Stop Online Piracy Act

"SOPA" redirects here. For other uses, see Sopa.

Stop Online Piracy Act

Long title	"To promote prosperity, creativity, entrepreneurship, and innovation by combating the theft of U.S. property, and for other purposes." —H.R. 3261
Acronyms (colloquial)	SOPA
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as HR 3261 by Lamar Smith (R-TX) on October 26, 2011 Committee consideration by House Judiciary Committee

The Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA), also known as H.R.3261, is a bill that was introduced in the United States House of Representatives on October 26, 2011, by Representative Lamar Smith (R-TX) and a bipartisan group of 12 initial co-sponsors. The bill expands the ability of U.S. law enforcement and copyright holders to fight online trafficking in copyrighted intellectual property and counterfeit goods. Now before the House Judiciary Committee, it builds on the similar PRO-IP Act of 2008 and the corresponding Senate bill, the Protect IP Act.

The bill would allow the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), as well as copyright holders, to seek court orders against websites accused of enabling or facilitating copyright infringement. Depending on who requests the court orders, the actions could include barring online advertising networks and payment facilitators such as PayPal from doing business with the infringing website; barring search engines from linking to such sites and requiring Internet service providers to block access to such sites. The bill would make unauthorized streaming of copyrighted content a felony. The bill also gives immunity to Internet services that voluntarily take action against websites dedicated to infringement, while making liable for damages any copyright holder who knowingly misrepresents that a website is dedicated to infringement.

Proponents of the bill say it protects the intellectual property market, including the resultant revenue and jobs, and is necessary to bolster enforcement of copyright laws especially against foreign websites. Opponents say it is Internet censorship, that it will cripple the Internet, and will threaten whistleblowing and other free speech.

The House Judiciary Committee held a hearing on SOPA on November 16, 2011. A House aide said the Committee chairman is scheduling the bill for markup on December 15, and that he is still in discussions and is "open for changes" to the bill.

Contents

The bill would authorize the U.S. Department of Justice to seek court orders against websites outside U.S. jurisdiction accused of infringing on copyrights, or of enabling or facilitating copyright infringement. After delivering a court order, the U.S. Attorney-General (AG) could require US-directed Internet service providers, ad networks such as Google and payment processors such as Paypal or Visa to suspend doing business with sites found to infringe on federal criminal intellectual property laws and take "technically feasible and reasonable measures" to prevent access to the infringing site. The AG could also bar search engines from displaying links to the sites.

The bill also establishes a two-step process for intellectual property rights holders to seek relief if they have been harmed by a site dedicated to infringement. The rights holder must first notify, in writing, related payment facilitators and ad networks of the identity of the website, who, in turn, must then forward that notification and suspend services to that identified website, unless that site provides a counter notification explaining how it is not in violation. The rights holder can then sue for limited injunctive relief against the site operator, if such a counter notification is provided, or if the payment or advertising services fail to suspend service in the absence of a counter notification.

The bill provides immunity from liability to the ad and payment networks that comply with this Act or that take voluntary action to cut ties to such sites. Any copyright holder who knowingly misrepresents that a website is dedicated to infringement would be liable for damages.

The second section increases the penalties for streaming video and for selling counterfeit drugs, military materials or consumer goods. The bill would make unauthorized streaming of copyrighted content a felony.

Ramifications

"The bill attempts a radical restructuring of the laws governing the Internet," Gary Shapiro, CEO of the Consumer Electronics Association. "It would undo the legal safe harbors that have allowed a world-leading Internet industry to flourish over the last decade. It would expose legitimate American businesses and innovators to broad and open-ended liability. The result will be more lawsuits, decreased venture capital investment, and fewer new jobs."

"The definitions written in the bill are so broad that any US consumer who uses a website overseas immediately gives the US jurisdiction the power to potentially take action against it," said Art Bordsky of Public Knowledge.

According to co-sponsor Representative Bob Goodlatte (R-VA), chairman of the House Judiciary Committee's Intellectual Property sub-panel, SOPA represents a rewrite of the PROTECT IP Act to address tech industry concerns. Goodlatte told The Hill that the new version requires court approval for action against search engines. The Senate version, PROTECT IP, does not.

"The language of SOPA is so broad, the rules so unconnected to the reality of Internet technology and the penalties so disconnected from the alleged crimes that this bill could effectively kill e-commerce or even normal Internet use. The bill also has grave implications for existing U.S., foreign and international laws and is sure to spend decades in court challenges. Fortunately, this is the House version of a Senate bill called the Protect IP Act (S. 968) that is very different. As a result, both bills if passed in something resembling their current states will have to be considered by a conference committee," said a news analysis in the information technology magazine eWeek.

Technical concerns

Open source software projects may shut down under this bill, under a provision which the EFF believes targets Mozilla, the browser used for about a quarter of all web searches. Mozilla refused in early 2011 to pull the Mafiaafire add-on from its website, asking "Have any courts determined that the Mafiaafire add-on is unlawful or illegal in any way?"

"It would cover IP blocking. I think it contemplates deep packet inspection" said Markham C. Erikson, head of NetCoalition, a group that includes Google, Yahoo and eBay. An aide to sponsor Lamar Smith said that the judge would decide what sort of blocking to order. Cary Sherman, Chairman and CEO of the RIAA wrote in a guest editorial for CNET that the proposed law targeted "only the illegal subdomain or Internet protocol address rather than taking action against the entire domain." (sic)

Americans may simply switch to offshore DNS providers such as CloudFloor who offer encrypted links, said David Ulevitch, the San Francisco-based head of OpenDNS. U.S. entrepreneurs might also move offshore. "We can reincorporate as a Cayman Islands company and offer the same great service and not be a U.S. company anymore", he said.

Andrew Lee, CEO of ESET North America, has expressed concerns that since the bill would require internet service providers to filter DNS queries for the sites, this would undermine the integrity of the Domain Name System. On November 17, 2011, Ars Technica reported the appearance of a new anonymous top-level domain, Dot-BIT (.bit), outside of ICANN control.

Bill targets more than infringing website

A Center for Democracy and Technology paper says that the bill "targets an entire website even if only a small portion hosts or links to some infringing content." Answering similar criticism in a CNET editorial, RIAA head Cary Sherman wrote: "Actually, it's quite the opposite. By focusing on specific sites rather than entire domains, action can be targeted against only the illegal subdomain or Internet protocol address rather than taking action against the entire domain."

According to A.M Reilly of Industry Leaders Magazine, under SOPA, culpability for distributing copyright material is extended to those who aid the initial poster of said material. For companies that use virtual private networks to create a network that appears to be internal but is spread across various offices and employees homes, any of theses offsite locations that initiate sharing of copyright material can put the entire VPN and hosting company at risk of violation.

DNS blocking and filtering

The Domain Name System (DNS) servers, most often equated with a phone directory, translate browser requests for domain names into the IP address assigned to that computer or network. The bill requires these servers to stop referring requests for infringing domains to their assigned IP addresses.

Rep. Zoe Lofgren (D-CA), whose district includes part of Silicon Valley, and who has called the bill "the end of the internet as we know it", on November 17 released and posted to her website a technical assessment she requested from Sandia National Laboratories of the House and Senate bills. Neither would effectively control piracy and they would delay implementation of DNSSEC, her statement said, summarizing Sandia's response. Sandia National Laboratories is an agency of the US Department of Energy that does nuclear, computer, and military research.

The Sandia letter mostly agrees with a white paper criticizing the DNS provisions of the Senate bill. It disagrees with the contention of harm to DNSSEC implementation because, it says, DNSSEC remains so far mostly unimplemented although the need for it is clear.

"And no, that is not excessive hyperbole," said the San Jose Mercury-News. "Imagine the resources required to parse through the millions of Google and Facebook offerings every day looking for pirates who, if found, can just toss up another site in no time."

"In addition to domain-name filtering, SOPA would impose an open-ended obligation on Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to prevent access to infringing sites...Preventing access to specific sites would require ISPs to inspect all the Internet traffic of its entire user base—the kind of privacy-invasive monitoring that has come under fire in the context of 'deep packet inspection' for advertising purposes", said Center for Democracy and Technology lawyers David Sohn and Andrew McDiarmid in an article written for The Atlantic.

"From an operational standpoint, a resolution failure from a nameserver subject to a court order and from a hacked nameserver would be indistinguishable. Users running secure applications have a need to distinguish between policy-based failures and failures caused, for example, by the presence of an attack or a hostile network, or else downgrade attacks would likely be prolific," says a white paper written about the provisions in the Senate's PROTECT IP bill. On November 9, 2011, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) announced that Operation Ghost Click had resulted in arrests in Estonia of the operators of a DNSChanger malware scheme that redirected users, in this case to counterfeit websites. It had affected about four million computers, including many in large enterprises and at government agencies like NASA.

DNSSEC

"The DNS system is based on trust," says a Brookings Institution white paper, adding that the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) developed the Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) to prevent malicious redirection of DNS traffic, and "other forms of redirection will break the assurances from this security tool."

House cybersecurity subcommittee chairman Dan Lungren told Politico's Morning Tech that he had "very serious concerns" about SOPA's impact on the Internet security protocol, DNSSEC, adding "we don't have enough information, and if this is a serious problem as was suggested by some of the technical experts that got in touch with me, we have to address it. I can't afford to let that go by without dealing with it."

Detection considerations

Google voluntarily blocks child pornography using methods that begin by detecting skin tones, said a representative at the November 16 hearing, but does not know how to detect copyright infringement. Under current law, Google must rely on copyright holders to bring offending material to its attention.

Legal concerns

According to some opponents, its requirements would overturn the Digital Millennium Copyright Act's (DMCA) process requiring copyright owners to submit notices of infringement to websites and ask for the infringing material to be taken down, legal observers say. "If any website sets itself up in a way that does not actively log or monitor user behavior, a rights holder can always allege that the site is "avoiding confirming" the use of the site for infringement. That rights holder allegation is sufficient to put the website at major risk of losing access to payment and ad networks," said CDT lawyer David Sohn.

Provider suspensions will likely target entire accounts, said the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and the bill's provisions "grant them immunity for choking off a site if they have a 'reasonable' belief that a portion of a site enable(s) infringement, (and) give the payment processors a strong incentive to cut them off anyway."

"The defaults matter here, a lot," said law professor Derek Bambauer, "payment providers and advertisers must cease doing business with such sites unless the site owner counter-notifies, and even then, the IP owner can obtain an injunction to the same effect. Moreover, to counter-notify, a site owner must concede jurisdiction, which foreign sites will undoubtedly be reluctant to do. (Litigating in the U.S. is expensive, and the courts tend to be friendly towards local IP owners. See, for example, Judge Crotty's slipshod opinion in the Rojadirecta case.)"

"Damages are also not available to the site owner unless a claimant 'knowingly materially' misrepresented that the law covers the targeted site, a difficult legal test to meet. The owner of the site can issue a counter-notice to restore payment processing and advertising but services need not comply with the counter-notice", noted a law professor.

Business concerns

"Is this really what we want to do to the internet? Shut it down every time it doesn't fit someone's business model?" asks Harvard Business Review blogger James Allworth, concluding that the bill would "give America its very own version of the Great Firewall of China."

The legislation would lead to many cloud computing and Web hosting services moving out of the U.S. to avoid lawsuits, predicted Christian Dawson, COO of Virginia-based hosting company ServInt. "I see SOPA as a stimulus package for Asia and Europe and their Internet economies," he said.

At least 16 countries block websites, and the internet still functions in those countries, said Michael O'Leary of the MPAA at the November 16th Judiciary Committee hearing. Denmark, Finland and Italy block The Pirate Bay after courts ruled in favor of music and film industry litigation, and coalition of film and record companies has threatened to sue British Telecom if it does not follow suit. Maria Pallante of the US Copyright Office said that Congress has updated the Copyright Act before and should again, or "the U.S. copyright system will ultimately fail." Asked for clarification, she said that the US currently lacks jurisdiction over websites in other countries.

Copyright

"Intellectual property is one of America's chief job creators and competitive advantages in the global marketplace," said Goodlatte, "yet American inventors, authors, and entrepreneurs have been forced to stand by and watch as their works are stolen by foreign infringers beyond the reach of current U.S. laws. This legislation will update the laws to ensure that the economic incentives our Framers enshrined in the Constitution over 220 years ago - to encourage new writings, research, products and services - remain effective in the 21st Century's global marketplace, which will create more American jobs. The bill will also protect consumers from dangerous counterfeit products, such as fake drugs, automobile parts and infant formula."

Rights-holders see intermediaries as the only accessible defendants. “This is the last stand—the guys who have the pipes,” says Peter Mensch of Q Prime, which represents bands such as Metallica and the Red Hot Chili Peppers.

"Much of what will happen under SOPA will occur out of the public eye and without the possibility of holding anyone accountable. For when copyright law is made and enforced privately, it is hard for the public to know the shape that the law takes and harder still to complain about its operation," warned Brooklyn Law School professor Jason Mazzone.

DMCA

Critics of the bill, including Google, have expressed concern about the bill's effect on provisions of the existing Digital Millennium Copyright Act which protect Internet companies that act in good faith to remove user-uploaded infringing content from their sites.

Goodlatte added, "We're open to working with them on language to narrow [the bill's provisions], but I think it is unrealistic to think we're going to continue to rely on the DMCA notice-and-takedown provision. Anybody who is involved in providing services on the Internet would be expected to do some things. But we are very open to tweaking the language to ensure we don't impose extraordinary burdens on legitimate companies as long as they aren't the primary purveyors [of pirated content]". The DMCA provision known as safe harbor protects YouTube and other sites such as social networks hosting uploaded user material from liability, provided the sites promptly remove infringing material brought to their attention, removing "the risk that the few users among millions who post copyrighted material, libelous statements or counterfeit goods would subject the site to business-crushing legal liabilities."

The MPAA's O'Leary submitted written testimony in favor of the bill that expressed guarded support of current DMCA provisions. "Where these sites are legitimate and make good faith efforts to respond to our requests, this model works with varying degrees of effectiveness," O'Leary wrote. "It does not, however, always work quickly, and it is not perfect, but it works."

Etsy, Flickr and Vimeo all seem likely to shut down if the bill becomes law, the EFF warned. YouTube is online today because it adheres to precisely the takedown provisions that the bill would alter. According to critics, the bill would ban linking to sites deemed offending, even in search results and on services such as Twitter.

Jobs and the economy

"This bill cannot be fixed; it must be killed," the EFF said on October 28, 2011, calling the bill a "massive piece of job-killing Internet regulation."

Sponsor Rep. John Conyers (D-MI) said, "Millions of American jobs hang in the balance, and our efforts to protect America's intellectual property are critical to our economy's long-term success." Smith added, "The Stop Online Piracy Act helps stop the flow of revenue to rogue websites and ensures that the profits from American innovations go to American innovators."

The MPAA representative who testified before the committee said that the motion picture and film industry supports two million jobs and 95,000 small businesses. A study in early 2011 found that the internet created 2.6 jobs for every job lost to it and that "in the mature countries we studied, the Internet accounted for 10% of GDP growth over the past 15 years. And its influence is expanding. Over the past five years, the Internet's contribution to GDP growth has doubled to 21 percent."

"Total U.S. commerce in 2008 (the latest year reported on) was about $22 trillion. Of this about $3.7 trillion was in the form of e-commerce, mostly over the Internet. Most of this (92%) was business-to-business," said Harvard University's Technology Security Officer Scott Bradner, citing census date in a discussion of the economic effects of net neutrality. US Department of Commerce figures for the third quarter of 2011 show a 13.7 percent increase for e-commerce from the third quarter of 2010 and a total retail sales increase of 8.2 percent for the same period. E-commerce sales in the third quarter of 2011 accounted for 4.6 percent of total sales, according to the Commerce announcement.

Startups and venture capital

"It'll have a stifling effect on venture capital," said internet entrepreneur Lukas Biewald, founder of Crowdflower. "The venture capitalists have been pretty vociferous opponents of this bill. If it's making investors nervous, that's bad for me and other startup founders. No one would invest because of the legal liability."

Booz & Company on November 16 released a study finding that almost all of the 200 venture capitalists and angel investors interviewed would stop funding digital media intermediaries if the House bill becomes law. More than 80 percent said they would rather invest in a risky, weak economy with the current laws than a strong economy with the proposed law in effect. If legal ambiguities were removed and good faith provisions in place, investing would increase by nearly 115 percent. The study was funded by Google and researched and written by Booz.

Counterfeit and misbranded drug industry

John Clark, spokesman for Pfizer, testified at the committee hearing that patients couldn't always detect cleverly forged websites selling drugs that were either misbranded or simply counterfeit. RxRights, a consumer advocacy group, issued a statement saying that Clark failed "to acknowledge that there are Canadian and other international pharmacies that do disclose where they are located, require a valid doctor's prescription and sell safe, brand-name medications produced by the same leading manufacturers as prescription medications sold in the U.S." They had earlier said that SOPA "fails to distinguish between counterfeit and genuine pharmacies" and would prevent American patients from ordering their medications from Canadian pharmacies online.

Bill sponsor Lamar Smith (R-TX) accused Google of obstructing the bill, citing its $500 million settlement with the DOJ of charges that it allowed ads from Canadian pharmacies, leading to illegal imports of prescription drugs. "Given Google's record, their objection to authorizing a court to order a search engine to not steer consumers to foreign rogue websites is more easily understood," Smith said at the hearing. "Unfortunately, the theft of America's IP costs the U.S. economy more than $100 billion annually and results in the loss of thousands of American jobs." Shipment of prescription drugs from foreign pharmacies to customers in the US typically violates the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and the Controlled Substances Act, whether or not the drugs or the pharmacies are legitimate.

Free speech concerns

Many proxy servers, such as those used during the Arab Spring, can also be used to thwart copyright enforcement and therefore may be made illegal by this law. Some US-funded "internet in a suitcase" projects allow users in China to circumvent the Chinese government's control of DNS. The Chinese program is technically very similar to SOPA provisions. Communication problems during Hurricane Katrina, the Fukushima earthquake and the Arab Spring have led to proposals technology changes to enable ad-hoc emergency networks.

"Imagine if the U.K. created a blacklist of American newspapers that its courts found violated celebrities' privacy?" asked Jerry Brito on Time's Techland blog, calling the bill a bad example. "Or what if France blocked American sites it believed contained hate speech? We forget, but those countries don't have a First Amendment." "If SOPA and PIPA are enacted, the US government must be prepared for other governments to follow suit, in service to whatever social policies they believe are important—whether restricting hate speech, insults to public officials, or political dissent." warned the Center for Democracy and Technology.

"The First Amendment does not protect stealing goods off trucks," the AFL-CIO's Paul Almeida said in his testimony to the committee.

On November 18, 2011 the European parliament adopted by a large majority a resolution that "stresses the need to protect the integrity of the global Internet and freedom of communication by refraining from unilateral measures to revoke IP addresses or domain names."

Whistleblowers already risk punitive copyright lawsuits, no less ruinous because they are eventually decided in favor of the whistleblowers. Microsoft in 2010 served Cryptome with a DMCA takedown notice for a non-commercial handbook for law enforcement showing how to subpoena Microsoft user records. Network Solutions shut down the site when its owner refused to remove the material. Microsoft eventually backed down. Web hosts served with takedown notices by Diebold in 2003 generally removed material about problems with the company's voting machines rather than argue its constitutional protections. Diebold eventually lost a precedent-setting case in court but this required more than a year of litigation.

"A bill that was to target only the 'worst of the worst' foreign Web sites committing blatant and systemic copyright and trademark infringement has morphed inexplicably into an unrestricted hunting license for media companies to harass anyone foreign or domestic—who questions their timetable for digital transformation", wrote CNET correspondent Larry Downes.

Penalties for illegal streaming

An aide to bill sponsor Lamar Smith has said, "This bill does not make it a felony for a person to post a video on YouTube of their children singing to a copyrighted song. The bill specifically targets websites dedicated to illegal or infringing activity. Sites that host user content—like YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter—have nothing to be concerned about under this legislation".

Lateef Mtima, Director of the Institute for Intellectual Property and Social Justice at the Howard University School of Law expressed concern with the bill's language, saying, "Perhaps the most dangerous aspect of the bill is that the conduct it would criminalize is so poorly defined. While on its face the bill seems to attempt to distinguish between commercial and non-commercial conduct, purportedly criminalizing the former and permitting the latter, in actuality the bill not only fails to accomplish this but, because of its lack of concrete definitions, it potentially criminalizes conduct that is currently permitted under the law."

Mtima continued, "The Senate version requires that a video has more than '10 performances', which legal experts say is equivalent to 'views'. In the House version, only 1 view is required. In the House version, the market value of licensing the work only needs to be $1,000 (a merely nominal licensing fee for any popular music) or greater to qualify as a criminal offense."

Supporters

The Stop Online Piracy Act was introduced by Representative Lamar Smith (R-TX) and was initially co-sponsored by Howard Berman (D-CA), Marsha Blackburn (R-TN), Mary Bono Mack (R-CA), Steve Chabot (R-OH), John Conyers (D-MI), Ted Deutch (D-FL), Elton Gallegly (R-CA), Bob Goodlatte (R-VA), Timothy Griffin (R-AR), Dennis A. Ross (R-FL), Adam Schiff (D-CA) and Lee Terry (R-NE). As of November 15, 2011, there were 24 sponsors.

The legislation has broad support from organizations that rely on copyright, including the Motion Picture Association of America, the Recording Industry Association of America, Macmillan Publishers, Viacom, and various other companies and unions in the cable, movie, and music industries. Supporters also include trademark-dependent companies such as Nike, L'Oréal, and Acushnet Company.

Both the AFL-CIO and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce support H.R. 3261, and many industries have also publicly praised the legislation. On September 22, 2011, a letter signed by over 350 businesses and organizations—including NBCUniversal, Pfizer, Ford Motor Company, Revlon, NBA, and Macmillan—was sent to Congress encouraging the passage of the legislation this year.

On November 22 the CEO of the Business Software Alliance (BSA) expressed concerns about the bill, saying that "valid and important questions have been raised about the bill". He said that definitions and remedies needed to be tightened and narrowed, but "BSA stands ready to work with Chairman Smith and his colleagues on the Judiciary Committee to resolve these issues."

In June 2011, former Bill Clinton press secretary Mike McCurry and former George W. Bush advisor Mark McKinnon, business partners in Public Strategies, Inc., were in a campaign which echoed McCurry's earlier work in the network neutrality legislative fight. McCurry represented SOPA/Protect IP in Politico as a way to combat theft on-line, drawing a favorable comment from the MPAA. On the 15th, McCurry and Arts + Labs co-chair McKinnon sponsored the "CREATE -- A Forum on Creativity, Commerce, Copyright, Counterfeiting and Policy" conference with members of Congress, artists and information-business executives.

Opposition

EFF home page with American Censorship Day banner

Opponents of the bill include Google, Yahoo!, Facebook, Twitter, AOL, LinkedIn, eBay, Mozilla Corporation, the Brookings Institution and human rights organizations such as Reporters Without Borders, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the ACLU and Human Rights Watch.

The Library Copyright Alliance (including the American Library Association) objects to the broadened definition of "willful infringement" and the introduction of felony penalties for noncommercial streaming infringement, stating that these changes could encourage criminal prosecution of libraries.

On November 16, Tumblr, Mozilla, Techdirt, the Center for Democracy and Technology were among many other Internet companies that protested the Stop Online Piracy Act by participating in a so-called "American Censorship Day". They displayed black banners over their site logos with the words "STOP CENSORSHIP".

House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi has expressed opposition to the bill, as well as Representatives Darrell Issa (R-CA) and presidential candidate Ron Paul (R-TX), who joined nine Democrats to sign a letter to other House members warning that the bill would cause "an explosion of innovation-killing lawsuits and litigation." "Issa said the legislation is beyond repair and must be rewritten from scratch," reported The Hill. Issa and Lofgren have announced plans for legislation offering "a copyright enforcement process modeled after the U.S. International Trade Commission's (ITC) patent infringement investigations."

In mid-November, Washington Post blogger Dominic Basulto, of Electric Artists and formerly Fortune and Corante.com, drew parallels between SOPA and efforts by China, North Korea and Iran to limit internet access and saw an attempt "to push through new anti-piracy legislation by year-end that would benefit Hollywood at the expense of Silicon Valley".

November 16 House Judiciary committee hearing

"The techno-ignorance of Congress was on full display. Member after member admitted that they really didn't have any idea what impact SOPA's regulatory provisions would have on the DNS, online security, or much of anything else", said Adam Thierer, a senior research fellow at the Mercatus Center. "One by one, each witness—including a lobbyist for the Motion Picture Association of America—said they weren't qualified to discuss...DNSSEC", technology news site CNET reported.

'“I don’t think this is a balanced story,” Lofgren said. “We have no technical expertise on this panel today.” Lofgren also said: “It hasn’t generally been the policy of this committee to dismiss the views of those we are going to regulate. Impugning the motives of the critics instead of the substance is a mistake.”

House cybersecurity subcommittee chairman Dan Lungren told Politico's Morning Tech that he had "very serious concerns" about SOPA's impact on DNSSEC, adding "we don't have enough information, and if this is a serious problem as was suggested by some of the technical experts that got in touch with me, we have to address it. I can't afford to let that go by without dealing with it."

"The significant potential harms of this bill are reflected by the extraordinary coalition arrayed against it. Concerns about SOPA have been raised by Tea Partiers, progressives, computer scientists, human rights advocates, venture capitalists, law professors, independent musicians, and many more. Unfortunately, these voices were not heard at today's hearing," said Gary Shapiro, CEO of the Consumer Electronics Association, who had wanted to testify but was not invited.

"This is just another case of Congress doing the bidding of powerful lobbyists—in this case, Hollywood and the music industry, among others. It would be downright mundane if the legislation weren't so draconian and the rhetoric surrounding it weren't so transparently pandering", said a Fortune editorial.

See also

• The Commercial Felony Streaming Act
• Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act (COICA)
• Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)
• PRO-IP Act
• Copyright Term Extension Act
• Splinternet
• DNS cache poisoning

External Links

• H.R. 3261 on Thomas - Library of Congress
• H.R. 3261 on GovTrack
• Brookings Institution white paper
• What DNS Is Not