Jump to content

Substance-induced psychosis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Substance-induced psychosis
Other namesSubstance-induced psychotic disorder, drug-induced psychosis, substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder, toxic psychosis
SpecialtyPsychiatry, addiction psychiatry

Substance-induced psychosis (commonly known as toxic psychosis or drug-induced psychosis) is a form of psychosis that is attributed to substance intoxication, withdrawal or recent consumption of psychoactive drugs. It is a psychosis that results from the effects of various substances, such as medicinal and nonmedicinal substances, legal and illegal drugs, chemicals, and plants. Various psychoactive substances have been implicated in causing or worsening psychosis in users.[1]

Signs and symptoms

[edit]
Main article: Psychosis

Psychosis manifests as disorientation, visual hallucinations and/or haptic hallucinations.[2] It is a state in which a person's mental capacity to recognize reality, communicate, and relate to others is impaired, thus interfering with the capacity to deal with life's demands.[3] While there are many types of psychosis, the cause of substance-induced psychosis can be pinpointed to intake of specific chemicals. To properly diagnose Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder, one must conclude that exhibited hallucinations or delusions began during intoxication, withdrawal, or within a month after use of the substance and the symptoms are not related to a non-substance-induced psychotic disorder.[4]

Treatment

[edit]

Because substance-induced psychosis results from the consumption of a substance or combination of substances, treatment practices heavily rely on detoxification and discontinuation of the substance(s). [1] Detox and addiction treatment centers may often provide rehabilitation programs, including inpatient and outpatient treatment options, support groups, and extended treatment plans. Substance-induced psychosis may persist for hours, days, or weeks, but typically resolves within a month of sobriety. [1] Treating psychosis involves a very thorough evaluation, including medical history, family background, symptoms, and other potential causes.[5] Treatment prioritizes emergent symptoms, evaluates for underlying mental illnesses, and focuses on behavioral and preventative measures against substance use.[1]

Substance use and schizophrenia

[edit]

Rates of drug use amongst people with schizophrenia are higher than the general population; 50% of those diagnosed with schizophrenia use substances over their life.[6]: 495, 496  There is a model that suggests this arises because those with schizophrenia self-medicate with psychoactive drugs.[6]: 500 

Transition to schizophrenia

[edit]

A 2019 systematic review and meta-analysis found that the 25% (18–38%) of people diagnosed with substance-induced psychosis went on to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, compared with 36% (30–43%) for brief, atypical and not otherwise specified psychoses.[7] The substance present was the primary predictor of transition from drug-induced psychosis to schizophrenia, with highest rates associated with cannabis (34% (25–46%)), hallucinogens (26% (14–43%)) and amphetamines (22% (14–34%)). Lower rates were reported for opioid– (12% (8–18%)), alcohol– (9% (6–15%)) and sedative– (10% (7–15%)) induced psychoses. Transition rates were slightly lower in older cohorts but were not affected by sex, country of the study, hospital or community location, urban or rural setting, diagnostic methods, or duration of follow-up.[7]

Class of substance Number of studies Rates of transition to schizophrenia
Estimate Lower bound Upper bound
Brief, atypical and NOS 34 36% 30% 43%
Combined - 25% 18% 38%
Cannabis 6 34% 25% 46%
Hallucinogens 3 26% 14% 43%
Amphetamines 5 22% 14% 34%
Opioid 3 12% 8% 18%
Sedative 3 10% 7% 15%
Alcohol 9 9% 6% 15%

Substances

[edit]

Psychotic states may occur after using a variety of legal and illegal substances. Substances whose use or withdrawal is implicated in psychosis include the following:

International Classification of Diseases

[edit]

Psychoactive substance-induced psychotic disorders outlined within the ICD-10 codes F10.5—F19.5:

F17.5 is reserved for tobacco-induced psychosis, but is traditionally not associated with the induction of psychosis.

The code F15.5 also includes caffeine-induced psychosis, despite not being specifically listed in the DSM-IV. However, there is evidence that caffeine, in extreme acute doses or when taken in excess for long periods of time, may induce psychosis.[34][35]

Medication

[edit]

Other drugs illicit in America

[edit]

Other drugs illegal in America (not listed above), including:

Plants

[edit]

Plants:

Nonmedicinal substances

[edit]
See also: Particulates § Cognitive hazards and mental health

Substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Baldaçara, Leonardo; Ramos, Artur; Castaldelli-Maia, João Maurício (2023-08-18). "Managing drug-induced psychosis". International Review of Psychiatry. 35 (5–6): 496–502. doi:10.1080/09540261.2023.2261544. ISSN 0954-0261. PMID 38299647.
  2. ^ Pitts, Ferris N; Allen, Robert E; Aniline, Orm; Burgoyne, Rodney W (August 1982). "The Dilemma of the Toxic Psychosis: Differential Diagnosis and the PCP Psychosis". Psychiatric Annals. 12 (8): 762–8. doi:10.3928/0048-5713-19820801-07. OCLC 5584879101.
  3. ^ "toxic psychosis". TheFreeDictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2019-04-25. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
  4. ^ Administration, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (2016). "Table 3.20, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Psychotic Disorders". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2024-06-25.
  5. ^ Griswold, Kim S.; Del Regno, Paula A.; Berger, Roseanne C. (2015-06-15). "Recognition and Differential Diagnosis of Psychosis in Primary Care". American Family Physician. 91 (12): 856–863. ISSN 1532-0650. PMID 26131945.
  6. ^ a b Gregg, Lynsey; Barrowclough, Christine; Haddock, Gillian (2007-05-01). "Reasons for increased substance use in psychosis". Clinical Psychology Review. 27 (4): 494–510. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.004. ISSN 0272-7358. PMID 17240501.
  7. ^ a b Murrie, Benjamin; Lappin, Julia; Large, Matthew; Sara, Grant (16 October 2019). "Transition of Substance-Induced, Brief, and Atypical Psychoses to Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 46 (3): 505–516. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz102. PMC 7147575. PMID 31618428.
  8. ^ a b c Alcohol-Related Psychosis at eMedicine
  9. ^ Soyka, Michael (March 1990). "Psychopathological characteristics in alcohol hallucinosis and paranoid schizophrenia". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 81 (3): 255–9. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb06491.x. PMID 2343749. S2CID 46080180.
  10. ^ Delirium Tremens (DTs) at eMedicine
  11. ^ Tien, Allen Y.; Anthony, James C. (August 1990). "Epidemiological Analysis of Alcohol and Drug Use as Risk Factors for Psychotic Experiences". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 178 (8): 473–480. doi:10.1097/00005053-199017880-00001. PMID 2380692.
  12. ^ Cargiulo, Thomas (1 March 2007). "Understanding the health impact of alcohol dependence". American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 64 (5 Supplement 3): S5–S11. doi:10.2146/ajhp060647. PMID 17322182.
  13. ^ Schuckit, Marc A. (November 1983). "Alcoholism and Other Psychiatric Disorders". Psychiatric Services. 34 (11): 1022–1027. doi:10.1176/ps.34.11.1022. PMID 6642446.
  14. ^ Sivanesan, Eellan; Gitlin, Melvin C.; Candiotti, Keith A. (October 2016). "Opioid-induced Hallucinations". Anesthesia & Analgesia. 123 (4): 836–843. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000001417. PMC 6482381. PMID 27258073.
  15. ^ Degenhardt L (January 2003). "The link between cannabis use and psychosis: furthering the debate". Psychological Medicine. 33 (1): 3–6. doi:10.1017/S0033291702007080. PMID 12537030.
  16. ^ Moore TH, Zammit S, Lingford-Hughes A, et al. (July 2007). "Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review" (PDF). Lancet. 370 (9584): 319–28. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61162-3. PMID 17662880. S2CID 41595474.
  17. ^ de Paola L, Mäder MJ, Germiniani FM, et al. (June 2004). "Bizarre behavior during intracarotid sodium amytal testing (Wada test): are they predictable?". Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria. 62 (2B): 444–8. doi:10.1590/S0004-282X2004000300012. PMID 15273841.
  18. ^ Sarrecchia C, Sordillo P, Conte G, Rocchi G (1998). "[Barbiturate withdrawal syndrome: a case associated with the abuse of a headache medication]". Annali Italiani di Medicina Interna (in Italian). 13 (4): 237–9. PMID 10349206.
  19. ^ White MC, Silverman JJ, Harbison JW (February 1982). "Psychosis associated with clonazepam therapy for blepharospasm". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 170 (2): 117–9. doi:10.1097/00005053-198202000-00010. PMID 7057171.
  20. ^ Jaffe R, Gibson E (June 1986). "Clonazepam withdrawal psychosis". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 6 (3): 193. doi:10.1097/00004714-198606000-00021. PMID 3711371.
  21. ^ Hallberg RJ, Lessler K, Kane FJ (August 1964). "Korsakoff-Like Psychosis Associated With Benzodiazepine Overdosage". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 121 (2): 188–9. doi:10.1176/ajp.121.2.188. PMID 14194223.
  22. ^ Hall RC, Zisook S (1981). "Paradoxical reactions to benzodiazepines". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 11 (Suppl 1): 99S–104S. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01844.x. PMC 1401636. PMID 6133541.
  23. ^ Lader M, Morton S (1991). "Benzodiazepine Problems". British Journal of Addiction. 86 (7): 823–828. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01831.x. PMID 1680514.
  24. ^ Benzodiazepines: Paradoxical Reactions & Long-Term Side-Effects
  25. ^ Hansson O, Tonnby B (1976). "Serious Psychological Symptoms Caused by Clonazepam". Läkartidningen. 73 (13): 1210–1211. PMID 1263638.
  26. ^ Pétursson H (November 1994). "The benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome". Addiction. 89 (11): 1455–9. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03743.x. PMID 7841856.
  27. ^ Brady, K. T.; R. B. Lydiard; R. Malcolm; J. C. Ballenger (December 1991). "Cocaine-induced psychosis". Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 52 (12): 509–512. PMID 1752853.
  28. ^ a b c Diaz, Jaime. How Drugs Influence Behavior. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1996.
  29. ^ Wada K, Nakayama K, Koishikawa H, Katayama M, Hirai S, Yabana T, et al. (2005). "揮発性溶剤誘発性精神病の症候学的構造 「溶剤性精神病」は識別可能な症候群か?" [Symptomatological structure of volatile solvent-induced psychosis: is "solvent psychosis" a discernible syndrome?]. 日本アルコール・薬物医学会雑誌 = [Japanese Journal of Alcohol Studies & Drug Dependence] (in Japanese). 40 (5): 471–484. PMID 16316074.
  30. ^ Tarsh, M.J. (1979). "Schizophreniform Psychosis caused by Sniffing Toluene". Occupational Medicine. 29 (4): 131–133. doi:10.1093/occmed/29.4.131. PMID 513663.
  31. ^ Rao, Naren P.; Arun Gupta; K. Sreejayan; Prabhat K. Chand; Vivek Benegal; Pratima Murthy (2009). "Toluene associated schizophrenia-like psychosis". Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 51 (4): 329–330. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.58307. PMC 2802388. PMID 20048466.
  32. ^ Jung IK, Lee HJ, Cho BH (December 2004). "Persistent psychotic disorder in an adolescent with a past history of butane gas dependence". European Psychiatry. 19 (8): 519–20. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.09.010. PMID 15589716. S2CID 46068168.
  33. ^ Hernandez-Avila, Carlos A.; Hector A. Ortega-Soto; Antonio Jasso; Cecilia A. Hasfura-Buenaga; Henry R. Kranzler (1998). "Treatment of Inhalant-Induced Psychotic Disorder With Carbamazepine Versus Haloperidol". Psychiatric Services. 49 (6): 812–815. doi:10.1176/ps.49.6.812. PMID 9634163.
  34. ^ Hedges DW, Woon FL, Hoopes SP (March 2009). "Caffeine-induced psychosis". CNS Spectrums. 14 (3): 127–9. doi:10.1017/S1092852900020101. PMID 19407709. S2CID 32188625.
  35. ^ Cerimele JM, Stern AP, Jutras-Aswad D (March 2010). "Psychosis following excessive ingestion of energy drinks in a patient with schizophrenia". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 167 (3): 353. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09101456. PMID 20194494.
  36. ^ Cohen JS (December 2001). "Peripheral Neuropathy Associated with Fluoroquinolones" (PDF). Ann Pharmacother. 35 (12): 1540–7. doi:10.1345/aph.1Z429. PMID 11793615. S2CID 12589772.
  37. ^ Adams M, Tavakoli H (2006). "Gatifloxacin-induced hallucinations in a 19-year-old man". Psychosomatics. 47 (4): 360. doi:10.1176/appi.psy.47.4.360. PMID 16844899.
  38. ^ Mulhall JP, Bergmann LS (July 1995). "Ciprofloxacin-induced acute psychosis". Urology. 46 (1): 102–3. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(99)80171-X. PMID 7604468.
  39. ^ Reeves RR (1992). "Ciprofloxacin-induced psychosis". Ann Pharmacother. 26 (7–8): 930–1. doi:10.1177/106002809202600716. PMID 1504404. S2CID 29848723.
  40. ^ Yasuda H, Yoshida A, Masuda Y, Fukayama M, Kita Y, Inamatsu T (March 1999). "Levofloxacin-Induced Neurological Adverse Effects such as Convulsion, Involuntary Movement (Tremor, Myoclonus and Chorea Like), Visual Hallucination in Two Elderly Patients" [Levofloxacin-induced neurological adverse effects such as convulsion, involuntary movement (tremor, myoclonus and chorea like), visual hallucination in two elderly patients]. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi (in Japanese). 36 (3): 213–7. doi:10.3143/geriatrics.36.213. PMID 10388331.
  41. ^ Azar S, Ramjiani A, Van Gerpen JA (April 2005). "Ciprofloxacin-induced chorea". Mov. Disord. 20 (4): 513–4, author reply 514. doi:10.1002/mds.20425. PMID 15739219. S2CID 39232653.
  42. ^ Kukushkin ML, Igonkina SI, Guskova TA (April 2004). "Mechanisms of pefloxacin-induced pain". Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 137 (4): 336–8. doi:10.1023/B:BEBM.0000035122.45148.93. PMID 15452594. S2CID 20357078.
  43. ^ Christie MJ, Wong K, Ting RH, Tam PY, Sikaneta TG (May 2005). "Generalized seizure and toxic epidermal necrolysis following levofloxacin exposure". Ann Pharmacother. 39 (5): 953–5. doi:10.1345/aph.1E587. PMID 15827068. S2CID 8470095.
  44. ^ Marsepoil T, Petithory J, Faucher JM, Ho P, Viriot E, Benaiche F (1993). "[Encephalopathy and memory disorders during treatments with mefloquine]". Rev Méd Interne (in French). 14 (8): 788–91. doi:10.1016/S0248-8663(05)81426-2. PMID 8191092.
  45. ^ Phillips-Howard PA, ter Kuile FO (June 1995). "CNS adverse events associated with antimalarial agents. Fact or fiction?". Drug Saf. 12 (6): 370–83. doi:10.2165/00002018-199512060-00003. PMID 8527012. S2CID 23907268.
  46. ^ Price, L. H.; Lebel, J (1 February 2000). "Dextromethorphan-Induced Psychosis". American Journal of Psychiatry. 157 (2): 304. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.2.304. PMID 10671422.
  47. ^ Lachover, L. (2007). "Deciphering a Psychosis: A Case of Dextromethorphan-Induced Symptoms". Primary Psychiatry. 14 (1): 70–72.
  48. ^ Sexton, J. D.; Pronchik, D. J. (1997). "Diphenhydramine-induced psychosis with therapeutic doses". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 15 (5): 548–549. doi:10.1016/S0735-6757(97)90212-6. PMID 9270406.
  49. ^ Lang, K.; Sigusch, H.; Müller, S. (1995). "Anticholinergisches Syndrom mit halluzinatorischer Psychose nach Diphenhydramin-Intoxikation" [An anticholinergic syndrome with hallucinatory psychosis after diphenhydramine poisoning]. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (in German). 120 (49): 1695–1698. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1055530. PMID 7497894.
  50. ^ Schreiber, W.; Pauls, A. M.; Krieg, J. C. (1988). "Toxische Psychose als Akutmanifestation der Diphenhydraminvergiftung" [Toxic psychosis as an acute manifestation of diphenhydramine poisoning]. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (in German). 113 (5): 180–183. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1067616. PMID 3338401.
  51. ^ Timnak, C.; Gleason, O. (2004). "Promethazine-Induced Psychosis in a 16-Year-Old Girl". Psychosomatics. 45 (1): 89–90. doi:10.1176/appi.psy.45.1.89. PMID 14709767.
  52. ^ Gunn, V. L.; Taha, S. H.; Liebelt, E. L.; Serwint, J. R. (1 September 2001). "Toxicity of Over-the-Counter Cough and Cold Medications". Pediatrics. 108 (3): e52. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.536.6102. doi:10.1542/peds.108.3.e52. PMID 11533370.
  53. ^ Hall, R. C.; Popkin, M. K.; Stickney, S. K.; Gardner, E. R. (1979). "Presentation of the steroid psychoses". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 167 (4): 229–236. doi:10.1097/00005053-197904000-00006. PMID 438794. S2CID 45515092.
  54. ^ Hull P. R.; D'Arcy C. (2003). "Isotretinoin Use and Subsequent Depression and Suicide: Presenting the Evidence". American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. 4 (7): 493–505. doi:10.2165/00128071-200304070-00005. PMID 12814338. S2CID 36042481.
  55. ^ Bergman, K. R.; Pearson, C.; Waltz, G. W.; Evans R. III (1980). "Atropine-induced psychosis. An unusual complication of therapy with inhaled atropine sulfate". Chest. 78 (6): 891–893. doi:10.1378/chest.78.6.891. PMID 7449475.
  56. ^ Varghese, S.; Vettath, N.; Iyer, K.; Puliyel, J. M.; Puliyel, M. M. (1990). "Ocular atropine induced psychosis--is there a direct access route to the brain?". Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 38 (6): 444–445. PMID 2384469.
  57. ^ Barak, Segev; Weiner, I. (2006). "Scopolamine Induces Disruption of Latent Inhibition Which is Prevented by Antipsychotic Drugs and an Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor". Neuropsychopharmacology. 32 (5): 989–999. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301208. PMID 16971898.
  58. ^ Ellison Gaylord (1995). "The N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonists phencyclidine, ketamine and dizocilpine as both behavioral and anatomical models of the dementias". Brain Research Reviews. 20 (2): 250–267. doi:10.1016/0165-0173(94)00014-G. PMID 7795658. S2CID 24071513.
  59. ^ Carey, R. J.; Pinheiro-Carrera, M.; Dai, H.; Tomaz, C.; Huston, J. P. (1995). "l-DOPA and psychosis: Evidence for l-DOPA-induced increases in prefrontal cortex dopamine and in serum corticosterone". Biological Psychiatry. 38 (10): 669–676. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(94)00378-5. PMID 8555378. S2CID 26029044.
  60. ^ Ettinger, A. B. (2006). "Psychotropic effects of antiepileptic drugs". Neurology. 67 (11): 1916–1925. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000247045.85646.c0. PMID 17159095. S2CID 29007335.
  61. ^ Perk, David (2018). "Mepacrine Psychosis". Journal of Mental Science. 93 (393): 756–771. doi:10.1192/bjp.93.393.756. ISSN 0368-315X. PMID 18916870.
  62. ^ Creighton, FJ; Black, DL; Hyde, CE (November 1991). "'Ecstasy' psychosis and flashbacks". Br J Psychiatry. 159 (5): 713–5. doi:10.1192/bjp.159.5.713. PMID 1684523. S2CID 35117954. Archived from the original on 2018-12-10.
  63. ^ Substance-induced psychotic disorder www.minddisorders.com
  64. ^ Wright, H. H.; Cole, E. A.; Batey, S. R.; Hanna, K. (May 1988). "Phencyclidine-induced psychosis: eight-year follow-up of ten cases". Southern Medical Journal. 81 (5): 565–567. doi:10.1097/00007611-198805000-00005. ISSN 0038-4348. PMID 3368805.
  65. ^ Zorumski, Charles F.; Izumi, Yukitoshi; Mennerick, Steven (2016-11-02). "Ketamine: NMDA Receptors and Beyond". Journal of Neuroscience. 36 (44): 11158–11164. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1547-16.2016. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 5148235. PMID 27807158.
  66. ^ Spice users risk psychosis, doctor says Gidget Fuentes - Staff writer Accessed 06-25-2011 www.airforcetimes.com [permanent dead link]
  67. ^ Shalit, Nadav; Barzilay, Ran; Shoval, Gal; Shlosberg, Dan; Mor, Nofar; Zweigenhaft, Nofar; Weizman, Abraham; Krivoy, Amir (24 August 2016). "Characteristics of Synthetic Cannabinoid and Cannabis Users Admitted to a Psychiatric Hospital". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 77 (8): e989–e995. doi:10.4088/JCP.15m09938. PMID 27379411.
  68. ^ Every-Palmer S (2010). "Warning: legal synthetic cannabinoid-receptor agonists such as JWH-018 may precipitate psychosis in vulnerable individuals". Addiction. 105 (10): 1859–60. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03119.x. PMID 20840203.
  69. ^ Müller H, et al. (2010). "The synthetic cannabinoid Spice as a trigger for an acute exacerbation of cannabis induced recurrent psychotic episodes". Schizophr. Res. 118 (1–3): 309–10. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.12.001. PMID 20056392. S2CID 205066297.
  70. ^ Bath Salt Addiction, www.addictions.com, Accessed 06-25-2011
  71. ^ Kurzbaum, Alberto; Claudia Simsolo; Ludmilla Kvasha; Arnon Blum (July 2001). "Toxic Delirium due to Datura Stramonium" (PDF). Israel Medical Association Journal. 3 (7): 538–539. PMID 11791426. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-14. Retrieved 2006-10-17.
  72. ^ Przekop, Peter; Lee, Timothy (July 2009). "Persistent Psychosis Associated With Salvia Divinorum Use". American Journal of Psychiatry. 166 (7): 832. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08121759. PMID 19570943.
  73. ^ a b c d American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. p. 113. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1.
[edit]
Retrieved from "http://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Substance-induced_psychosis&oldid=1255104126"