Supreme Court of the Netherlands
| Supreme Court of the Netherlands | |
|---|---|
| Hoge Raad der Nederlanden | |
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| 52°5′0.52″N 4°18′41.85″E / 52.0834778°N 4.3116250°E | |
| Established | 1838 |
| Location | The Hague, Netherlands |
| Coordinates | 52°5′0.52″N 4°18′41.85″E / 52.0834778°N 4.3116250°E |
| Composition method | Selected by the House of Representatives on advice of the Supreme Court and appointed by Royal Order. |
| Authorized by | Constitution of the Netherlands |
| Judge term length | Appointed for life until retired at 70 |
| Number of positions | 41 |
| Website | www.hogeraad.nl |
| President of the Supreme Court | |
| Currently | Geert Corstens |
| Since | 1 October 2008[1] |
| Part of the Politics series |
![Azure, billetty Or a lion with a coronet Or armed and langued Gules holding in his dexter paw a sword Argent hilted Or and in the sinister paw seven arrows Argent pointed and bound together Or. [The seven arrows stand for the seven provinces of the Union of Utrecht.] The shield is crowned with the (Dutch) royal crown and supported by two lions Or armed and langued gules. They stand on a scroll Azure with the text (Or) "Je Maintiendrai" (French for "I will maintain".)](/wiki/File:State_coat_of_arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg) |
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The Supreme Court of the Netherlands (Dutch: Hoge Raad der Nederlanden, literally 'High Council of the Netherlands') is the highest court of the Netherlands, Curaçao, Sint Maarten and Aruba.[2] The Court was established on 1 October 1838 and sits in The Hague, Netherlands.[3]
The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is limited primarily to civil, criminal and tax-related cases. The Court has the authority to overturn rulings by appellate courts ([cassation] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) and therefore establishes case law, but only if the lower court applied the law incorrectly or the ruling lacks sufficient reasoning; facts are no longer subject of discussion.[4] The Court may not rule on the constitutionality of laws passed by the States-General and treaties. Hence the Netherlands has no constitutional court.[5]
The Supreme Court consists of 41 judges: a president, 6 vice-presidents, 31 justices ([raadsheren] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) and 3 justices in exceptional service ([buitengewone dienst] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)). All judges are appointed for life, until they retire at their own request or at the age of 70.[6]
History
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The development of [cassation] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) in the Netherlands was heavily influenced by the French during the Batavian Revolution at the end of 18th century. The establishment of the Supreme Court on 1838 brought an end to the Grote Raad van Mechelen and its successor the Hoge Raad van Holland, Zeeland en West-Friesland, which both served as high appellate courts.[3]
Authority
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In the Netherlands a case is first heard by one of the five courts of appeal ([gerechtshoven] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)). Afterwards any party may file a [cassation] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) appeal before the Supreme Court.
Composition and current membership
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Justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by Royal Decree, from a list of three, advised by the House of Representatives on the advice of the Hoge Raad itself. The judges are, like every other judge in the Netherlands, appointed for life, until they either die or retire at their own reafter reaching the age of 70. Upon reaching the age of 60, a justice may change status to exceptional (also known as special) service, with the effect that the judge no longer plays a full role at the court.
The Supreme Court is divided into four chambers: the first or civil chamber, the second or criminal chamber, the third or tax chamber and the fourth or 'ombuds' chamber. The members of the fourth chamber are chosen [ad hoc] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), but will include the president of the court.[6]
First (or civil) chamber
- Hans Fleers, vice-president and chairman
- Detmer Beukenhorst, vice-president
- Oscar de Savornin Lohman, justice
- Annemarie van Buchem-Spapens, justice
- Ernst Numann, justice
- Fred Hammerstein, justice
- Jules van Oven, justice
- Willem van Schendel, justice
- Floris Bakels, justice
- Cees Streefkerk, justice
- W.D.H. Asser, justice
- C.E. Drion, justice
- Sofa_King_Icy, PvPer
Second (or criminal) chamber
- F.H. Koster, vice-president and chairman
- G.J.M. Corstens, president of Supreme Court
- A.J.A. van Dorst, vice-president
- B.C. de Savornin Lohman, justice
- J.W. Ilsink, justice
- J. de Hullu, justice
- W.M.E. Thomassen, justice
- H.A.G. Splinter-Van Kan, justice
- W.F. Groos, justice
- C.H.W.M. Sterk, justice
- M.A. Loth, justice
- J.P. Balkema, justice in exceptional service
Third (or tax) chamber
- D.G. van Vliet, vice-president
- J.W. van den Berge, vice-president
- C.B. Bavinck, justice
- A.R. Leemreis, justice
- C.J.J. van Maanen, justice
- E.N. Punt, justice
- C. Schaap, justice
- J.W.M. Tijnagel, justice
- A.H.T. Heisterkamp, justice
- J.A.C.A. Overgaauw, justice
- M.W.C. Feteris, justice
- P.M.F. van Loon, justice
- M.A. Fierstra, justice
- R.J. Koopman, justice
- A.E.M. van der Putt-Lauwers, justice in exceptional service
- L. Monné, justice in exceptional service
- P. Lourens, justice in exceptional service
Second World War
During the German occupation, the Supreme Court kept functioning. In November 1940 the occupiers forced the president, Judge L.E. Visser, to resign because he was Jewish. Visser's colleagues did not protest. The members who remained also signed a compulsory declaration about Aryans.
After the liberation, people reproached the Court for a weak and legalistic attitude. The Court wished above all to guarantee the continuity of the jurisdiction and not to become involved in politics. However such chances as there were to take a stand on principle against the Germans were largely missed. The Justices either omitted to give a moral example or felt they were not in a position to do so.[7] This was demonstrated in a so-called "Test sentence", (Supreme Court, 12 January 1942, NJ 1942/271), in which the Supreme Court ruled that the Dutch judge was not permitted to contest the decrees of the occupying force on the basis of international law, in particular the 1907 regulation prescribed for a country at war. In this the Supreme Court followed the advice of the barrister-general A. Rombach. The judgment concerned a case in which a man was sentenced by the economic judge for an "economic offence" (the purchase of pork without valid coupons). The counsel for the accused, P. Groeneboom, attested in his defence before the Supreme Court on 27 October 1941 that the judge had the authority to challenge the regulations of the occupying force on the basis of the regulation prescribed for a country at war, the decree of the Führer and the first regulation of the government commissioner. When the Supreme Court (in a judgment of 12 January 1942) denied the possibility of contesting rules issued by the National Socialist oppressors, the Netherlands followed what was the rule in Germany and Italy too. On the basis of two emergency measures Hitler had the authority to issue incontestable rules and the legal establishment acknowledged its own incompetence to challenge "political" measures. "Political" in this case was what the political authorities considered to be political. In Italy the Court of Appeal recognised the free authority of Mussolini and the judge's lack of authority to control it.[8] Meihuizen says about the Dutch test sentence: "A sentence with far-reaching consequences because with this, barristers were not given the chance to bring before the judge the question of the validity of legislation which had been issued by or on behalf of the occupier."[9]: 85 The Supreme Court defended this sentence in retrospect with the conjecture that the Germans would never accept it being contested and might have intervened in a negative way with the legal establishment, resulting in a further diminishing of citizens' legal protection.[7]
In 1943 the seat of the Supreme Court was temporarily moved from The Hague to Nijmegen. With the liberation of Nijmegen in September 1944, this led to a situation in which, although the seat was on liberated ground, most of the Justices found themselves still in occupied territory. After the war, there was not much done to clear matters, lawyers who had collaborated with the Germans generally kept their jobs or got important other positions. A crucial role in this affair was played by J. Donner, who became president of the Supreme Court in 1946.[7]
References
- ^ "Benoeming mr. G.J.M. Corstens tot president van de Hoge Raad". Rechtspraak.nl (in Dutch). Hoge Raad der Nederlanden. 15 April 2008. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
- ^ "Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba". Rechtspraak.nl (in Dutch). De Rechtspraak. 27 July 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
- ^ a b "Geschiedenis van de Hoge Raad". Rechtspraak.nl (in Dutch). De Rechtspraak. 18 September 2004. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
- ^ "Supreme Court". Rechtspraak.nl. De Rechtspraak. 10 August 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
- ^ According to article 120 of the Constitution of the Netherlands, judges will not rule on the constitutionality of laws passed by the States-General and treaties.
- ^ a b "Raad". Rechtspraak.nl (in Dutch). De Rechtspraak. 14 October 2004. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
- ^ a b c Corjo Jansen en Derk Venema, "The Supreme Court and the Second World War" (in Dutch), Boom, Amsterdam, 2011.
- ^ Derk Venema, "Judges in war time: The Dutch judiciary's confrontation with national socialism and the occupation" (in Dutch), Boom, Amsterdam, 2007.
- ^ Joggli Meihuizen, "Narrow Margins. The Dutch Bar during World War II." (in Dutch), Boom, Amsterdam, 2010 (an English summary was also published by Boom, Amsterdam, 2010).
External links
