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Microsoft Surface

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This article is about the Microsoft Surface series of devices. For the first tablet in the series, see Surface (2012 tablet). For the digital table, see Microsoft PixelSense. For other uses, see Surface (disambiguation).

Microsoft Surface
Microsoft Surface Pro 9, Platinum tablet, sapphire keyboard
DeveloperMicrosoft
ManufacturerPegatron[1]
TypeFoldable smartphone, hybrid tablets, 2-in-1 detachables, laptops, all-in-one PCs, interactive whiteboards
Operating systemWindows
Android
InputTouch screen, stylus, touchpad, keyboard
Websitewww.microsoft.com/surface/ Edit this at Wikidata
This article is part of a series on
Microsoft Surface

Accessories

Microsoft Surface is a series of touchscreen-based personal computers, tablets, and interactive whiteboards designed and developed by Microsoft, most of them running the Windows operating system. They are designed to be premium devices that set examples for manufacturers of other Windows-compatible products.[2][3][4] It comprises several generations of hybrid tablets, 2-in-1 detachable notebooks, a convertible desktop all-in-one, an interactive whiteboard, and various accessories, many with unique form factors.[5][6] The majority of devices in the Surface lineup are based on Intel processors and compatible with Windows 10 or Windows 11.

Devices

[edit]

The Surface family currently features ten main lines of devices:

  • The Surface Go line of compact-sized hybrid tablets, with optional detachable keyboard accessories and optional digital pen.
  • The Surface Pro line of hybrid tablets, slightly larger and more powerful than Go, with similar, optional detachable keyboard accessories and optional digital pen.
  • The Surface Laptop, a classic notebook with a 13.5-inch or 15-inch touchscreen aimed at students.[7] Variants include:
    • The Surface Laptop Go, marketed as a more affordable alternative to the brand's premium laptops.
    • The Surface Laptop SE, an entry-level laptop targeted at the education market, designed to be easier to repair by service partners for on-site repair.[8]
    • The Surface Laptop Studio, a notebook with dual-pivoting screen to change into tablet mode.
  • The Surface Book, a notebook with a detachable tablet screen. Some variants of the base include discrete graphics.
  • The Surface Studio, a 28-inch all-in-one desktop that adjusts into a digital drafting table with stylus and on-screen Surface Dial support.[9]
  • The Surface Hub, a touch screen interactive whiteboard designed for collaboration.
  • The Surface Duo, a dual-screen foldable smartphone, running Android unlike the other Surface devices.
Legend:   Unsupported   Discontinued   Supported   Current   Upcoming
Operating system support
Model Release Support
Line Surface OS Date Final OS Ended Lifespan
Surface Surface RT Windows RT October 26, 2012 Windows RT 8.1 Update 3 January 10, 2023 10 years, 2 months
Surface 2 Windows RT 8.1 October 22, 2013 Windows RT 8.1 Update 3 January 10, 2023 9 years, 2 months
Surface 3 Windows 8.1 Update May 5, 2015 Windows 10 version 22H2 October 14, 2025[10] 9 years, 5 months
Surface Go Surface Go Windows 10 version 1709 August 2, 2018 Windows 10 version 22H2 October 14, 2025[10] 6 years, 3 months
Surface Go 2 Windows 10 version 1809 May 12, 2020 Latest Windows[a] Active 4 years, 5 months
Surface Go 3 Windows 11 version 21H2 October 5, 2021 Latest Windows[a] Active 3 years
Surface Go 4 Windows 11 version 22H2 October 3, 2023 Latest Windows[a] Active 1 year
Surface Pro Surface Pro Windows 8 February 9, 2013 Windows 10 version 22H2 October 14, 2025[10] 11 years, 8 months
Surface Pro 2 Windows 8.1 October 22, 2013 Windows 10 version 22H2 October 14, 2025[10] 11 years
Surface Pro 3 Windows 8.1 Update June 20, 2014 Windows 10 version 22H2 October 14, 2025[10] 10 years, 4 months
Surface Pro 4 Windows 10 version 1507 October 26, 2015 Windows 10 version 22H2 October 14, 2025[10] 9 years
Surface Pro (2017) Windows 10 version 1703 June 15, 2017 Windows 10 version 22H2 October 14, 2025[10] 7 years, 4 months
Surface Pro 6 Windows 10 version 1709 October 16, 2018 Latest Windows[a] Active 6 years
Surface Pro 7 Windows 10 version 1809 October 22, 2019 Latest Windows[a] Active 5 years
Surface Pro X (1st) Windows 10 version 1903 November 5, 2019 Latest Windows[a] Active 5 years
Surface Pro X (2nd) Windows 10 version 2004 October 13, 2020 Latest Windows[a] Active 4 years
Surface Pro 7+ Windows 10 version 2004 January 11, 2021 Latest Windows[a] Active 3 years, 9 months
Surface Pro 8 Windows 11 version 21H2 October 5, 2021 Latest Windows[a] Active 3 years
Surface Pro 9 Windows 11 version 22H2 October 25, 2022 Latest Windows[a] Active 2 years
Surface Pro 10 Windows 11 version 23H2 April 9, 2024 Latest Windows[a] Active 6 months
Surface Pro (11th generation) Windows 11 version 24H2 June 18, 2024 Latest Windows[a] Active 4 months
Surface Laptop SE Surface Laptop SE Windows 11 SE February 4, 2022 Latest Windows[a] Active 2 years, 8 months
Surface Laptop Go Surface Laptop Go Windows 10 version 1909 October 27, 2020 Latest Windows[a] Active 4 years
Surface Laptop Go 2 Windows 11 version 21H2 June 1, 2022 Latest Windows[a] Active 2 years, 5 months
Surface Laptop Go 3 Windows 11 version 22H2 October 3, 2023 Latest Windows[a] Active 1 year
Surface Laptop Surface Laptop Windows 10 version 1703 June 15, 2017 Windows 10 version 22H2 October 14, 2025[10] 7 years, 4 months
Surface Laptop 2 Windows 10 version 1709 October 16, 2018 Latest Windows[a] Active 6 years
Surface Laptop 3 Windows 10 version 1809 October 22, 2019 Latest Windows[a] Active 5 years
Surface Laptop 4 Windows 10 version 20H2 April 20, 2021 Latest Windows[a] Active 3 years, 6 months
Surface Laptop 5 Windows 11 version 22H2 October 25, 2022 Latest Windows[a] Active 2 years
Surface Laptop 6 Windows 11 version 23H2 April 9, 2024 Latest Windows[a] Active 6 months
Surface Laptop (7th generation) Windows 11 version 24H2 June 18, 2024 Latest Windows[a] Active 5 months
Surface Book Surface Book Windows 10 version 1507 October 26, 2015 Windows 10 version 22H2 October 14, 2025[10] 9 years
Surface Book with Performance Base Windows 10 version 1607 November 10, 2016 Windows 10 version 22H2 October 14, 2025[10] 7 years, 11 months
Surface Book 2[b] Windows 10 version 1703 November 16, 2017 Windows 10 version 22H2[11] October 14, 2025[10] 7 years
Latest Windows[a] Active 7 years
Surface Book 3 Windows 10 version 1903 May 21, 2020 Latest Windows[a] Active 4 years, 5 months
Surface Laptop Studio Surface Laptop Studio Windows 11 version 21H2 October 5, 2021 Latest Windows[a] Active 3 years
Surface Laptop Studio 2 Windows 11 version 22H2 October 3, 2023 Latest Windows[a] Active 1 year
Surface Studio Surface Studio Windows 10 version 1607 December 15, 2016 Windows 10 version 22H2 October 14, 2025[10] 7 years, 10 months
Surface Studio 2 Windows 10 version 1803 October 2, 2018 Latest Windows[a] Active 6 years, 1 month
Surface Studio 2+ Windows 11 version 22H2 October 25, 2022 Latest Windows[a] Active 2 years
Surface Hub Surface Hub Windows 10 Team version 1507 June 1, 2015 Latest Windows[a] Active 9 years, 5 months
Surface Hub 2S Windows 10 Team version 1703 April 17, 2019 Latest Windows[a] Active 5 years, 6 months
Surface Hub 3 Windows 11 version 22H2 October 3, 2023 Latest Windows[a] Active 1 year
Surface Duo Surface Duo Android 10 September 10, 2020 Android 12.1 September 10, 2023[12] 3 years
Surface Duo 2 Android 11 October 5, 2021 Android 12.1[13] October 21, 2024[12] 3 years
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Windows 11 version 23H2.
  2. ^ The Surface Book 2 variants with Intel Core 8th generation processors support Windows 11 and later.

History

[edit]

Microsoft first announced Surface at an event on June 18, 2012, presented by former CEO Steve Ballmer in Milk Studios Los Angeles. Surface was the first major initiative by Microsoft to integrate its Windows operating system with its own hardware, and is the first PC designed and distributed solely by Microsoft.[14] Panos Panay was the general manager of the team that developed the Surface.[15]

Sinofsky initially stated that pricing for the first Surface would be comparable to other ARM devices and pricing for Surface Pro would be comparable to current ultrabooks. Later, Ballmer noted the "sweet spot" for the bulk of the PC market was $300 to $800.[16] Microsoft revealed the pricing and began accepting preorders for the 2012 Surface tablet, on October 16, 2012 "for delivery by 10/26".[17][18][19] The device was launched alongside the general availability of Windows 8 on October 26, 2012.[20] Surface Pro became available the following year on February 9, 2013.[21] The devices were initially available only at Microsoft Stores retail and online, but availability was later expanded into other vendors.[22]

In November 2012, Ballmer described the distribution approach to Surface as "modest"[23] and on November 29 of that year, Microsoft revealed the pricing for the 64 GB and 128 GB versions of Surface with Windows 8 Pro.[24] The tablet would go on sale on February 9, 2013, in the United States and Canada.[25] A launch event was set to be held on February 8, 2013, but was cancelled at the last minute due to the February 2013 nor'easter.[26] The 128GB version of the tablet sold out on the same day as its release. Though there was less demand for the 64GB version because of the much smaller available storage capacity, supplies of the lower cost unit were almost as tight.[27]

The following year, on March 30, 2015, it announced the Surface 3, a more compact version of the Surface Pro 3. On September 8, 2015, Microsoft announced the "Surface Enterprise Initiative", a partnership between Accenture, Avanade, Dell Inc., and HP, to "enable more customers to enjoy the benefits of Windows 10." As part of the partnership, Dell will resell Surface Pro products through its business and enterprise channels, and offer its existing enterprise services (including Pro Support, warranty, and Configuration and Deployment) for Surface Pro devices it sells.[28][29]

Microsoft announced the next generation Surface Pro 4 and the all new Surface Book, a hybrid laptop, at Microsoft October 2015 Event in New York on October 10, 2015.[30] Microsoft began shipping Surface Hub devices on March 25, 2016.[31] In June 2016, Microsoft confirmed production of the Surface 3 would stop in December of that year.[32] No replacement product has been announced. Reports suggest this may be a consequence of Intel discontinuing the Broxton iteration of the Atom processor.[33] On October 26, 2016, at Microsoft's event, a Surface Studio and Surface Book with Performance Base was announced.[34] A wheel accessory, the Surface Dial, was announced as well, and became available on November 10, 2016.[35]

Immediately following the announcement of the Surface Laptop at the #MicrosoftEDU event on May 2, 2017, and the Microsoft Build 2017 developer conference, Microsoft announced the fifth-generation Surface Pro at a special event in Shanghai on May 23, 2017.[36]

On May 15, 2018, Microsoft announced the Surface Hub 2, featuring a new rotating hinge and the ability to link multiple Hubs together.[37][38]

In June 2018, Microsoft announced the Surface Go, a $400 Surface tablet with a 10-inch screen and 64 or 128 GB of storage.[39]

On October 2, 2019, Microsoft announced the Surface Pro 7, the Surface Laptop 3, and the Surface Pro X. Both the Surface Pro 7 and the Surface Laptop 3 come with a USB-C port.[40][41] The Surface Pro X comes with the Microsoft SQ1 ARM processor. Microsoft also teased upcoming products: the Surface Neo, a dual screen tablet originally planned to run Windows 10X; and the Surface Duo, a dual screen mobile phone that runs Android. Both products were initially announced to be released in 2020, though reports suggest the release of the Surface Neo will be delayed until 2021.[42] The Surface Duo was released on September 10, 2020.[43][44]

On September 22, 2021, Microsoft announced the Surface Pro 8, the Surface Duo 2 and the Surface Laptop Studio.[45]

Processor

[edit]

The first-generation Surface uses a quad-core Nvidia Tegra 3 of the ARM architecture, as opposed to the Intel x64 architecture and therefore shipped with Windows RT, which was written for the ARM architecture. The second-generation Surface 2 added an Nvidia Tegra 4. The architecture limited Surface and Surface 2 to only apps from the Windows Store recompiled for ARM. With the release of the Surface 3, Microsoft switched the Surface line to the Intel x64 architecture, the same architecture found in the Surface Pro line. Surface 3 uses the Braswell Atom X7 processor.[46]

The 2019 Surface Pro X uses a custom ARM64 SOC, the Microsoft SQ1. The latest model uses an updated version of the SOC, known as Microsoft SQ2.[47]

Storage

[edit]

The Surface devices are released in six internal storage capacities: 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 GB and 1 TB. With the release of the third generation, the 32 GB model was discontinued. All models except the Surface Pro X also feature a microSDXC card slot, located behind the kickstand, which allow for the use of memory cards up to 200 GB.

Microsoft's Surface/Storage site revealed that the 32 GB Surface RT has approximately 16 GB of user-available storage and the 64 GB Surface RT has roughly 45 GB.[48]

External color and kickstand

[edit]

The exterior of the earlier generations of Surface (2012 tablet, Pro, and Pro 2) is made of VaporMg magnesium alloy giving a semi-glossy black durable finish that Microsoft calls "dark titanium".[49] Originally, the design of Surface was to feature a full "VaporMg" design, but the production models ditched this and went with a "VaporMg" coating.[50] Later devices moved towards a matte gray finish showing the actual magnesium color through the semi-transparent top coating.[49] The Surface Laptop is available in four colors: platinum, graphite gold, burgundy, and cobalt blue.[51]

The Surface and Surface Pro lines feature a kickstand which flips out from the back of the device to prop it up, allowing the device to be stood up at an angle hands-free. According to Microsoft, this is great for watching movies, video chatting, and typing documents. According to some reviewers, this kickstand is uncomfortable to use in one's lap and means the device won't fit on shallow desks.[52] The first generation has a kickstand that can be set to a 22 degrees angle position. The second generation added a 55 degrees angle position which according to Microsoft makes the device more comfortable to type on the lap. The Surface 3 features three angle positions: 22, 44, and 60 degrees. The Surface Pro 3 is the first device to have a continuous kickstand that can be set at any angles between 22 and 150 degrees. With the fifth-generation Surface Pro, Microsoft added an additional 15 degrees of rotation to the hinge bringing the widest possible angle to 165 degrees, or what Microsoft calls "Studio Mode".[53]

Surface Book

[edit]
Main article: Surface Book

On October 6, 2015, Microsoft unveiled the Surface Book, a 2-in-1 detachable with a mechanically attached, durable hardware keyboard. It became the first Surface device to be marketed as a laptop instead of a tablet. The device has a teardrop design.

The Surface Book has what Microsoft calls a "dynamic fulcrum hinge" which allows the device to support the heavier notebook/screen portion.[54]

On October 26, 2016, Microsoft unveiled an additional configuration, called the Surface Book with Performance Base, which has an upgraded processor and a longer battery life.[55]

The second generation Surface Book 2 was announced on October 17, 2017, introducing an upgraded ceramic hinge for stability, and lighter overall weight distribution. A 15-inch model was added to the line.[56]

On May 6, 2020, the third generation Surface Book 3 was announced, featuring 10th-generation Intel processors, improved battery life, and faster SSD storage.[57]

Surface Laptop

[edit]
Main article: Surface Laptop
Surface Laptop in Burgundy color

On May 3, 2017, Microsoft unveiled the Surface Laptop, a non-detachable version of the Surface Book claiming to have the thinnest touch-enabled LCD panel of its kind.[58] Its permanently attached hardware keyboard comes in four colors and uses the same kind of fabric as the Type Cover accessories for the tablets. The device comes with the newly announced Windows 10 S operating system, which enables faster boot times at the expense of the ability to download and install programs from the web instead of the Microsoft Store. Users can switch to a fully enabled version of Windows 10 for free.[58]

Surface Studio

[edit]
Main article: Surface Studio

On October 26, 2016, Microsoft announced a 28-inch all-in-one desktop PC, the Surface Studio.[59] The device claims to have the thinnest LCD ever made in an all-in-one PC. All its components, including the processor and a surround-sound system, are located in a compact base on which the screen is mounted upon via a flexible, four-point hinge. The design allows the screen to fold down to a 20-degree angle for physical interaction with the user.[60] It comes with the Windows 10 Anniversary Update preinstalled, but is optimized for the Windows 10 Creators Update released in April 2017.

Surface Hub

[edit]
Main article: Surface Hub

On January 21, 2015, Microsoft introduced a new device category under the Surface family: the Surface Hub. It is an 84-inch 120 Hz 4K or 55-inch 1080p multi-touch, multi-pen, wall-mounted all-in-one device, aimed for collaboration and videoconferencing use of businesses. The device runs a variant of the Windows 10 operating system.[61]

Surface Neo

[edit]
Main article: Surface Neo

On October 2, 2019, Microsoft unveiled the Surface Neo, an upcoming dual-screen tablet. The device is a folio with two 9-inch displays that can be used in various configurations ("postures"), including a laptop-like form where a Bluetooth keyboard is attached to the bottom screen. Depending on its position, the remainder of the touchscreen can be used for different features; the keyboard can be attached at the top to use the bottom as a touchpad, or at the bottom to display a special area above the keyboard (the "wonderbar"), which can house tools such as emojis. The device was originally planned to run a new Windows 10 edition known as Windows 10X, which was designed specifically for this class of devices. However, Microsoft eventually discontinued Windows 10X. At this time, it is unknown which version of Windows it will run.[62][63]

Surface Duo

[edit]
Main article: Surface Duo

Alongside the Surface Neo, Microsoft also unveiled the Surface Duo, a dual-screen Android mobile device with a similar design.[64] Unlike the Surface Neo, the Surface Duo did release in September 2020 with 6GB of RAM and 128/256GB of storage. It initially shipped with Android 10 and uses Microsoft Launcher as the default launcher. Both Surface Duo models hold two screens, one screen per side. The Surface Duo can be folded in many ways, such as tabletop, tent, or single-screen. The first Duo has a selfie camera on the right side with a flashlight. A second model, the Surface Duo 2, got released in 2021 with 8GB of RAM and a back camera on one side.

Software

[edit]

The original Surface and Surface 2 models use Windows RT, a special version of Windows 8 designed for devices with ARM processors and cannot be upgraded to Windows 10. However, there were several major updates made available after its initial release that include Windows RT 8.1, RT 8.1 Update 1, RT 8.1 August update, and RT 8.1 Update 3. These older, ARM-based models of Surface are not compatible with Windows 10, but received several new features including a new Start menu similar to that found in early preview builds of Windows 10.[65]

From Surface Pro 4 and onward, all Surface devices support Windows Hello facial biometric authentication out of the box through its cameras and IR-sensors.[66] The Surface Pro 3 can utilize the Surface Pro 4 Type Cover with Fingerprint ID to gain Windows Hello support.[67]

Specialized software

[edit]

Prior to the release of Windows 10, on Surface Pro 3 Microsoft made the Surface Hub app available, which allowed the adjustment of Pen pressure sensitivity and button functions.[68] The Surface Hub app was renamed "Surface" following the launch of the Surface Hub device. Additionally, toggles to control sound quality and to disable the capacitive Windows button on the Surface 3 and Pro 3 devices were included.[69]

With Surface Pro 3 and the Surface Pen based on N-Trig technology, Microsoft added the capability to launch OneNote from the lock screen without logging in by pressing the purple button at the top of the pen.[70] Microsoft added sections to Windows 10 settings that have the ability to control the functions of the buttons on the Surface Pen. One such function is to launch OneNote with the press of the top button of the Surface Pro 4 pen.[71] With the introduction of the Surface Dial, Microsoft added a Wheel settings section to the Settings app in Windows 10 under Devices.[72] The Windows 10 Anniversary Update added the ability to adjust the shortcuts of each of the Pen's buttons performed.[73]

Accessories

[edit]
The 2012 Surface tablet with Touch Cover 2 attached

There are two main versions of the keyboard covers that connect via the Accessory Spine on the Surface tablets. The now discontinued Touch Cover, and the ever-evolving Type Cover. They feature a multi-touch touchpad, and a full QWERTY keyboard (with pre-defined action keys in place of the function row, though the function row is still accessible via the function button). The covers are made of various soft-touch materials and connect to the Surface with a polycarbonate spine with pogo pins.[74][75]

Microsoft sells the Surface Pen, an active-digitizer pen, separate of Surface, but included it in all Surface tablets until the fifth-generation Surface Pro where it was removed. The Surface Pen is designed to integrate with inking capabilities on Windows including OneNote.[76]

Remix project

[edit]

In 2013, Microsoft announced that they were going to design other covers for the Surface accessory spine (code named "blades"[77]) based on the Touch Cover 2's sensors. The only product that was shipped was the Surface Music Cover and the Surface Music Kit app.[78][79][80][81]

Model comparison

[edit]

Surface and Surface Go line

[edit]
Model Surface[82] Surface 2[83] Surface 3[84] Surface Go[85] Surface Go 2[86] Surface Go 3[87] Surface Go 4[88][89]
Date released October 26, 2012 October 22, 2013 May 5, 2015 August 2, 2018 May 12, 2020 October 5, 2021 October 3, 2023
Operating
system 		Initial Windows RT Windows RT 8.1 Windows 8.1
Update 		Windows 10
version 1803 		Windows 10
version 1909 		Windows 11
version 21H2 		Windows 11
version 22H2
Latest supported Windows RT 8.1
Update 3[90] 		Windows 10
version 22H2 		Windows 11
version 23H2
Edition Core Home/Pro Pro
Driver support until April 11, 2017 April 10, 2018 November 13, 2021 August 2, 2022 December 30, 2024 October 5, 2027 September 21, 2029
Dimensions
mm (in) 		Height 171.9 (6.77) 172.4 (6.79) 186.9 (7.36) 175 (6.9)
Width 274.5 (10.81) 274.5 (10.81) 266.9 (10.51) 245 (9.6)
Depth 9.3 (0.37) 8.8 (0.35) 8.6 (0.34) 8.3 (0.33)
Weight
g (lb) 		680 (1.50) 622 (1.371) 522 (1.151) 544 (1.199)
553 (1.219) (LTE) 		544 (1.199) 521 (1.149)
RAM (GB) 2 2/4 4/8 8
Internal storage (GB) 32/64 64/128 64/128/256
Expandable storage (GB) MicroSDXC, up to 200 GB
Display Size 26.9 cm (10.6 in) 27.4 cm (10.8 in) 25.4 cm (10.0 in) 26.67 cm (10.50 in)
Aspect ratio 16:9 3:2
Resolution 1366 × 768 1920 × 1080 1920 × 1280 1800 × 1200 1920 × 1280
PPI 148 208 214 217 220
Refresh Rate 60 Hz
Technology LCD
CPU Generation Nvidia Tegra 3 Nvidia Tegra 4 Intel Silvermont
Cherry Trail 		Intel 7th gen
Kaby Lake-Y 		Intel 8th gen
Amber Lake-Y 		Intel 10th gen
Amber Lake-Y 		Intel 12th gen
Alder Lake-N
Model(s) Atom x7-Z8700 Pentium Gold 4415Y Pentium Gold 4425Y
Core m3-8100Y 		Pentium Gold 6500Y
Core i3-10100Y 		Processor N200
iGPU Geforce ULP Intel HD Graphics Intel HD Graphics 615 Intel UHD Graphics 615
Battery Capacity (Wh) 31.5 Wh 28 Wh 26.12 Wh 24 Wh 28 Wh 29 Wh
Type Li-Ion
Cameras Front camera 3.5 MP 5.0 MP
HD (1280 × 720) video FHD (1920 × 1080) video
Rear camera 5.0 MP 8.0 MP
HD (1280 × 720) video FHD (1920 × 1080) video
Sensors Ambient light Yes
Accelerometer Yes
Gyroscope Yes
GPS No Cellular version No
Magnetometer Yes
Proximity No Yes
Microphones 2 1
Connectors A/V 3.5 mm audio socket
Micro HDMI Mini DisplayPort via USB-C
USB 1 × USB-A 2.0 1 × USB-A 3.0 1 × USB-C 3.1 Gen 1
Radios Wi-Fi Wi-Fi 4 Wi-Fi 5 Wi-Fi 6
Bluetooth 4.0 4.1 5.0 5.1
Cellular No Optional No
Surface Pen support Wacom active pen Microsoft Pen Protocol
TPM Yes No Yes Yes (2.0)
Surface Dial support No Partial (no on-screen support, Windows 10 upgrade) Partial (no on-screen support)
Integrated Windows Hello support No Yes (via backlit IR camera)

Surface Pro line

[edit]
Model Pro[91] Pro 2[92] Pro 3[93] Pro 4[94] Pro (2017)[95] Pro 6[96] Pro 7[97] Pro X[98] Pro X
2nd gen 		Pro 7+[99] Pro 8[100] Pro 9[101] Pro 10[102] Pro (11th)[103]
Date released February 9, 2013 October 22, 2013 June 20, 2014 October 26, 2015 June 15, 2017 October 16, 2018 October 22, 2019 October 22, 2019 October 13, 2020 January 11, 2021 October 5, 2021 October 19, 2022 April 9, 2024 June 18, 2024
Operating
system 		Initial Windows 8 Windows 8.1 Windows 8.1
Update 		Windows 10
version 1507 		Windows 10
version 1607 		Windows 10
version 1803 		Windows 10
version 1903 		Windows 10
version 2004 		Windows 11
version 21H2 		Windows 11
version 22H2 		Windows 11
version 23H2 		Windows 11
version 24H2
Latest supported Windows 10
version 22H2 		Windows 11
version 23H2 		Windows 11
version 24H2
Edition Pro Home/Pro Pro Home/Pro Pro Home/Pro
Driver support until April 11, 2017 April 10, 2018 November 13, 2021 January 15, 2024 June 30, 2023 February 28, 2024 August 10, 2025 January 15, 2027 October 5, 2027 October 25, 2028
Dimensions
mm (in) 		Height 172.9 (6.81) 201.3 (7.93) 201.4 (7.93) 208 (8.2) 201.4 (7.93) 208 (8.2)
Width 274.5 (10.81) 292 (11.5) 292.1 (11.50) 287 (11.3) 292.1 (11.50) 287 (11.3)
Depth 13.46 (0.530) 9.1 (0.36) 8.4 (0.33) 8.5 (0.33) 7.3 (0.29) 8.5 (0.33) 9.3 (0.37) 9.4 (0.37) 9.3 (0.37)
Weight
g (lb) 		910 (2.01) 900 (2.0) 800 (1.8) 766 (1.689) (m3)
786 (1.733) (i5)
786 (1.733) (i7) 		768 (1.693) (m3)
770 (1.70) (i5)
784 (1.728) (i7) 		775 (1.709) (i5)
792 (1.746) (i7) 		775 (1.709) (i3)
776 (1.711) (i5)
790 (1.74) (i7) 		774 (1.706) 770 (1.70) (i3, i5)
796 (1.755) (i5 LTE)
784 (1.728) (i7) 		889 (1.960) 891 (1.964) 879 (1.938) 895 (1.973)
RAM Capacity (GB) 4 4/8 4/8/16 8/16 4/8/16 8/16 8/16/32 8/16/32/64 16/32
Speed (MHz) 1600 1866 3733 4266 3733 4266
Type DDR3 LPDDR3 LPDDR4X LPDDR5X
Internal storage Size (GB) 64/128/256 64/128/256/512 128/256/512/1024 128/256/512 128/256/512/1024 256/512/1024
Type mSATA SSD PCIe NVME SSD
Removable No Yes 128/256 only Yes
Expandable storage (GB) MicroSDXC, up to 200 GB — MicroSDXC, up to 200 GB —
Display Size 27.0 cm (10.6 in) 30.0 cm (11.8 in) 31.2 cm (12.3 in) 33.0 cm (13.0 in) 31.2 cm (12.3 in) 33.0 cm (13.0 in)
Aspect ratio 16:9 3:2
Resolution 1920 × 1080 pixels 2160 × 1440 pixels 2736 × 1824 pixels 2880 × 1920 pixels 2736 × 1824 pixels 2880 × 1920 pixels
PPI 208 214 267
Refresh Rate 60 Hz 120 Hz
Technology LCD LCD
OLED
Processor Generation Intel 3rd gen
Ivy Bridge 		Intel 4th gen
Haswell 		Intel 6th gen
Skylake 		Intel 7th gen
Kaby Lake 		Intel 8th gen
Kaby Lake R 		Intel 10th gen
Ice Lake 		Kryo 495 Intel 11th gen
Tiger Lake 		Intel 12th gen
Alder Lake
Kryo 		Intel 1st gen
Meteor Lake 		Qualcomm
Snapdragon X
Model(s) i5-3317U i5-4200U
i5-4300U 		i3-4020Y
i5-4300U
i7-4650U 		m3-6Y30
i5-6300U
i7-6650U 		m3-7Y30
i5-7300U
i7-7660U 		i5-8250U
i5-8350U
i7-8650U 		i3-1005G1
i5-1035G4
i7-1065G7 		Microsoft SQ1 Microsoft SQ2 i3-1115G4
i5-1135G7
i7-1165G7 		i3-1115G4
i5-1135G7
i5-1145G7
i7-1185G7 		i5-1235U
i5-1245U
i7-1255U
i7-1265U
Microsoft SQ3 		5-135U
7-165U 		X Plus
X Elite
iGPU Gen7 Gen7.5 Gen9 Gen9.5 Gen11 Adreno 685 Adreno 690 Xe Xe
Adreno 730 		Arc Adreno 750
NPU — Yes
Battery Capacity (Wh)[104] 42.0 Wh 42.2 Wh 38.2 Wh 45.0 Wh 43.2 Wh 38.2 Wh 50.4 Wh 51.5 Wh 50.2 Wh 48 Wh 48 Wh
53 Wh
Type Li-Ion
Cameras Front camera 1.2 MP 5 MP
HD video FHD video QHD video
Rear camera 1.2 MP 5 MP 8 MP 10 MP 8 MP 10 MP 10.5 MP
HD video FHD video 4K video FHD video 4K video
Rear autofocus No Yes
Sensors Ambient light Yes
Accelerometer Yes
Gyroscope Yes
GPS No Yes No Partial No
Magnetometer Yes No Yes No Yes
NFC No Yes No
Microphones 2
Connectors A/V 3.5 mm audio socket 2 × USB-C 3.1 3.5 mm audio socket 2 x USB-C 4
with Thunderbolt 4
Mini DisplayPort USB-C USB-C 2 × USB-C 4.0
with Thunderbolt 4
USB USB-A 3.0 USB-A 3.0, USB-C 3.1 USB-A 3.0, USB-C 3.1
Surface Connect Surface Connect (5-pin) Surface Connect (40-pin)
Cover port Cover port with power pins Cover port Surface Keyboard port Cover port Surface Keyboard port
Radios Wi-Fi WiFi 4 2x2 MIMO WiFi 5 2x2 MIMO WiFi 6 2x2 MIMO WiFi 5 2x2 MIMO WiFi 6 2x2 MIMO WiFi 6e 2x2 MIMO WiFi 7
Bluetooth 4.0 4.1 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.4
Cellular No Optional No Optional No Yes
Surface Pen
support 		Technology Wacom passive pen Microsoft Pen Protocol
Pressure levels 256 1024 256 1024 4096
Tilt levels No 1024
TPM Yes Yes (1.2) Yes (2.0)
Surface Dial support Partial (no on-screen support, Windows 10 upgrade) Yes firmware update Yes
Integrated Windows Hello support No Yes (via backlit IR camera)

Surface Book line

[edit]
Model Surface Book[105] Surface Book
with Performance Base 		Surface Book 2[106] Surface Book 3[107]
Date released October 26, 2015 November 10, 2016 November 16, 2017 May 21, 2020
Operating
system 		Initial Windows 10
version 1507 		Windows 10
version 1607 		Windows 10
version 1703 		Windows 10
version 1909
Latest supported Windows 10
version 22H2 		Windows 11
version 23H2
Edition Pro
Driver support until November 13, 2021 June 30, 2023 April 1, 2025
Dimensions
mm (in) 		Height 232 (9.1)
Width 312 (12.3)
Depth 23 (0.91)
Weight
g (lb) 		1,516 (3.342)
1,576 (3.474) (with dGPU) 		1,647 (3.631) 1,534 (3.382) (13.5" i5)
1,642 (3.620) (13.5" i7)
1,905 (4.200) (15")
RAM Capacity (GB) 8/16 8/16 (13.5")
16 (15") 		8/16/32 (13.5")
16/32 (15")
Speed (MHz) 1600 1866 3733
Type LPDDR3 LPDDR4x
Internal storage Size (GB) 128/256/512/1024 256/512/1024 256/512/1024 256/512/1024 (13.5")
256/512/1024/2048 (15")
Type PCIe SSD
Expandable storage MicroSDXC, up to 200 GB
Display Size (cm (in)) 34.3 (13.5) 34.3 (13.5)
38.1 (15.0) 		34.3 (13.5)
38.1 (15.0)
Aspect ratio 3:2
Resolution 3000 × 2000 3000 × 2000 (13.5")
3240 × 2160 (15")
PPI 267 267 (13.5")
260 (15")
Refresh Rate (Hz) 60
Processor Generation Intel 6th gen
Skylake 		Intel 7/8th gen
Kaby Lake 		Intel 10th gen
Ice Lake
Model i5-6300U i7-6600U i5-7300U
i7-8650U 		i5-1035G7
i7-1065G7
iGPU Intel HD Graphics 520 Intel HD Graphics 620 Intel Iris Plus
Graphics card Custom GeForce 940M GeForce GTX 965M GeForce GTX 1050 (13.5")
GeForce GTX 1060 (15") 		GeForce GTX 1650 (13.5")
GeForce GTX 1660 Ti (15")
GeForce RTX 3000 (15")
Battery Capacity (Wh) Display: 18
Keyboard base: 51[108] 		Display: 18
Keyboard base: 63.4 		13.5" Display: 18
13.5" Keyboard base: 51[109]
15" Display: 23
15" Keyboard base: 67[110]
Type Li-ion
Cameras Front camera 5 MP
FHD (1920 × 1080) video
Rear camera 8 MP
FHD (1920 × 1080) video
Sensors Ambient light sensor Yes
Accelerometer Yes
Gyroscope Yes
GPS No
Magnetometer No Yes
Microphones 2
Connectors A/V 3.5 mm audio socket
Mini DisplayPort USB-C
USB 2 × USB-A 3.0 2 × USB-A 3.0, 1 × USB-C 3.1
Surface Connect Surface Connect (40-pin)
Radios Wi-Fi Wi-Fi 5 Wi-Fi 6
Bluetooth 4.0 LE 4.1 5.0
Cellular No
Surface Pen support Technology Microsoft Pen Protocol
Pressure levels 1024 4096
Tilt levels 1024
TPM Yes Yes (2.0)
Surface Dial support Yes (with firmware update) Yes
Integrated Windows Hello support Yes (via backlit IR camera)

Surface Laptop line

[edit]
Model Laptop[111] Laptop 2[112] Laptop 3[113] Laptop 4[114] Laptop 5[115] Laptop 6[116] Laptop (7th)[117]
Date released June 15, 2017 October 16, 2018 October 22, 2019 April 20, 2021 October 25, 2022 April 9, 2024 June 18, 2024
Operating system Initial Windows 10
version 1607 		Windows 10
version 1803 		Windows 10
version 1903 		Windows 10
version 20H2 		Windows 11
version 22H2 		Windows 11
version 23H2 		Windows 11
version 24H2
Latest supported Windows 10
version 22H2 		Windows 11
version 23H2 		Windows 11
version 24H2
Edition S Home/Pro Pro Home/Pro
Driver support until November 13, 2021 December 27, 2022 July 30, 2024 April 15, 2027 October 25, 2028
Dimensions
mm (in) 		Height 223.2 (8.79) 224 (8.8)
244 (9.6) 		223 (8.8)
244 (9.6) 		220 (8.7)
239 (9.4)
Width 308 (12.1) 308 (12.1)
339.5 (13.37) 		301 (11.9)
329 (13.0)
Depth 14.5 (0.57) 14.5 (0.57)
14.69 (0.578) 		16.7 (0.66)
16.9 (0.67) 		17.5 (0.69)
18.3 (0.72)
Weight (g (lb)) 1,250 (2.76) 1,260 (2.78) 1,265 (2.789)
1,542 (3.400) 		1,272 (2.804)
1,545 (3.406) 		1,380 (3.04)
1,680 (3.70) 		1,340 (2.95)
1,660 (3.66)
RAM Capacity (GB) 4/8/16 8/16 8/16/32 8/16/32/64 16/32/64
Speed (MHz) 1866 3733
2400 		5200
Type LPDDR3 LPDDR4X
DDR4 		LPDDR5X LPDDR5
LPDDR5X 		LPDDR5X
Internal storage Size (GB) 128/256/512/1024 128/256/512/1024 256/512/1024
Type PCIe SSD
Removable No Yes
Expandable storage (GB) No
Display Size 34.29 cm (13.50 in) 34.29 cm (13.50 in)
38.1 cm (15.0 in) 		35.05 cm (13.80 in)
38.1 cm (15.0 in)
Aspect ratio 3:2
Resolution 1536 x 1024 pixels 2256 x 1504 pixels
2496 x 1664 pixels 		2304 x 1536 pixels
2496 x 1664 pixels
PPI 201
Refresh rate 60 Hz 120 Hz
Technology LCD
Processor Generation Intel 7th generation
Kaby Lake 		Intel 8th generation
Kaby Lake R 		Intel 10th generation
Ice Lake
AMD Zen+ 		Intel 11th generation
Tiger Lake
AMD Zen 2 		Intel 12th generation
Alder Lake 		Intel 1st gen
Meteor Lake 		Qualcomm
Snapdragon X
Model m3-7Y30
i5-7200U
i7-7660U 		i5-8250U
i5-8350U
i7-8650U 		i5-1035G7
i7-1065G7
5 3580U
7 3780U 		i5-1135G7
i5-1145G7
i7-1185G7
5 4680U
7 4980U 		i5-1235U
i7-1255U 		5-135H
7-165H 		X Plus
X Elite
iGPU HD Graphics 615
HD Graphics 620
HD Graphics 640 		HD Graphics 620 Iris Plus
Radeon Vega 9
Radeon RX Vega 11 		Iris Xe
Radeon Graphics 		Iris Xe Arc Adreno
NPU — Yes
Battery Capacity (Wh) 45.2 Wh 45.8 Wh 46 Wh 47 Wh 54 Wh
66 Wh
Type Li-Ion
Front camera 5 MP
HD video FHD video
Sensors Ambient light Yes
Accelerometer No
Gyroscope No
GPS No
Magnetometer No
Microphones 2
Connectors A/V 3.5 mm audio socket
Mini DisplayPort USB-C
USB USB-A 3.0 USB-A 3.0, USB-C 3.1 USB-A 3.1, USB-C 4.0 USB-A 3.1, USB-C 4.0
USB-A 3.1, 2x USB-C 4.0 		USB-A 3.1, 2x USB-C 4.0
Surface Connect Surface Connect (40-pin)
Radios Wi-Fi Wi-Fi 5 Wi-Fi 6
Wi-Fi 5 		Wi-Fi 6 Wi-Fi 6E Wi-Fi 7
Bluetooth 4.0 LE 4.1 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.4
Cellular No
Surface Pen support Technology Microsoft Pen Protocol —
Pressure levels 4096
Tilt levels 1024
TPM Yes (2.0)
Surface Dial support Yes No
Integrated Windows Hello support Yes (via backlit IR camera)

Surface Studio line

[edit]
Models Surface Studio[118] Surface Studio 2[119] Surface Studio 2+[120]
Date released December 15, 2016 October 2, 2018 October 12, 2022
Operating System Initial Windows 10
version 1607 		Windows 10
version 1803 		Windows 11
version 22H2
Latest supported Windows 10
version 22H2 		Windows 11
version 23H2
Edition Pro
Driver support until November 13, 2021 October 2, 2024 October 2, 2028
Base dimensions
mm (in) 		Height 220 (8.7)
Width 250 (9.8)
Depth 31.4 (1.24)
Display dimensions
mm (in) 		Height 438.9 (17.28)
Width 637.3 (25.09)
Depth 12.5 (0.49)
Weight
kg (lb) 		9.56 (21.1) max
RAM Capacity (GB) 8/16/32 16/32 32
Speed (MHz) 2133 2400
Type DDR4
Internal storage Capacity (TB) 1/2 1
Type Hybrid drive PCIe SSD
Expandable storage SDXC, up to 200 GB N/A
Display Size (cm (in)) 71.1 (28.0)
Aspect ratio 3:2
Resolution 4500 × 3000
Pixel density (PPI) 192
Refresh rate (Hz) 60
Technology LCD
Processor Generation Intel 6th generation
Skylake 		Intel 7th generation
Kaby Lake 		Intel 11th generation
Tiger Lake
Model i5-6440HQ
i7-6820HQ 		i7-7820HQ i7-11370H
Graphics card GeForce GTX 965M
GeForce GTX 980M 		GeForce GTX 1060
GeForce GTX 1070 		GeForce RTX 3060
Front camera 5 MP
FHD (1920 × 1080) video
Sensors Ambient light sensor Yes
Microphones 2
Connectors A/V 3.5 mm audio socket
Mini DisplayPort 1x USB-C 3x USB-C 4.0
with Thunderbolt 4
USB N/A
4x USB-A 3.0 2x USB-A 3.1
Ethernet 1x Gigabit Ethernet
Radios Wi-Fi Wi-Fi 5 Wi-Fi 6
Bluetooth 4.0 LE 5.1
Surface Pen support Technology Microsoft Pen Protocol
Pressure levels 1024 4096
Tilt levels 1024
TPM Yes (2.0)
Surface Dial support Yes
Integrated Windows Hello support Yes (via backlit IR camera)

Promotion

[edit]
A Surface advert painted on the side of a building

Television commercial

[edit]

In October 2012, Microsoft aired its first commercial, directed by Jon Chu, for the Surface product line. The first 30-second commercial is the Surface Movement which focus on Windows RT version of the first generation of Surface with detachable keyboard and kickstand.[121] It first aired during Dancing with the Stars commercial break.[122]

Partnership with NFL

[edit]

In 2014, Microsoft announced a five-year, $400 million deal with the National Football League, in which Surface became the official tablet computer brand of the NFL. As part of the partnership, special, ruggedized Surface Pro 2 devices were issued to teams for use on the sidelines, allowing coaches and players view and annotate footage of previous plays. The partnership was initially hampered by television commentators, who erroneously referred to the devices as being an "iPad" on several occasions. Microsoft has since stated that it "coached" commentators on properly referring to the devices on-air.[123][124][125][126]

Designed on Surface

[edit]

On January 11, 2016, Microsoft announced a collaboration with POW! WOW!. It includes a group of artists from around the world that utilizes various Surface devices, such as the Surface Pro 4 and the Surface Book, to create a total of 17 murals. The artists are filmed using their Surface devices and explain how they integrate Surface into their workflow. The final products are then posted to YouTube that accompanies a post on the Microsoft Devices blog.[127]

United States Department of Defense

[edit]

On February 17, 2016, Microsoft announced that alongside the US Department of Defense's plans to upgrade to Windows 10, it has approved Surface devices and certified them for use through the Defense Information Systems Agency Unified Capabilities Approved Products List. Surface Book, Surface Pro 4, Surface Pro 3, and Surface 3 have all been approved as Multifunction Mobile Devices, thus meeting the necessary requirements for security and compatibility with other systems.[128]

Reception

[edit]

Industry response

[edit]

When Surface was first announced, critics noted that the device represented a significant departure for Microsoft, as the company had previously relied exclusively on third-party OEMs to produce devices running Windows, and began shifting towards a first-party hardware model with similarities to that of Apple.[129][130] Steve Ballmer said that like Xbox, Surface was an example of the sort of hardware products Microsoft will release in the future.[131]

Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), whose products have traditionally run Microsoft operating systems, have had positive responses to the release of Surface.[132] HP, Lenovo, Samsung, and Dell[133] applauded Microsoft's decision to create its own Tablet PC and said that relationships with Microsoft have not changed. John Solomon, senior vice president of HP, said that "Microsoft was basically making a leadership statement and showing what's possible in the tablet space".[134][135] Acer founder Stan Shih said that he believed Microsoft only introduced its own hardware in order to establish the market and would then withdraw in favor of its OEMs.[136]

However, others believe that OEMs were left sidelined by the perception that Microsoft's new tablet would replace their products.[137][138] Acer chairman JT Wang advised Microsoft to "please think twice".[139] Microsoft has acknowledged that Surface may "affect their commitment" of partners to the Windows platform.[140]

The need for the Surface to market an ARM-compatible version of Windows was questioned by analysts because of recent developments in the PC industry; both Intel and AMD introduced x86-based system-on-chip designs for Windows 8, Atom "Clover Trail" and "Temash" respectively, in response to the growing competition from ARM licensees. In particular, Intel claimed that Clover Trail-based tablets could provide battery life rivaling that of ARM devices; in a test by PC World, Samsung's Clover Trail-based Ativ Smart PC was shown to have battery life exceeding that of the first gen ARM-based Surface. Peter Bright of Ars Technica argued that Windows RT had no clear purpose, since the power advantage of ARM-based devices was "nowhere near as clear-cut as it was two years ago", and that users would be better off purchasing Office 2013 themselves because of the removed features and licensing restrictions of Office RT.[141][142][143]

Sales

[edit]
First-generation Surface tablets for sale at a Microsoft Store

Sales of the first generation Surface did not meet Microsoft's expectations, which led to price reductions and other sales incentives.[144][145]

In July 2013, Steve Ballmer revealed that the Surface hasn't sold as well as he hoped.[146] He reported that Microsoft had made a loss of US$900,000,000 due to the lackluster Surface sales. Concurrently, Microsoft cut the price of first-gen Surface RT worldwide by 30%, with its U.S. price falling to US$350.[147][148][149][150] This was followed by a further price cut in August after it was revealed that even the marketing costs had exceed the sales.[151] On August 4, 2013, the cost of Surface Pro was cut by $100 giving it an entry price of $799. Several law firms sued Microsoft, accusing the company of misleading shareholders about sales of the first-gen ARM based Surface tablet, calling it an "unmitigated disaster".[152] In the first two years of sales, Microsoft lost almost two billion dollars.[153]

Surface Pro 3 promotion in front of a Microsoft Store

The poor sales of the ARM-based Surface tablet had been credited to the continuing market dominance of Microsoft's competitors in the tablet market. Particularly, Apple's iPad retained its dominance due its App store offering the most tablet-optimized applications. Most OEMs opted to produce tablets running Google Android, which came in a wide variety of sizes and prices (albeit with mixed success among most OEMs), and Google Play had the second-largest selection of tablet applications. By contrast there was a limited amount of software designed specifically for Surface's operating system, Windows RT, the selection which was even weaker than Windows Phone.[154] Indeed, OEMs reported that most customers felt Intel-based tablets were more appropriate for use in business environments, as they were compatible with the much more widely available x86 programs while Windows RT was not. Microsoft's subsequent efforts have been focused upon refining the Surface Pro and making it a viable competitor in the premium ultra-mobile PC category, against other Ultrabooks and the MacBook Air, while discontinuing development of ARM-powered Surface devices as the Surface 3 (non-Pro) had an Intel x86 CPU (albeit with lower performance than the Surface Pro 3).[154][155]

The resultant Surface Pro 3 succeeded in garnering a great interest in the Surface line, making Surface business profitable for the first time in fiscal year Q1 2015.[156] Later in Q2, the Surface division's sales topped $1 billion.[157] Surface division scored $888 million for Q4 2015 despite an overall loss of $2.1 billion for Microsoft, a 117% year-over-year growth thanks to the steady commercial performance of Surface Pro 3 and the launch of mainstream model Surface 3.[158] In the first quarter of fiscal year 2018 the Surface division posted its best earnings performance to date.[159]

Timeline

[edit]
Timeline of Surface devices
Surface Duo 2Surface DuoSurface Hub 3Surface Hub 2SSurface HubSurface Studio 2Surface Studio 2Surface StudioSurface Laptop SESurface Laptop Studio 2Surface Laptop StudioSurface Laptop Go 3Surface Laptop Go 2Surface Laptop GoSurface Laptop (7th generation)Surface Laptop 6Surface Laptop 5Surface Laptop 4Surface Laptop 3Surface Laptop 2Surface LaptopSurface Book 3Surface Book 2Surface BookSurface Pro XSurface Pro XSurface Go 4Surface Go 3Surface Go 2Surface GoSurface Pro (11th generation)Surface Pro 10Surface Pro 9Surface Pro 8Surface Pro 7Surface Pro 7Surface Pro 6Surface Pro (2017)Surface Pro 4Surface Pro 3Surface Pro 2Surface ProSurface 3Surface 2Surface (2012 tablet)


See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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