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The Frog Prince

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For other uses, see The Frog Prince (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with The Frog Princes or The Frog Princess.
The Frog Prince
The Frog Prince by Paul Friedrich Meyerheim (1889)
Folk tale
NameThe Frog Prince
Also known asThe Frog Prince; or, Iron Henry
Aarne–Thompson groupingAT 440 ("The Frog King")
RegionGermany
Published inKinder- und Hausmärchen, by the Brothers Grimm (1812)
The Frog Prince by Anne Anderson

"The Frog Prince; or, Iron Henry" (German: Der Froschkönig oder der eiserne Heinrich, literally "The Frog King or the Iron Henry") is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812 in Grimm's Fairy Tales (KHM 1). Traditionally, it is the first story in their folktale collection. The tale is classified as Aarne-Thompson type 440.[1]

"The Frog Prince" can be compared to the similar European fairy tale "The Frog Princess".

Origin

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Editions

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The story is best known through the rendition of the Brothers Grimm, who published it in their 1812 edition of Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Grimm's Fairy Tales), as tale no. 1.[1] An older, moralistic version was included in the Grimms' handwritten Ölenberg Manuscript from 1810. Jack Zipes noted in 2016 that the Grimms greatly treasured this tale, considering it to be one of the "oldest and most beautiful in German-speaking regions."[2]

Sources

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The Grimms' source is unclear, but it apparently comes from an oral tradition of Dortchen Wild's family in Kassel.[1] The volume 2 of the first edition of Kinder- und Hausmärchen, published in 1815, included a variation of this story entitled Der Froschprinz (The Frog Prince), published as tale no. 13. As this version was not included in later editions, it has since remained relatively unknown.[1]

It has been postulated by some scholars that parts of the tale may extend back until at least Roman times; an aspect of the story is referred to in Petronius' Satyricon, in which the character Trimalchio remarks, "qui fuit rana nunc est rex" ("The man who was once a frog is now a king").[3] Other scholars, however, argue that this may actually be a jab at the emperor Nero, who was often mockingly compared to a frog.[4]

Folklorist Stith Thompson suggested that the story of the Frog King in the German tradition began with a 13th-century literary tale written in Latin.[5]

Plot

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In the forest, a selfish princess accidentally drops her golden ball into a well. A frog offers to retrieve it in exchange for her friendship. She agrees but goes back on her word after getting the ball back and runs to her castle. The next day, she is eating with her father the king when the frog knocks on the door and requests to be let in. The king tells his daughter that she must keep her promise and she reluctantly obeys. The frog sits next to her and eats from her plate, then desires to sleep in the princess's bed. She is disgusted at the idea of sleeping with the frog, but her father angrily chastises her for loathing someone who helped her in a time of need. She picks up the frog and places him in the corner of her bedroom, but he hops up to her bed and demands to sleep as comfortably as the princess. Furious, she throws the frog against the wall, but as he falls to the floor he has transformed into a handsome prince. He explains that he was cursed by a wicked witch and the spell could only be broken with the princess's help. The next day, the two go to the prince's kingdom where they will be married.

In modern versions, the transformation is triggered by the princess kissing the frog (a motif that apparently first appeared in English translations).[6] In other early versions, it was sufficient for the frog to sleep for three nights on the princess' pillow.[7]

The frog prince also has a loyal servant named Henry (or Heinrich) who had three iron bands affixed around his heart to prevent it from breaking from sadness when his master was cursed. When the frog prince reverts to his human form, Henry's overwhelming happiness causes the bands to break, freeing his heart from its bonds.[8]

Variants

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Distribution

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It is Aarne–Thompson type 440.[9] According to German folklorist Hans-Jörg Uther, variants are registered across Europe.[10] In addition, scholars Lutz Röhrich, Waldemar Liungman [sv], and Jurjen van der Kooi noted that, apart from some isolated attestations in the southern part of the continent and in Eastern Europe, variants of the tale were collected in the northern part of Europe, comprising a sort of "core area": Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Belgium and Netherlands, extending to Ireland and Great Britain.[11][12][13]

However, Röhrich and van der Kooi remarked that the variants collected from oral tradition, even in America, clearly go back to a European original, and Uther argues that they are dependent on the Grimm's tale.[14][15][16] That argument does not take into account the Scottish version of the story found referenced in the 16th century Scottish text "Complaynt of Scotland" see Opie and Opie "The Classic Fairy Tales" (1974)p.183.

Other tales

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Other folktales similar to "The Frog Prince" are:[17]

  1. "The Frog Prince". The first English translation of the above tale. Edgar Taylor, the translator, not only changed the title, but altered the ending in a substantial and interesting manner.[18]
  2. "The Wonderful Frog" (W. Henry Jones and Lewis L. Kropf, Hungary).[19]
  3. "The Tale of the Queen Who Sought a Drink From a Certain Well" (J. F. Campbell, Scotland).
  4. "The Well of the World's End"
  5. "The Paddo" (Robert Chambers, Scotland).
  6. "The Maiden and the Frog" (James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps, England).
  7. "Oda und die Schlange" (Oda and the Snake) (Ludwig Bechstein, Germany) – a variant where a serpent replaces the frog[20]
  8. "The Kind Stepdaughter and the Frog" (W. Henry Jones and Lewis L. Kropf, England).
  9. "The Frog Prince" (H. Parker, Sri Lanka).
  10. "A Frog for a Husband" (William Elliot Griffis, Korea).
  11. "The Toad Bridegroom" (Zong In-Sob, Korea).

A similar tale type is ATU 402, "The Animal Bride". In these tales, a female animal (mouse, cat or frog) helps a prince with three tasks and after marrying him, assumes human form. In Puddocky (old word for toad), another German folk tale, and likewise "Tsarevna Lyagushka" (The Frog Princess), a Russian folk tale, the male and female roles of the frog prince are reversed. Prince Ivan Tsarevitch discovers the enchanted female frog, who becomes Vasilisa the Wise, a sorceress.

In a Latvian tale, Little White Dog, a girl is tasked with getting water from a well without getting the bucket wet. A little white dog appears and promises to help her if she accepts him as her bridegroom.[21]

Predecessors

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A possible parallel in Antiquity may be found in the story of Amymone, who was one of the Danaides. She went to fetch water in a jug because of a drought season caused by the gods. A satyr tried to force himself on her, but the god Poseidon rescued her. It has been suggested that the amphibian suitor and the handsome prince may have been separate characters at first.[22]

Cultural legacy

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  • Adelheid Wette based her 1896 play on "The Frog Prince", although she called it "The Frog King".
  • The Frog (1908), directed by Segundo de Chomón, is the first film adaptation of "The Frog Prince".[23]
  • Margarete Schweikert based her 1913 children's operetta "The Frog King" on the Grimm Brothers' fairytale "The Frog Prince".
  • Stevie Smith's poem "The Frog Prince" (1966) suggests the thoughts of the prince as he waits for disenchantment.[24]
  • The Frog Prince was a 1971 film starring Kermit the Frog, Trudy Young and Gordon Thomson.
  • Anne Sexton wrote an adaptation as a poem called "The Frog Prince" in her collection Transformations (1971), a book in which she re-envisions sixteen of the Grimms' fairy tales.[25]
  • Robin McKinley's 1981 collection of short stories The Door in the Hedge contains a version of the tale, entitled "The Princess and the Frog".
  • "The Tale of the Frog Prince" was the first story presented by Shelley Duvall's Faerie Tale Theatre in 1982, with Robin Williams as the witty Frog Prince and Teri Garr as the vain princess.
  • The Frog Prince is a 1986 film starring John Paragon and Aileen Quinn.
  • "The Frog Prince" was one of the fairy tales featured in Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics in its Grimm Masterpiece Theater season (1987). In the English version, the princess is named Leonora, her two older sisters are Agatha and Martha, and her father is King Bartholomew.
  • "The Frog Prince" was enacted by Achim (Joachim Kaps) and Kunibert (Hans-Joachim Leschnitz) in a 1988 episode of Brummkreisel.[26]
  • "The Frog Prince" was one of the episodes of Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child
  • The 1995 video game Yoshi's Island features a frog as a boss called Prince Froggy.
  • Linda Medley's graphic novel Castle Waiting from 1996 contains a character named Iron Henry or Iron Heinrich, who has 3 iron bands around his heart to repair the heartbreak he suffered when his son died of a fearful curse.
  • In the second episode of Adventures from the Book of Virtues (1996), Plato the Bison and Annie try to convince their friend Zach to tell his father the truth by telling him three stories, including one about "The Frog Prince". In this version, the title character was transformed into a frog for lying to a witch and breaking his promise. He is voiced by Jeff Bennett while the princess is voiced by Paige O'Hara.
  • In the German cartoon Simsala Grimm, the episode is titled "The Frog King" in season 1. In this version, the princess is named Matilda and her love interest is Prince Edward. Unlike other versions, where the princess angrily slams the frog into a wall, killing him, Princess Matilda slams the frog into a wall, causing him to feel dizzy and making her apologize to him.
  • Prince Charming is a 2001 film adaptation of the fairy tale, starring Martin Short, Christina Applegate and Sean Maguire as the title character. The prince is cursed to remain a frog until a maiden breaks his spell, giving him extreme longevity and allowing for the modern setting of the film.
  • In Shrek 2, Fiona's father King Harold is secretly the frog prince. However, unlike the fairy tale where the princess meets him as a frog and her actions make him human, he becomes human through a deal with the Fairy Godmother.
  • A musical version of The Frog Prince, written by Dieter Stegmann and Alexander S. Bermange, was presented at the Amphitheater Park Schloss Philippsruhe in Hanau, Germany as part of the Brothers Grimm Festival in 2005.[citation needed]
  • French graphic novel Garulfo (1992-2002) is a fairy tale about a frog who asks a witch to transform him into a prince - so that he can live life at the top of the food chain.
  • Bill Willingham's graphic novel series Fables features many fairytale characters living as refugees in New York, including "Flycatcher" the former Frog Prince, now a janitor and errand boy.
  • A chamber opera for children based upon The Frog Prince, written by Jacob A. Greenberg for Brown Opera Productions and the Providence Athenaeum, was performed in 2008.[27]
  • The tale was adapted for German television as one of the episodes of fairy tale series Sechs auf einen Streich ("Six at one Blow") in the 2008 season.
  • The Princess and the Frog is a 2009 Disney animated film loosely based on the 2002 novel The Frog Princess by E. D. Baker. The Frog Prince story appears itself in the film, being read to the film's protagonist, Tiana, as a child and inspiring the prince-turned-frog Naveen to ask Tiana to kiss him to break the spell. However, the kiss turns her into a frog as well.
  • Hidden object game series Dark Parables used the tale as basis for its second installment (The Exiled Prince).
  • Robert Coover wrote a "reimagined" version of the tale for The New Yorker in 2014.[28]
  • The Children's Theatre of Cincinnati's Script Development Division adapted the one-act musical Princess & Frog in 2020. The stage musical is adapted from the full-length musical Croaker written by Jason Marks and Debra Clinton.
  • In the game Just Dance 2015, the routine for Love Is All is inspired by this fairy tale, the frog (P2, C1) starts out as a little statue on the fountain. As the song starts, the frog comes to life and grows up. Towards the end of the routine, the princess (P1) kisses the frog and it turns into a prince.
  • The English alternative rock band Keane released a song titled "The Frog Prince" within their 2004 UK number-one album Under The Iron Sea.
  • "The Frog Prince" is a main character of the "Neverafter" season of the tabletop role-playing game show Dimension 20 in this adaption more often referred to as "Prince Gerard" or his full title "Prince Gerard of Greenleigh". He is played by Brian K. Murphy.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Ashliman, D. L. (2005). "The Frog King or Iron Heinrich". University of Pittsburgh.
  2. ^ Zipes, Jack. (2016). The Original Folk and Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm: The complete first edition. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 479. ISBN 978-0691173221.
  3. ^ Anderson, Graham (2002). Fairytale in the ancient world. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-23702-4. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
  4. ^ Brenck, Frederick A. (1998). Relighting the Souls: Studies in Plutarch, in Greek Literature, Religion, and Philosophy and in the New Testament Background. Stuttgart, Germany: Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. p. 134. ISBN 3-515-07158-X. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
  5. ^ Thompson, Stith. The Folktale. University of California Press. 1977. pp. 101–102, 179. ISBN 0-520-03537-2
  6. ^ Heiner, Heidi Anne. "The Annotated Frog King"
  7. ^ Thompson, Stith. The Folktale. University of California Press. 1977. p. 102. ISBN 0-520-03537-2
  8. ^ Owens, Lily, ed. (1981). The Complete Brothers Grimm Fairy Tales. p.3. Avenel Books. ISBN 0-517-336316
  9. ^ D. L. Ashliman, "Frog Kings: folktales of Aarne–Thompson–Uther type 440 about slimy suitors"
  10. ^ Uther, Hans-Jörg (2004). The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography, Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica. p. 262. ISBN 978-951-41-0963-8.
  11. ^ Röhrich, Lutz. "Froschkönig (AaTh 440)" [Frog King (ATU 440)]. Enzyklopädie des Märchens Online. Edited by Rolf Wilhelm Brednich, Heidrun Alzheimer, Hermann Bausinger, Wolfgang Brückner, Daniel Drascek, Helge Gerndt, Ines Köhler-Zülch, Klaus Roth and Hans-Jörg Uther. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2016 [1987]. p. 413. https://doi.org/10.1515/emo.5.058. Accessed 2023-08-26.
  12. ^ Kooi, Jurjen van der. "De kikkerkoning". In: Van Aladdin tot Zwaan kleef aan. Lexicon van sprookjes: ontstaan, ontwikkeling, variaties. 1ste druk. Ton Dekker & Jurjen van der Kooi & Theo Meder. Kritak: Sun. 1997. p. 182.
  13. ^ Liungman, Waldemar (2022) [1961]. Die Schwedischen Volksmärchen: Herkunft und Geschichte. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. p. 102. doi:10.1515/9783112618004-004.
  14. ^ Röhrich, Lutz. "Froschkönig (AaTh 440)" [Frog King (ATU 440)]. Enzyklopädie des Märchens Online. Edited by Rolf Wilhelm Brednich, Heidrun Alzheimer, Hermann Bausinger, Wolfgang Brückner, Daniel Drascek, Helge Gerndt, Ines Köhler-Zülch, Klaus Roth and Hans-Jörg Uther. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2016 [1987]. p. 413. https://doi.org/10.1515/emo.5.058. Accessed 2023-08-26.
  15. ^ Uther, Hans-Jörg (2004). The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography, Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica. p. 262. ISBN 978-951-41-0963-8.
  16. ^ Kooi, Jujen van der. "De kikkerkoning". In: Van Aladdin tot Zwaan kleef aan. Lexicon van sprookjes: ontstaan, ontwikkeling, variaties. 1ste druk. Ton Dekker & Jurjen van der Kooi & Theo Meder. Kritak: Sun. 1997. p. 182.
  17. ^ Clouston, W. A. (1890). "The Story of 'The Frog Prince': Breton Variant, and Some Analogues". Folklore. 1 (4): 493–506. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1890.9720033. JSTOR 1253634.
  18. ^ Works related to The Frog Prince at Wikisource
  19. ^ Works related to The Wonderful Frog at Wikisource
  20. ^ Bechstein, Ludwig. Sämtliche Märchen. München: 1971, pp. 168–170.
  21. ^ Olcott, Frances Jenkins. Wonder tales from Baltic wizards: from the German and English. London, New York: Longman, Green and Co. 1928. pp. 154–158.
  22. ^ Anderson, Graham. Fairytale in the Ancient World. Routledge. 2000. pp. 176–178. ISBN 0-203-18007-0
  23. ^ The Frog at IMDb Edit this at Wikidata
  24. ^ From her collection The Frog Prince and Other Poems, 1966 – also appears in Stevie Smith: A Selection, 1983.
  25. ^ "Transformations by Anne Sexton"
  26. ^ "Amazon.de: Brummkreisel - Staffel 1 ansehen | Prime Video". Amazon Germany.
  27. ^ Events at Brown University (2008), Rhode Island State Council on the Arts. Accessed March 26, 2017.
  28. ^ The Frog Prince by Robert Coover

Further reading

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