Talk:Volcano/Archive 1

Archive 1

Archive 2

talk

Can this page not be protected, poor thing it must feel very insecure with all these vandalising attacks over the last few weeks.

Tonyhawk 15:42, 20 april 2008 (UTC)

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Please atualize this page

Image:Volcano.jpeg | Mt St Hell volcano eruption Image Number: AC80-0513-29 Date: 1980 - NASA photograph http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volcano I'm doing a project on The soil of a volcanoe basically is the soil stilll valuable after a volcanoe so is the soio still valuable —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.199.177.98 (talk) 16:02, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

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Does anyone else think the phrase "The biggest eruption in the last 10,000 years" under the section "Antarctica eruption" to be a bit confusing, as the earth is only 6,000 years old? I believe this should be considered for revision--Cara6190 (talk) 08:34, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

Also, I don't really like that "several million years" bit under "gay homo Volcanic activity: Active." Then there's just a whole slew of other references.... I realize my words are falling on deaf ears, but the fact is the world is only 6,000 years old. Six thousand.--Cara6190 (talk) 09:02, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

Hahahahaha. Cara, you're joking right?

Someone PLEASE get rid of the link to 'rupture' in the beginning, as it links to the engineering meaning of it and is not necessary. 68.106.106.29 (talk) 13:34, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

Why? It is Physics, it is Statics, it is ok... --Chris.urs-o (talk) 15:32, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

What about volcanoes with unknown cause

Not all volcanoes are caused by subduction, hotspot, or riftzone. Some are caused by entirely different process, and some are caused by compleatly unexplainable reasons. The eastern sierra nevada of california is caused by neither subduction, a hotpsot, or a riftzone. The cause is entirely unknown to scientist. —Preceding unsigned comment added by GodlessStats (talk • contribs) 05:35, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

The comment above doesn't seem to be discussing possible changes/improvements to the article unless, perhaps, it is suggesting a main section something like Geologic origin with subsections Plate tectonics and hotspots and Other, with volcanoes such as Sierra Nevada (stratovolcano) mentioned under "Other". As I understand it, though, (and I claim no significant knowledge of either geology or volcanology) stratovolcanoes occur over hotspots and, thus, belong under "Plate tectonics and hotspots". Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 04:04, 7 November 2009 (UTC)

Erupted material

Anyone could add about lahar and volcanic ash in erupted material section?Aditthegrat 15:59, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Y'all will notice a rather drastic edit to this section; my logic is, it was getting messy. I've tried to do more re-organising than re-writing; I've also added a reference (this whole article needs more citing). Any thoughts? Archaen sax 01:25, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Cryovulcanism

There does not yet seem to be a Wikipedia article on cryovulcanism or 'ice volcanoes'. This process has been observed on Neptune's moon Triton and may also be important on Saturn's moon Titan and the asteroid Quaoar. It would be great to have some information on cryovulcanism, but I'm not qualified - maybe someone who has worked on this page would be interested to write something? The Singing Badger 00:56, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

It's volcano, not vulcan-o, so see article at cryovolcano. Enjoy! -- Epastore 13:58, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Relationship between volcanic eruptions and the lunar cycle

National Geographic have shown a progam called Are Volcanic Eruptions Tied to Lunar Cycle?, where scientist Steve O'Meara claims there's a relationship between volcanic eruptions and the lunar cycle, just as there is for tidal water. Could someone please elaborate on this theory, and maybe extend the story to cover wether this theory is true or false. Thanks in advance. --Fredrik Orderud 21:15, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

Melting

rock of the earth's interior made molten or liquid by high pressure and temperature

This isn't true. Higher pressure increases rock's melting temperature. Rock melts if pressure is decreasing. Main factors that lower rock's melting temperature are decreasing pressure and water content inside melt. Siim 11:40, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

See an error - fix it, done :-) Vsmith 02:54, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

== Blast effects... Are dangerous

Eruption Tracking?

I'm very impressed with the coverage of the Atlantic Hurricane Seasons, but I can't find a similar set of pages for Volcanic Eruptions. (Sudden interest in natural disasters.) Is there one? --The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.167.139.120 (talk * contribs) 11:36, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

• There are several problems with such coverage. Due to lack of forecasting ability, eruptions are only known after they happen. They also generally affect a small area and are of specialized interest. Category:Active volcanoes was created recently, but that includes volcanoes over a rather wide time period due to the long time scale involved in magmatic actions (the category was initially created from a search of existing articles and there probably are omissions). Perhaps a List of eruptions of active volcanoes could be made, with an entry for each year, decade, or century as appropriate. Details of individual eruptions are placed in the articles for each volcano. Volcanic eruptions also appear in WikiNews. (SEWilco 17:59, 29 August 2005 (UTC))
• Active volcano is rather small. (SEWilco 18:01, 29 August 2005 (UTC))

Hot mafic flows in Hawaii?

Check a fact? under 'Shield volcanoes', "Their lava flows are generally very hot and very fluid...". I believe they are fluid entirely due to composition, and not due to particularly high temperature... but I'm not sure enough to remove/edit that. --Leperflesh 20:13, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

Viscosity is dependent on at least 6 things: pressure, temperature, volatile content (i.e. gases that are trying to escape), chemical composition, crystal content and bubble content (see Volcanic Successions, R.A.F. Cas and J.V. Wright, 1988, Unwin Hyman ISBN 0-04-552022-4 )... So not entirely due to composition, but it's true that shield volcanoes have mafic flows; fixed it. Archaen sax 01:36, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Friction causes melting of subduction plates?

Twice in the article, it is asserted that friction between the subducting oceanic plate causes the melting of materials, leading to upwelling and eruption of volcanic arcs. However, I was taught that the melting occurs due to the higher temperature of the mantle region below the subducting plate. I am hesitant to remove the reference, but I'd like to see either citation of this theory's conclusivity, or inclusion of other theorized mechanisms for partial melting. --Leperflesh 20:48, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

Go ahead and remove the reference. Magma in subduction zones is formed from partial melting, but usually not of the downgoing slab. Instead, partial melts are formed when the water is released from the "soggy" oceanic slab into the country rock. Adding water to the country rock lowers the melting temperature of that rock, which allows it to melt and rise to the surface, where it is erupted. (There's a decent description of this on the Volcano World Website, and the Wikipedia page on Subduction contains a diagram that discusses it. I'm not sure what mechanisms are for melting of the subducting slab, although it does happen. Farristry (talk) 15:37, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Where There's Smoke There's .. Smoke

The article includes the text:

The truth is that a volcano seldom emits either smoke .. What is mistaken for smoke consists of vast volumes of fine dust .. mingled with steam and other vapors..

This description sounds a lot like smoke to me..

Can anyone please clarify? --Philopedia 19:55, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

It's called aerosol Cuzandor 03:26, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

Smoke is made of small particles of carbon in suspension with the air. The "smoke" that comes out of a volcano is made of small bits of ash that are floating in the air, so it is basically many tiny rocks thrown up in the air. --The High Fin Sperm Whale (talk) 16:56, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

P.S. I don't know if someone got rid of it, but the sentence you mentioned is not in the article. Of course, you asked over three years ago.

Typos and Grammar

Could someone check for typos and grammar errors? Thanks. Josen 16:43, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

I noticed a typo. The volcano is called "Aetna" in this article, and "Etna" in all the others. Please let me know if I am wrong, but I think that this is a typo. Under this message I have quoted the section of the article that I refer to. Superfoopy 06:56, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

One early idea counter to this, however, was Jesuit Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680), who witnessed eruptions of Aetna and Stromboli, then visited the crater of Vesuvius and published his view of an Earth with a central fire connected to numerous others caused by the burning of sulfur, bitumen and coal.

Also, the phrase "no longer has a lava supply anymore" under "Volcanic activity: Extinct" is redundant. It should read either "no longer has a lava supply" or "doesn't have a lava supply anymore."--Cara6190 (talk) 09:11, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

Splitting

I think this article is way to long. The whole section on Volcanology could be turned into a whole separate article. I am willing to split the article and write new introductions etc. where appropriate, but as the article is being considered to be included in the CD, I thought I should check with people first. I will have to check, but some of the stuff in the Volcanology section is probably covered in Volcanology. Heavy Metal Cellist ^talk_contribs

It sounds like a good idea to me to split the article, but I think the article itself needs to be better organized. It also seems a bit patchy in places, which is probably a result of different people contributing different sections at different times. I don't think there is much overlap between the section on volcanology and the content of the volcanology article, since the latter is mostly about the history of the field and lacks a description of what volcanologists actually do. Jim_Lockhart 05:54, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

I have restructured many of the articles on Volcanoes. I moved information around, restructuring as I thought appropriate. Here are the pages I changed or created: Volcano, Volcanology, History of Volcanology, and Volcano Prediction. I DID NOT DELETE ANYTHING. I simply moved things around to reduce page size. All content is still there, just some sections are in different pages. Heavy Metal Cellist ^talk_contribs

Sounds good. I'm about to leave on a trip, so I won't have a chance to take a look until Tuesday US east-coast time at the earliest, but other contributors will probably have thoughts and ideas. Best regards, Jim_Lockhart 05:10, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Notable Volcanoes on Earth

This list is very long, and doesn't seem to be ordered alphabetically or by country, or anything. What do people think about scrapping it, but linking to Decade Volcanoes?

Otherwise I'd link to both Ol_Doinyo_Lengai, Tanzania, because it's the only Carbonatite-lava volcano on Earth (very exciting for geologists), and Nevado_del_Ruiz, Colombia, because in 1994 it wiped out an entire town of 23,000 people. Archaen sax 13:48, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Replaced the random list with the 16 Decade volcanoes. Vsmith 15:53, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

Volcano or Mountain?

Bold text Is mount Apo a volcano but known as a mountain? What is the condition of Mt. Apo this 2006?

As I know, volcanoes are under the category of the mountains. Volcanoes are also called volcanic mountains.----WikiPoTechizen 03:26, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

Pictures Montserrat

Hi. I am a newbie. Pro Photographer providing images to support Wikipedia articles, where I have them. Images are provided Free of Use for Wikipedia only; this is because other publications buy my pictures; I need to protect my copyright and ensure proper accreditation. There has been some controversy around this, making my intial experience of Wikipeida fraught. An initial mediators opinion is that my work is good for Wikipedia and appears to be within the rules. User talk:Desk1

A few years ago I undertook a helicopter fly-over shoot of Montserrat and got some nice general and semi technial pictures of the lava flows, landscape and township damage. Also got some reasonable close-ups of hot rock. Would article contributors be interested in me uploading a few of these for you to insert in your article if relevant? Best wishes, DP Kilfeather (Des) Desk1 10:46, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

this is for my world geography class

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I was just wondering how a volcanic eruption occurs...please email me and tell me as soon as possiable...thanks...Melissa..

ezekiel-sweetie@hotmail.com

It's not that hard to read.

Definition

The page does not attempt to define or even explain what a volcano is! You are supposed to already know! A brief defining paragraph at the top would be a good idea, no?

good observation! I have added a basic definition that I think covers all the possibilities without being too wordy--Leperflesh 22:16, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Volcanic Soil

Would somebody please send me an e-mail telling me what plants grow on volcanin soil

Hawaii listed as volcano formed by divergent plate boundary.

Quote,

Divergent plate boundaries create new seafloor and volcanic islands, such as Cjertce and Hawaii. Sometimes it can form in the ocean.

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According to my Geology textbook, Hawaii is an example of intraplate igneous activity or hotspot. Can this be fact checked?

"Essentials of Geology" ninth edition. Author's Fredrick K. Lutgens and Edward J. Tarbuck. Pages 109-110

Thank you,

TomDolan 05:54, 23 November 2006 (UTC)Tom Dolan

Removed that erroneous bit. Thanks for pointing it out. Vsmith 15:52, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

No problem, glad to contribute something (small) to Wikipedia.

TomDolan 23:06, 24 November 2006 (UTC)Tom Dolan

Past Beliefs

I think that the statement in this section, that "Before it was understood that most of the Earth's interior is molten rock ", is misleading. I'm not a geology expert, but surely most of the mantle, at least, is solid, albeit close to melting point? Do any experts want to clarify this or am I completely wrong? Gsalter 12:25, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

OK, I'm reasonably satisfied that this is incorrect. I'm going to remove it if no-one else has any objections? Gsalter 16:47, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

I agree. The mantle is largely semisolid or solid, and part of the core may also be solid. --Leperflesh 21:56, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

I've made a small change that removes the "POOP" reference. I'm not 100% happy with the wording, but think it's still an improvement. I might do a rewrite of the whole paragraph at some later stage and sandbox it. Gsalter 15:58, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Article needs cleanup

Hi there!

I think this article needs a great deal of cleanup. I am planning on giving it a boost in the near future, as well as nominating it on WP:AID. Some points I think need cleaned up are:

• The article could have a picture of a real volcano, say Mount St. Helens, at the top instead of the diagram (which could go under a section called "Shape", "Design", or "Formation").
• We need to get rid of some of the lists, at least having a paragraph with the 10 most famous volcanoes etc.
• Some parts of the article are very Earth-eccentric.

Would anyone (a) make suggestions on how this article could be improved, and (b) help me improve it?

Cheers, Yuser31415 (Review me!) 20:45, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Good comes from bad

I was looking in this article and saw that no one mentioned how there are good things other than the creation of islands, ect. The truth is many people around volcanoes benifit from the fertile soil from the eruptions, some people take advantage of the heat and use it to heat their homes, and many other good things

John1208 23:13, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

The fertile soil might be worth mentioning. Nobody uses volcanoes to heat their homes - they use geothermal energy, but that is not the same thing. --Leperflesh 21:58, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

"The fertile soil" implies that all volcanoes produce fertile soil. Is that true, or is fertile soil only mentioned when it happens to exist and be noticed? (SEWilco 00:48, 22 February 2007 (UTC))

It's not always true. The pumice soils of New Zealand's volcanic plateau were low in cobalt and other trace nutrients, and were regarded as infertile until the 1940s when aerial topdressing made widespread fertiliser use practical. -- Avenue 07:52, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Yes, but if the orignal soil was poor to begin with, wouldn't the volcano add some nutrents to it, or at least disturb soil lower down in the crust which would be more nutrient rich? Think outside the box 12:42, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Yes, it might. But maybe not. The issue is whether "fertile soil" is a common benefit and whether someone has a source for that. I've read of volcanic islands with fertile soil, but it being noticed in a few cases doesn't mean that it is likely or common. Is there an agricultural survey of the world's volcanoes? (SEWilco 19:10, 28 February 2007 (UTC))

Can't find an agricultural survey of the world's volcanoes online, but there are numerous aricles and pages about fertile soil being attributed to volcanic eruptions: "the ash layer, which contains many useful minerals, will be converted to a very fertile soil"[1] and "Volcanic materials ultimately break down and weather to form some of the most fertile soils on Earth" [2] Would these count as potential sources? Think outside the box 11:31, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

I agree that fertile soils often result from the weathering of volcanic material; see here for a few good quotes on the subject. But infertile volcanic soils also occur - often under vineyards, Google suggests :-) - so we need to be careful how we word it. -- Avenue 12:57, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

It seems that it is not just the nature of the volcanic material that determines soil fertility, but also its interaction with the climate. For instance, fertile volcanic soil in the Ecuadorian Andes contrasts with infertile, lightly weathered volcanic soil in their rain shadow.[3] -- Avenue 01:34, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Of course the weathered volcanic material may be fertile. Consider the origin of the minerals in the soil of Iowa, Death Valley, and the Amazon. All of volcanic origin at some point. The variables need to be narrowed down somewhat. (SEWilco 05:29, 2 March 2007 (UTC))

petitspots

I removed the following section from the article; its links are incomplete and the viewpoints seem to be NPOV. Sparky 14:16, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Petitspots

| title=Volcanism in Response to Plate Flexure | journal=Science | date=2006-04-03 | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1128235v1 | accessdate=2006-09-04 }}</ref> A new theory suggests that submergence of tectonic plates causes stress , which causes the plate to crack in some places. However, other scientists believe the mantle plume theory to be incorrect, and consider this discovery a confirmation of their ideas.

Mt. St. Helens

A cool fact about mt st helens which IS a volcano is that the people could see the flank where the magma was building up starting to bulge and then it EXPLODED —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Hacker312 (talk • contribs) 2007-04-17T21:07:49.

That is called a cryptodome. --The High Fin Sperm Whale (talk) 03:32, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

Proposed split to Volcanic mountains

Posted at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Geology. The way, the truth, and the light 07:35, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

Article Un-editable

The article page appears to be un-editable (no "edit this page" option or any paragraph edits either) but yet there is no message saying so or giving a reason. Should the page be editable and if not why not? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.195.173.31 (talk • contribs) 2007-08-06

Good Article Review

See the discussion here Wikipedia:Good article review#Volcano. T Rex | talk 21:57, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

GA delisted at WP:GA/R. Giggy ^Talk 07:18, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

Divergent plate boundaries

Hi there!!! I was researching volcanoes for a project when I saw something which I think is a spelling mistake. I'm not sure though and I need your help....

Divergent plate boundaries

".....Most divergent plate boundaries are at the bottom of the oceans, therefore most volcanic activity is submarine, forming new sealoor. Black smokers are an example of this kind of volcanic activity. Where the mid-oceanic ridge is above sea-level, volcanic islands are formed, for example, Iceland."

I believe it's supposed to be "forming new seafloor" But I'm not sure. Please reply soon! (Wikirocks2 06:25, 8 September 2007 (UTC))

Vulcanism

I am a college student studying the history of science, especially the physical, and particularly earth sciences. I was under the impression this site: vulcanism; dealt with the theory, obsolete or not. It is anti-intellectual, in a grotesque way, to simply re-direct an article about a theory of geology ( discredited though it may be) to something "kinda" parallel to Vulcanism. I noticed similar issues with the "Dark Star" articles. It does not matter if we have shown these obsolete theories to be wrong ( for the time being, always remember the nature of the scientific method"), what matters is the average uneducated man or woman (who outnumbers or at least is as prevalent as the educated)having access to the CORRECT information about a subject. Come on, people!!!! It is about the truth, so that every person has the opportunity to know what the truth really is. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Thedoggedtruth (talk • contribs) 03:46, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

I have to agree that old theories are vital to current understanding of the Earth. However, the alternative theory of the time, Neptunism, has an article here which does go into the Vulcanism/Neptunism debate. At least that is something to start from. Might I suggest that if you feel so strongly about it, then create an article dedicated to Desmarest and all the rest, as a student of the history of Earth Sciences you probably know more about it than the people who probably innocently redirected you here. Anon —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fossiliferous (talk • contribs) 18:53, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

grammer mistake

Cinder cones
Main article: Volcanic cone
Volcanic cones or cinder cones result from eruptions that throw out mostly small pieces of scoria and pyroclastics (both resemble cinders, hence the name of this volcano type) that build up around the vent. These can be relatively short-lived eruptions that produce a cone-shaped hill perhaps 30 to 400 meters high. Most cinder cones erupt only once. Cinder cones may form as flank vents on larger volcanoes, or occur on their own. This volcano may also throw out ash and dust (and and sometimes lava, but not very usually) Parícutin in Mexico and Sunset Crater in Arizona are examples of cinder cones.

Could someone please correct this?

BasalticLava flows

{{expert|geosciences|date=November 2007}} {{expert|climate|date=November 2007}} ... or some such name in Iceland were cited this afternoon [Science Channel] as being the cause of the year without a summer, which apparently makes more sense than the remoter-in-time Krackatoa (sp?) eruption two years earlier. The occasion was actually a program on the Massive Extinction at the end of the Permian era (c. 460-430 mya) and the Icelandic reference was in comparison to the much more massive lava flow underlying the soils of Siberia. I had to take a work call in that (my lunch too), so I missed most of the second half program from the next room, but I gather the Siberia event was believed to be a really massive meteor that punched through into the upper mantle causing said massive Basaltic flow, and causing a sudden volcanic winter (There's an ice age in there in the right era). Someone should run these leads down and correlate this article and the year without a summer if there is something out there in print or the web (? JSTOR???).

Regards, // FrankB 20:46, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

The Siberian event was probably the Siberian Traps. -- SEWilco (talk) 20:26, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Citations

Hi, just a wandering visitor, I note that this page requires significant in-line citations and references. Hope someone has the resources and time to help the community out. Btw, it's Krakatoa, erupted 1883. SpellingGuru 14:54, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Actually, it should be Krakatau, not Krakatoa. Krakatoa is likely a misspelling by a British source reporting on the 1883 eruption, and most geologists today (including me) consider the proper usage to be Krakatau. Farristry (talk) 15:46, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Eruptions in general?

I've scanned at this page but I've noticed that there is very little detail on how the eruptions of volcanoes actually work. Perhaps I missed it, but if I didn't I would appreciate the addition to this page.

RegaL_the_Proofreader 5 December 2007

You're right, the effects are described but not the mechanisms. Editors, notice some mechanisms are mentioned in Types of volcanic eruptions. -- SEWilco (talk) 20:21, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

volcanoes are cool —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.224.188.96 (talk) 00:23, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Protection

MAybe this article should be protected, judging as it is the #1 vandalised article for the month (according to Wikirage) ^F*^L*^RAP 23:37, 12 February 2008 (UTC) Hi Mates —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.168.108.59 (talk) 03:46, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

The article is Semi-protected and I think this is enough. --The High Fin Sperm Whale (talk) 01:40, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

Classification section

Would it not be better if the sentence "A popular way of classifying magmatic volcanoes is by their frequency of eruption..." was moved out of the "Active" section, just above it. 81.157.251.2 (talk) 08:28, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

volcanoes are explosive and are really dangerous to human people but sometimes helps the earth —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.89.172.184 (talk) 21:32, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

I just wondered about the "active, dormant, extinct" classification, is this used anymore? AFAIK active volcanoes display smoke, fumeroles, molten rock (lava), tephra, etc and are generally known to be active, dormant are in the stage where they don't do much but they may or may not (there's the rub) erupt again (maybe hot springs and the like can be found here) and extinct are never going to erupt again (you find the volcanic or igneous rocks as at Giant's Causeway in Ireland, but the volcanic activity has long gone). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.54.215.116 (talk) 08:19, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

Newly discovered submarine volcanoes near Fiji.

Hi all. I'm not an experienced Wiki editor and am also very very short on time right now, but if you don't already know then someone else (very sorry) may want to include the submarine volcanoes recently discovered by the ANU (Australian National University.) Here is a link. http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2008/s2279681.htm Cheers, David, blucat. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.142.41.103 (talk) 20:28, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

=== Suggest editing types of volcanoes to align with types of magma

Hot spots should be split in two with continental hot spots forming felsic volcanoes and oceanic hot spots forming mafic. The character of the volcanoes depends on the characteristics of the magma. Diverent plates = basaltic magma. Subduction zones between oceanic and continental crust = andesitic magma. R Stillwater (talk) 03:43, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

Suggest editing types of volcanoes to align with types of magma

Hot spots should be split in two with continental hot spots forming felsic volcanoes and oceanic hot spots forming mafic. The character of the volcanoes depends on the characteristics of the magma. Diverent plates = basaltic magma. Subduction zones between oceanic and continental crust = andesitic magma.R Stillwater (talk) 04:05, 8 November 2008 (UTC) This is so weird guys —Preceding unsigned comment added by HummadJ (talk • contribs) 04:06, 19 November 2008 (UTC) hello logs will kill us all!!!!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mattkun1 (talk • contribs) 09:30, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

bestie

my best friend i have a bestie named loise and she is really annnoying —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.219.51.76 (talk) 00:22, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

I'm sorry, bur what does that have to do with volcanoes? Firio (talk) 21:01, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

Types of eruptions

This article does not mention anything on the types of eruptions that come from a volcano. Can I add what I know without it being erased? Firio (talk) 21:07, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

There is a short list at the beginning of the "Effects of volcanoes" section, which now links to our types of volcanic eruptions article. It could probably do with some expansion, but our article on the various types is a better place for the details. Some of this is also covered in the "Volcanic features" section. -- Avenue (talk) 04:22, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

Group Link Box

Why is the link box at the bottom of the page the one for CLIMATE CHANGE? While volcanoes can attribute to it, shouldn't it be classified under GEOLOGY? or Vulcanology/vulcanism? 71.36.204.207 (talk) 05:09, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Agree and removed. Vsmith (talk) 16:38, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

WIKI

  What is the probability that the Air Crash that just happened to Alaska bound

former Senator Mr Stevens, former Nasa Director and crew and friends, may have encountered a plume from the Aug 6,2010 that is mentioned of volcanic activity just a few days ago. Wouldn't these gases be continuous with circling patterns that would tailend clouds, like a traffic jam around 5pm?

I am looking for similarities that have electricity effects, and gravity that

would interact with aircraft- that may line up at this instance....

  I make notes and maybe can trace maps on mylar to show patterns...

Mt. Kinabalu

Mt. Kinabalu is granodiorite intrusion, not a volcano. (see Collenette, P. (1964) A Short Account of the Geology and Geological History of Mt Kinabalu, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Volume 161, Issue 982, pages 56-63). Mt. Kinabalu is not listed as a volcano at the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program Borneo webpage [4] nor in Simkin, T. and Siebert, L. (1994) Volcanoes of the World (2nd edition), Tucson, Geoscience Press. Therefore, I have removed the image of Mt. Kinabalu and the associated claim that it is a "renowned volcano", (for the second time). GeoWriter (talk) 11:02, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

Supervolcano in wrong category

The article lists Supervolcanoes in the section called Volcanic features. But a supervolcano isn't really determined by the shape of the volcano, but the size of the eruption (a supervolcano could probably be a cinder cone, stratovolcano or caldera). --The High Fin Sperm Whale (talk) 18:18, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

Supervolcano has some oddities about it (the page). Isn't a supervolcano any volcano which produces a supervolcanic eruption? If so, then I believe that supervolcanoes should still remain under the category of volcanic features. Guanlong wucaii 10:25, 26 June 2009 (UTC)Guanlongwucaii

Why? Because Volcanic features talks about the shape of different types of volcano (Fissure vents, shield volcanoes, lava domes, etc.) and a supervolcano is any eruption with a VEI of at least eight (1000 cubic kilometres of ejecta). --The High Fin Sperm Whale (talk) 17:07, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

Excess space with pictures

Someone should fix this.Jatlas (talk) 02:42, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

Excess pictures, or it would be suitable to add info about the pics, so that the purpose isn't just us meant to say "Aah, Ooh!" (in admiration) but also to learn something new. Rursus dixit. (^mbork³!) 15:09, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull

I believe 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull should be added to the top of Decade Volcanos on this article. 85.133.212.80 (talk) 06:15, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

Do not agree, it ages too fast. --Chris.urs-o (talk) 06:19, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

Allegedly it is a minnow-cough in the universe of roaring volcanoes. The media interest is only due to humans constructing stupid air-planes. Rursus dixit. (^mbork³!) 15:11, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

The list of Decade Volcanoes was defined by experts in the field at the behest of the United Nations (the article explains this). Wikipedia's role is to document the facts, not make them up.

Roman vulcanologists' computer models proved incorrect

According to the article:

• Vesuvius was thought to be extinct before its famous eruption of AD 79,

According to the Vesuvius page though, there were several written records in the 150 years before the eruption alluding to the fact that it was volcanic. Plus, was this distinction of an "extinct" volcano even around in AD 79? I don't think geology was well understood then.

In addition, this seems to be one of these "really makes you think, huh?" sayings. Ufwuct (talk) 13:44, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

Dense vegetation makes you think so, Pinatubo with forest was regarded as harmless before the eruption too, Pinatubo was not recognised as a volcano by the population. --Chris.urs-o (talk) 13:57, 19 April 2010 (UTC) Vesuvius: "The mountain was then quiet for hundreds of years and was described by Roman writers as having been covered with gardens and vineyards, except at the top which was craggy". It was not present in mind that it is a long time dormant volcano. --Chris.urs-o (talk) 17:07, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

Volcanoes portal

Portal:Volcanoes is on featured portal nom here. Cheers, ResMar 02:23, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

Fault lines and Earth-energy

Throughout time there are these strange reports of unexplainable things occuring along fault lines during, or immediately after volcanic eruptions:

- Wine become cloudy inside sealed bottles - The sea suddenly becoming severely toxic in the immediate area killing fish/ ect. - Rapists poping out of corners to rape squirrels —Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.80.156.198 (talk) 22:36, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

I was just wondering whether anyone has considered the possibility of earth energy as being the cause of this phenomena?

Basically a huge amount of radiation escaping upwards from faults having these effects. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mastor3lf (talk • contribs) 07:28, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

I'm not sure on the wine, but there are underwater volcanoes that put out deadly toxins like regular volcanoes, that kills the fish. Firio (talk) 17:37, 24 February 2009 (UTC) volcano said he is smart boy —Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.199.106.235 (talk) 08:30, 10 November 2010 (UTC)

LAVA

WAT ABOUT LAVA —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.26.225.136 (talk) 23:46, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

Lava and magma are rocks heated to the liquid state, lava is above ground, magma is below. It dries and turns into igneous rock, it dries fairly fast. What more do you want? Firio (talk) 23:00, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

"Dries"?

Magma is molten, contains gases and other volatiles, minerals. Eruption onto the surface causes magma to degas, cool and become solid once its "freezing" temeperature is reached, this is typically 1100 °C for basaltic lavas, and about 650 °Cfor rhyolites and obsidian. It does not "dry" but how fast it freezes depends upon many factors as prove have a look at the Columbia River basalts flows which travelled several kiometres from their source, the Deccan traps basalts which covered an estimated 2000 000 square kilometres.13:50, 9 April 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by The Geologist (talk • contribs)

This once good article fails GCSE Geography

Hey, I got the first answer to this wrong by using wikipedia:-) Mannafredo (talk) 14:37, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

I will change it. That's embarrassing! Guanlong wucaii 05:49, 13 June 2009 (UTC)Guanlongwucaii

Now I'm really confused [5]. Looks like the Branch Pipe and Sill can become a Dike. The BBC very possibly got things wrong also - almost definitely their spelling of Dike. Mannafredo (talk) 16:30, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

Their spelling of dyke is just fine, being the BBC it would be odd if they didn't use the British spelling. As to 'branch pipes' '"branch pipe" volcano' gets no relevant hits from google scholar, I've never heard of the term myself. The original image file was uploaded by a Polish user, perhaps this term has lost something in translation. It's also possible that the diagram linked above by Mannafredo was generated from the Wikipedia one. Mikenorton (talk) 17:37, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

There is NO SUCH language as British. It is ENGLISH and has been adjusted by people in various other countries. However, the word Dyke is used in the Anglo-Saxon countries, but the Latin European countries use "Dike" and it is the Hispanic influence that has resulted in the USA using DIKE for DYKE. — Preceding unsigned comment added by The Geologist (talk • contribs) 13:56, 9 April 2012 (UTC)

There is however a variety of English usage known as British English, which is what is being referred to above. Mikenorton (talk) 14:34, 9 April 2012 (UTC)

And for what it's worth, "dike" is the primary spelling given in the OED, a distinctly non-American (and non Hispanic!) reference work. OED gives "dyke" only as a variant spelling, with citations for both forms dating back to Middle English. Granted, the entry hasn't been thoroughly revised since 1896, and it's entirely possible that British speakers of English have since decided to make "dyke" their preferred spelling, but they can't reasonably claim that "dike" is an Americanism or an innovation. 206.208.105.129 (talk) 18:12, 12 October 2012 (UTC)

There is NO SUCH LANGUAGE as BRITISH ENGLISH - IT IS ENGLISH. However there is a corruption of English called "Yanklish" which misuses English, uses the wrong spelling which all other countries in the world uses. You can tell if a USA person has written something in "USA English," but it is very difficult to decide which non-USA country wrote /spoke English as spoken and written and used by the rest of the world. Now guess which nationality I am and I'll lay you any odds you like you will be WRONG. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.155.170.197 (talk) 13:15, 18 April 2012 (UTC)

Edinburgh reference in "Extinct" section

Edinburgh castle is not situated atop an extinct volcano. It is situated near Arthur's seat, which is an extinct volcano at the centre of the city. Can somebody ammend accordingly? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.54.168.187 (talk) 23:50, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

Please ignore, I stand corrected. Not about Arthur's Seat but about Edinburgh castle being atop an extinct one. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 31.54.168.187 (talk) 23:53, 8 August 2012 (UTC) ]

ok lets start whith wat volcano means and that has something in common whith thermal energy so if you try to get energy you can only get it by doing the folloing thiings stay away from the volcano

^What in the world are you talking about, bro? 107.0.32.54 (talk) 02:43, 1 December 2012 (UTC)

References

Traditional beliefs particularly weak

The section entitled "Traditional beliefs about volcanoes" is particularly weak. Volcanoes feature in mythology and ancient religions in whatever culture they are encountered (notably Greek, Roman, Icelandic, Hawaian). This is hardly reflected by the poor coverage here. Is there no expert out there who can take this on? The Lesser Merlin (talk) 12:22, 16 December 2011 (UTC)

You are correct, but a comprehensive entry on all traditional beliefs about volcanoes would make a full secondary article in and of itself. Perhaps that should be the case and a brief intro and link to it, if there is interest and authors.Wzrd1 (talk) 06:02, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

It is true magic used to be done in volcanoes. It is not real I know but in middle age the folks believed it is true and made things in the volcanoes like magic rings and sowrds, . This beliefs should be put in the article to show this. 169.252.4.21 (talk) 06:08, 13 May 2013 (UTC)Trn

Volcanoes in fiction

I would like to request a section on volcanoes in fiction. These feature in Journey to the Centre of the Earth, and a volcano (Mount Doom) is the goal of the quest in The Lord of the Rings. Perhaps such a section could be combined with the section on Traditional Beliefs, e.g. 'Volcanoes in traditional beliefs and fiction'. 111.220.232.137 (talk) 03:55, 11 January 2014 (UTC)

Further to above, many more examples can be found in Pompeii in popular culture. 203.6.146.5 (talk) 00:26, 20 February 2014 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 4 March 2014

please let me edit the sources it is my dream but i know all of you will not let me fullfil my dreams because if yu dont that means your selfish 63.245.55.189 (talk) 23:47, 4 March 2014 (UTC)

Not done: It is not possible for individual users to be granted permission to edit a semi-protected article. You can do one of the following:

• You will be able to edit this article without restriction four days after account registration if you make at least 10 constructive edits to other articles.
• You can request the article be unprotected at this page. To do this, you need to provide a valid rationale that refutes the original reason for protection.
• You can provide a specific request to edit the article in "change X to Y" format on this talk page and an editor who is not blocked from editing the article will determine if the requested edit is appropriate.

Thanks, --ElHef (Meep?) 00:37, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed

Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Space_for_our_climate/Volcanoes. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and according to fair use may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Diannaa (talk) 16:26, 9 August 2014 (UTC)

2006 or 2007?

In the section about dormant volcanoes, it says the fourpeaked volcano erupted last in september 2006, but the caption of the relevant image says its september 2007. I dont know which is correct, so someone please fix that. Latias1290 (talk) 10:40, 19 March 2014 (UTC)

Both are correct. It became active in 2006, but it also had eruptive activity in 2007 (pictured). I don't see any need to change it Sailsbystars (talk) 00:42, 2 April 2014 (UTC)

Disagree. The caption is wrong and should read '2006'. The article on Fourpeaked says that after erupting in September 2006 it was active for several months, but was classified as Green in June 2007 (i.e., no longer active). So the photo cannot be from September 2007. See http://en.wiki.x.io/wiki/Fourpeaked_Mountain

Based on the original image source I've changed it to 2006. Mikenorton (talk) 10:24, 19 August 2014 (UTC)

New article

Is there any need for a List of currently erupting volcanoes? Because if nobody objects, I think I'm going to create that article. --The High Fin Sperm Whale (talk) 00:00, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

Well, since no one objected, I'm going to go ahead. Just let me know if I am making a useless article. --The High Fin Sperm Whale (talk) 18:12, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

HAWAIIAN VOLCANOES MOST FAMOUS VOLCANOES — Preceding unsigned comment added by Saurabh.sahai11 (talk • contribs) 15:10, 20 August 2014 (UTC)

Unknown 1908 eruption

This might be of some interest here:

http://www.clim-past-discuss.net/10/1901/2014/cpd-10-1901-2014.html

Keith Henson (talk) 02:55, 2 October 2014 (UTC)

insert an image "Types of volcanoes and eruption features"

I would like to add an image to explain the different types of volcanoes and their respective eruption.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Chiaraci (talk • contribs) 15:04, 1 December 2014 (UTC)

subaerial volcanoes needed

subaerial volcanoes needed. Fgnievinski (talk) 06:21, 15 June 2015 (UTC)

What on Earth do you mean? Before I define the answer why don't you look in a dictionary to define the word? We live on the Planet Earth - and there are to the best of my knowledge and believe ONLY two types of volcano - submarine and subaerial. Now there is a clue - sub means under or lower or beneath e.g. submarine as in a ship or unterseeboat - Uboat. So a subaerial volcano is one that forms on the Earth's surface and I have yet to find an aerial volcano!!! A submarine volcano is one that forms under the sea, and once it breaks the surface it becomes a subaerial volcano. I trust that that clarifies the matter for you!The Geologist (talk) 14:09, 9 August 2015 (UTC)

Etymology

Perhaps from Lat. volare -to fly + canus -gray (ashes) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.207.106.193 (talk) 11:36, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

The proposition that "volcano" derives from the name of an island which in turn was named after the Roman god Vulcan is unreferenced, probably because it is wrong. All major dictionaries I have consulted describe the word as being derived from the god's name. Examples: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/volcano and http://public.oed.com/the-oed-today/recent-updates-to-the-oed/previous-updates/march-2013-update/volcanos-and-bluestockings-in-the-oed/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.153.90.218 (talk) 01:00, 14 August 2014 (UTC)

The name derives from the Roman myth that the vent on Vulcano was the chimney to Vulcan's forge and that eruptions were due to him clearing out his furnace of clinker and ash.The Geologist (talk) 14:12, 9 August 2015 (UTC)

Soufriere Hills volcano

Moved from Talk:Dormant volcano

I wasn't aware that anyone thought Soufriere Hills was extinct; all my sources, even before the event, listed it merely as dormant and quite a dangerous volcano at that.

You could well be right. I'd suggest fixing it, but actually I think this article title should really be redirected to Volcano - it doesn't make too much sense to have separate articles on different states volcanoes can be in. If no-one objects I'll make it a redirect tomorrow. Worldtraveller 20:14, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

I completely agree with consolidating these entries into the general volcano page - the volcano entry mentions "active", "dormant" and "extinct", three popular but relatively inaccurate terms. Soufriere Hills is an excellent example. Many would consider a volcano that had not erupted in over 300 years extinct; geologists know that is a very dangerous assumption indeed. Lamington in New Guinea roared to life in 1951 (after a dormant period of over 6800 years - see http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0503-01=&volpage=erupt), killing almost 3000 people.

Actually I have a summary to conclude everything within this passage or message about volcanoes. Really all volcanoes aren't formed for earthquakes and such things that are strange. But actually they are made up of the templates underneath the earth, there are "20" different plates throughout our planet. Strangely not all of them have moved in the past "1,000's" of years. About "70%" of the (tectonic) plates have moved, and the other "30%" hasn't. --Jacklyn —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.43.22.219 (talk) 16:02, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

When European settlers came to Montserrat the island was extremely green and it was given the nickname "The Emerald Isle," which is a clue to where the settlers came from. Until the 1950's there was no indication that the volcano was dormant let alone dangerous. Then in the 1950's earthquakes were recorded under the island - over the following years the earthquakes were recorded, mapped and analysed. The conclusion reached was that magma was rising into the volcano. It was in 1995 that magma reached the surface causing strong phreatomagmatic explosions and andesite lava was extruded. This created lava domes which under went a period of growth and collapse, many of the collapses resulted in pyroclastic flows which slowly overwhelmed increasing areas of the island. In June 1997 a larger than usual dome started to fail and this increased in intensity to the point that people in a restricted area were overwhelmed by a large pyroclastic flow, the capital of the island - Plymouth had to be evacuated at very short notice and the only airport on the island was affected and closed. 19 people died immediately and this reinforced the claim by the volcanologists and other scientists that the volcano was dangerous. You see when we say that a volcano is dangerous we really mean it is. I was on Hawaii some years ago and saw two teenage boys push a stick into the molten lava from Kilauea, and then start throwing the blobs of lava at each other - one said "It isn't really that hot!" He got a shock when his stick suddenly started to burn and his shoes started to melt.The Geologist (talk) 14:26, 9 August 2015 (UTC)

Pending changes

This article is one of a number selected for the early stage of the trial of the Wikipedia:Pending Changes system on the English language Wikipedia. All the articles listed at Wikipedia:Pending changes/Queue are being considered for level 1 pending changes protection.

The following request appears on that page:

Comments on the suitability of theis page for "Pending changes" would be appreciated.

Please update the Queue page as appropriate.

Note that I am not involved in this project any much more than any other editor, just posting these notes since it is quite a big change, potentially

Regards, Rich Farmbrough, 00:35, 17 June 2010 (UTC).

The whole item from start to finish requires rewriting - the facts are wrong in many cases, the grammar is appalling and to me as a volcanologist it is embarrassing to read my subject being peddled by people who have little grasp of the subject. I am willing to do the rewrite if Wiki will permit.The Geologist (talk) 14:29, 9 August 2015 (UTC)

Innacurracy

Basaltic volcanoes don't always erupt effusively. Krakatau (1883) and Fuji (1707) were both explosive. Thus, I am removing it. Guanlong wucaiiGuanlongwucaii —Preceding undated comment added 06:39, 10 June 2009 (UTC). You are not a volcano — Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.64.88.119 (talk) 04:44, 4 January 2013 (UTC)

Krakatau was a dacite (explosive) plinian eruption, Fujiyama which I am told by Japanese colleagues means "Mount Fuji" erupts andesite.The Geologist (talk) 14:34, 9 August 2015 (UTC)

Volcanoes in General'

Volcanic eruptions, are considerably the most catastrophic natural occurrences in the world. A volcanic eruption is extremely potent, and destroys everything on its path. Also, leaving an unforgettable thought on the victims. However, the real question is, what is a Volcano? A Volcano is an inactive mountain, yet a threatening one as well. A volcano is formed by a great accumulation of magma, and a vent in the earths crust through which molten lava ash and gases are ejected through the surface. How are volcanoes formed? Volcanoes initiate as small and unharmful hills, and develop to mountains as they erupt. As I previously mentioned, when volcanoes erupt they release ash deposits and lava flows. The lava then solidifies and forms volcanic glass. The volcanic glass or solidified lava helps the hill to enlarge near the vent or its surroundings by the lava flow streams. Why do Volcanoes erupt? Volcanoes erupt when the core of the earth becomes hot enough to melt its surrounding rocks. Such melted rocks transform into magma. Since magma has a really low density, it elevates to the surface of the earth causing a huge eruption. A more aggressive eruption may occur if magma contains water or dissolved gasses. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.90.54.239 (talk) 17:42, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

Actually a volcano is defined geologically speaking as: "A vent from which fumes, lava, ash, blocks has been, is or will be erupted. They can lie dormant for several decades and have long periods of activity which can be interspersed with periods of dormancy. An extinct volcano is one which is believed to have not had any eruptive activity for approximately 10000 years but there are some notable exceptions and these are believed to have very long periods of dormancy before becoming explosively active."The Geologist (talk) 14:42, 9 August 2015 (UTC)

Cinder Cones

I believe that not all cinder cones are volcanic cones. Consider pyroclastic cones, tuff cones, and all the others... --Guanlong ^wucaii —Preceding undated comment added 07:32, 1 June 2009 (UTC).

But how many types of non-volcanic cones are there besides ice cream cones? --The High Fin Sperm Whale (talk) 01:27, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

On the part about the mountain on mars why do we need to know that because none of us are going there? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.185.128.229 (talk) 00:47, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

wherever the planet's crust is thin a volcano can form because the crust is so thin and weak that the earth's plates can easily make a volcano. —Preceding unsigned comment added by PacMaster101 (talk • contribs) 01:34, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

Unless man-made cinder cones are a feature of strombolian eruptions, pyroclastic cones tuff cones etc; are likewise volcanic. Pyroclastic rocks are volcanic in origin as are tuffs - they are welded pyroclastic rocks.The Geologist (talk) 14:36, 9 August 2015 (UTC)