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The Civil War in France

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1922 German edition of The Civil War in France.

The Civil War in France was a pamphlet written by Karl Marx as an official statement of the General Council of the International on the character and significance of the struggle of the Parisian Communards in the French Civil War of 1871. The book was widely circulated by 1872, being translated into numerous languages and published throughout Europe and the United States.


History

Writing the pamphlet

Between the middle of April and the end of May 1871, London resident Karl Marx collected and compiled English, French, and German newspaper clippings on the progress of the French civil war, which pitted the radical workers of Paris against conservative forces from outside the city.[1] Marx only had access to French publications supported by the Commune, as well as various bourgeois periodicals published in London in English and French. Marx also had access to personal interpretations of events passed along by several leading figures in the Commune and associates such as Paul Lafargue and Peter Lavrov.[2]

Marx originally intended to write an address to the workers of Paris and made such a motion to the meeting of the governing General Council of the International on March 28, 1871 — a proposal which was unanimously approved.[3] Further developments in France led Marx to the opinion that the document should be instead directed to the working class of the world, and at the April 18 meeting of the General Council he passed along this suggestion, noting his desire to write on the "general tendency of the struggle." This proposal was approved and on this date Marx began the writing of the document.[4] Main writing on the publication seems to have taken place between May 6 and May 30, 1871,[5] with Marx writing the original document in English.

Publication

The first edition of the pamphlet, a slim document of just 35 pages, was first published in London on about June 13, 1871 as The Civil War in France: Address of the General Council of the International Working-Men's Association. Only 1,000 copies of the first edition were printed and the pamphlet quickly sold out, to be followed by a less expensive second edition with a print run of 2,000. A third English edition, containing a number of corrections of errors, appeared later in that same year.[6] The pamphlet was translated into French, German, Russian, Italian, Spanish, Dutch, Flemish, Croatian, Danish, and Polish and published both in newspapers and in pamphlet form in various countries in 1871-72 .[7] The German translation was rendered by Marx's longtime associate Friedrich Engels, and the first German publication was serialized in the newspaper Der Volkstaat in June-July 1871 followed by Der Vorbote in August-October 1871.[8] A separate pamphlet edition was also published by the Volkstaat in Leipzig in that same year.[9]

On the fifth anniversary of the fall of the Paris Commune the German edition of the pamphlet was reissued, with Engels making certain minor corrections to the translation. The second edition was also published in Leipzig, this time by Genossenschaftsbuchdrukerei.[10]

In 1891, on the 20th anniversary of the Paris Commune, Engels put together a new edition of the work. He wrote an introduction to this edition, emphasizing the historical significance of the experience of the Paris Commune, and its theoretical generalization by Marx in The Civil War in France, and also providing additional information on the activities of the Communards from among the Blanquists and Proudhonists.[11] Engels also decided to include earlier material by Marx made for the International — in this way providing additional historical background to the Commune from Marx's account of the Franco-Prussian War.

Theoretical Consequences

For Marx, the history of the Paris Commune caused him to reassess the significance of some of his own earlier writings. In a later preface to the Communist Manifesto, Marx would write that "no special stress is laid on the revolutionary measures proposed at the end of Section II. That passage would, in many respects, be very differently worded today."[12] It is this earlier passage which sought to show the process of worker seizure of state power. Following the publication of The Civil War in France: "One thing especially was proved by the Commune, viz., that 'the working class cannot simply lay hold of ready-made state machinery, and wield it for its own purposes.'"[12]

Footnotes

  1. ^ The scrapbooks compiled by Marx are still extant, housed in archives in Moscow formerly held by the Institute of Marxism-Leninism. Tatyana Yeremeyeva and Valeriya Kunina (eds.), Karl Marx — Frederick Engels: Collected Works, Volume 22. New York: International Publishers, 1986; pg. 664. (Hereafter: MECW).
  2. ^ MECW, v. 22, pg. 665.
  3. ^ MECW, v. 22, pg. 665.
  4. ^ MECW, v. 22, pg. 665.
  5. ^ MECW, v. 22, pg. 666.
  6. ^ MECW, v. 22, pg. 666.
  7. ^ MECW, v. 22, pg. 666.
  8. ^ MECW, v. 22, pg. 666.
  9. ^ Hal Draper, The Marx-Engels Register: A Complete Bibliography of Marx and Engels' Individual Writings. Volume II of the Marx-Engels Cyclopedia. New York: Schocken Books, 1985; pg. 187.
  10. ^ Draper, Marx-Engels Register, v. 2, pg. 187.
  11. ^ MECW, v. 22, pg. 666.
  12. ^ a b Karl Marx and Frederich Engels, Communist Manifesto (Preface) http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/preface.htm


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