that over to an audience, was the most exciting part of my life."[22] In 2006, Bakshi stated that if he were given the opportunity to finish The Lord of the Rings, he would.[24]

Reception

Critics were generally mixed in their responses to the film. Roger Ebert called Bakshi's effort a "mixed blessing" and "an entirely respectable, occasionally impressive job ... [which] still falls far short of the charm and sweep of the original story.[26] Vincent Canby of the New York Times called the film "both numbing and impressive."[27] Film website Rotten Tomatoes, which compiles reviews from a wide range of critics, gives the film a score of 50% (with nine out of 18 reviewers giving the film a positive review).[28] The film grossed $30,471,420 at the box office[1][29] (the budget was $8 million).[1] In Leonard Maltin's book Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons, Maltin cites The Lord of the Rings and Fritz the Cat as the only major box office successes of Bakshi's career.[4] However, United Artists believed the film to be a flop, and refused to fund a sequel which would have completed Tolkien's story on film.

Legacy

Bakshi's film sparked enough interest in Tolkien's work to provoke not only an animated TV special produced by the Rankin-Bass animation studio based on The Return of the King, but a complete adaptation of The Lord of the Rings on BBC Radio. For this broadcast, Michael Graham Cox and Peter Woodthorpe reprised their roles of Boromir and Gollum, respectively. Bakshi's film has also been cited as an influence on director Peter Jackson's film trilogy based on The Lord of the Rings. After initially denying having seen Bakshi's film, Jackson admitted to having first encountered The Lord of the Rings via Bakshi's film,[30] stating that he "enjoyed it and wanted to know more."[31] Bakshi is quoted as saying "Peter Jackson did say that the first film inspired him to go on and do the series, but that happened after I was bitching and moaning to a lot of interviewers that he said at the beginning that he never saw the movie. I thought that was kind of fucked up."[22]

Jackson's adaptation borrows from Bakshi's version, most notably the scene of the Nazgûl appearing in the room at Bree and slashing the beds to ribbons thinking the shapes under the sheets to be the hobbits. This is almost identical to Bakshi's version, which is significant as the scene is not depicted in the book. On the audio commentary for the DVD release of The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, Jackson acknowledges one shot, a low angle of a hobbit at Bilbo's birthday party shouting "Proudfeet!", as an intentional homage to Bakshi's film.

Bakshi is quoted as saying that he had "mixed feeling" about Jackson's adaptations, and he had not seen the films. "In some respects I feel good that Peter Jackson continued and went on, and in some respects I feel bad that Saul Zaentz, the producer, and various people never called me, thanked me, or asked my permission to do the movie. [...] Not has anyone sent me a bottle of wine, on the tremendous success. [...] But I have more feelings on the business side of that than I do on the creative side. I'm glad Peter Jackson had a movie to look at—I never did. And certainly there's a lot to learn from watching any movie, both its mistakes and when it works. So he had a little easier time than I did, and a lot better budget."[22]

Warner Bros. (the rights holder to the post-1974 Rankin-Bass library and most of the Saul Zaentz theatrical backlog) has released The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Return of the King on VHS and DVD, both packaged separately and as a boxed-set "trilogy" of films.[32][33] The Lord of the Rings is currently out of print as a separate release.[34] In 2003, the Online Film Critics Society ranked the film as the 90th greatest animated film of all time.[35]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Business details". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2007-01-09. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  2. ^ a b c Croft, Janet Brennan. "Three Rings for Hollywood: Scripts for The Lord of the Rings by Zimmerman, Boorman, and Beagle". University of Oklahoma. Retrieved 2007-01-09. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Jim Korkis. "If at first you don't succeed ... call Peter Jackson". Jim Hill Media. Retrieved 2007-01-09. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  4. ^ a b Maltin, Leonard (1987). Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons. Plume. ISBN 0-978-0452259935.
  5. ^ Diamond, Jamie (July 5, 1992). "Animation's Bad Boy Returns, Unrepentant". New York Times. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  6. ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954a). The Fellowship of the Ring. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. "The Shadow of the Past". OCLC 9552942.
  7. ^ a b c d Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954a). The Fellowship of the Ring. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. "The Council of Elrond". OCLC 9552942.
  8. ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954a). The Fellowship of the Ring. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. "The Ring Goes South". OCLC 9552942.
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference inn was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954a). The Fellowship of the Ring. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. "Strider". OCLC 9552942.
  11. ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954a). The Fellowship of the Ring. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. "Flight to the Ford". OCLC 9552942.
  12. ^ a b Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954). The Two Towers. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. "Helm's Deep". OCLC 1042159111.
  13. ^ Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (2023) [1981]. The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien: Revised and Expanded Edition. New York: Harper Collins. #210. ISBN 978-0-35-865298-4.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Robinson, Tasha (January 31, 2003). "Interview with Ralph Bakshi". The Onion A.V. Club. Retrieved 2007-01-09. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  15. ^ a b c d Riley, Patrick (July 7, 2000). "'70s Version of Lord of the Rings 'Devastated' Director Bakshi". Fox News. Retrieved 2007-01-09. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  16. ^ "Beagle/Zaentz FAQ". Conlan Press. Retrieved 2007-01-09. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  17. ^ "The Lord of the Rings (1978) - Full cast and crew". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2007-08-08. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  18. ^ "The Lord of the Rings - deleted scenes". The Official Ralph Bakshi website. Retrieved 2007-08-08. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  19. ^ "The Lord of the Rings - gallery image". The Official Ralph Bakshi website. Retrieved 2007-08-08. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  20. ^ "The Lord of the Rings - gallery image". The Official Ralph Bakshi website. Retrieved 2007-08-08. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  21. ^ Gallagher, John A. (1983). "The Directors Series: Interview with Ralph Bakshi (Part One)". Retrieved 2007-08-08. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  22. ^ a b c d "Interview with Ralph Bakshi". IGN Filmforce. Retrieved 2007-01-09. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help) Cite error: The named reference "IGN" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  23. ^ "Bakshi Board Exlusive Interview #8". Ralph Bakshi Forum. Retrieved 2007-03-22. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  24. ^ a b "Bakshi Board Exclusive Interview #6". Ralph Bakshi Forum. Retrieved 2007-01-09. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  25. ^ "Bakshi Board Exclusive Interview #3". Ralph Bakshi Forum. Retrieved 2007-01-09. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  26. ^ Ebert, Roger (January 1, 1978). "Review of The Lord of the Rings". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2007-01-09. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  27. ^ Canby, Vincent (1978). "Review of The Lord of the Rings". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-01-09. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  28. ^ "Tomatometer for The Lord of the Rings". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2007-01-09. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  29. ^ "Box office data for The Lord of the Rings". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2007-01-09. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  30. ^ Peter Jackson, as quoted at the Egyptian Theater in Hollywood, on February 6th, 2004. Audio; Retrieved on 2006-11-29.
  31. ^ Peter Jackson interview, Explorations (the Barnes & Noble Science Fiction newsletter), October/November 2001. Link; Archive; Retrieved on 2006-11-29.
  32. ^ "ASIN: B00005UM49". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2007-08-04. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  33. ^ "ASIN: B00005RJ2W". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2007-08-04. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  34. ^ "ASIN: B00005MP5B". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2007-08-04. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  35. ^ "Top 100 Animated Features of All Time". Online Film Critics Society. Retrieved 2007-01-09. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)

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