Siege of Pemaquid (1696)
| Siege of Pemaquid | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of King William's War | |||||||
 Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
|
New France Abenaki |
 English colonists | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, Baron de St Castin Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste | Pasco Chubb | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 100 Canadiens, 400 Abenaki | 93 New England troops | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| unknown | unknown | ||||||
The Siege of Pemaquid occurred during King William's War when French and Native forces from New France attacked the English settlement at Pemaquid (present-day Bristol, Maine), a community on the border with Acadia. The siege was led by Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville and Baron de St Castin between August 14-15, 1696. Commander of the fort, Captain Pasco Chubb, surrendered the fort. Iberville killed three of the soldiers and sent the other 92 back to Boston.
The victory at Pemaquid was one of the most significant the French had during the war.[1] The siege resulted in a retaliatory raid by New England forces on Acadia.[2]
Historical context
During much of the seventeenth century, Pemaquid (present-day Bristol, Maine) was the most northern coastal settlement of New England, and Pentagouet (present-day Castine, Maine) was the most southern Acadian settlement, a colony of New France.[3] During King William's War, the area became a battleground as the French and English fought to determine the boundaries of their empires. In 1689 Baron de St Castin and the Wabanaki Confederacy (Abenaki) was captured and burned down the wooden stockade fort at Pemaquid.
By 1692, the English regained control of the region, and Sir William Phipps ordered construction of Fort William Henry to replace Fort Charles (the original fort built in 1677 by order of Governor Andros). The English built Fort William Henry as a fortress to protect the northern boundary of New England. The fort was the largest in New England.[4] The Massachusetts government used one third of its budget to build the fort.[5] The fort was built with stone and mortar. There were eighteen cannon mounted in the gun ports of six-foot thick walls that rose ten to twenty feet above the ground. The fort was rebuilt under the direction of Captain John March with the assistance of Benjamin Church.[6]
The commander of the fort was Captain Pasco Chubb. He violated an assembly that was held under a flag of truce, by killing a number of the Abenaki chiefs who were present.[7] D'Iberville knew that he would require both a land-based cannon assault and war ships to conquer the fort. Led by Saint-Castin, the Abenaki Nation joined forces with D'Iberville at Pentagouet.
The siege
On August 14, D'Iberville led a force of 500 in the siege of Fort William Henry.[8] Five hundred warriors descended onto Fort William Henry in their canoes. The warriors surrounded the fort, thereby pinning the English inside. This strategy allowed D'Iberville to enter the harbor and unload his cannons. D'Iberville arrived with three French ships. They immediately began to lay siege to the fort. Captain Chubb refused to surrender. The assault went on until the afternoon of the next day. In the terms of his surrender, Chubb arranged for his men to be escorted to Boston and exchanged for French and Indian prisoners held there.
Aftermath
D'Iberville and the natives continued on to the English colony of Newfoundland and raided many villages in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign. Major Church retaliated for the siege by going to Acadia and engaging in the Raid on Chignecto. Chubb was tracked down by the natives two years later in his home in Andover and was massacred along with his family.
References
Secondary sources:
- Herbert Milton Sylvester. Indian Wars of New England, p. 484-485
- Alfred E. Kayworth, Raymond G. Potvin. The scalp hunters: Abenaki ambush at Lovewell Pond, 1725, pp. 104-109
- Faragher, John Mack. A Great and Noble Scheme. New York; W. W. Norton & Company, 2005. pp. 110–112 ISBN 0-393-05135-8
- N.E.S. Griffiths. 2005. Migrant to Acadian, McGill-Queen’s University Press. pp. 206–208
- Alan F. Williams, Father Baudoin's War: D'Iberville's Campaigns in Acadia and Newfoundland 1696, 1697, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1987.
- Emerson W. Baker and John G. Reid. The New England Knight, Sir William Phips, 1651-1695. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1998.
Primary sources:
- Benjamin Church, Thomas Church, Samuel Gardner Drake. The history of King Philip's war ; also of expeditions against the French and Indians in its Eastern parts of New England, in the years 1689, 1692, 1696 AND 1704. With some account of the divine providence towards Col. Benjamin Church. (See Benjamin Church - Online Book)
- The History of the Great Indian War Church's Book pp.228-233
Endnotes:
- ^ Herbert Milton Sylvester, Indian Wars of New England, p. 484
- ^ John Reid. "1686-1720: Imperial Intrusions". In Buckner, P. and Reid J. (eds). The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History. Toronto University Press. 1994. p. 83.
- ^ Griffiths, E. From Migrant to Acadian. McGill-Queen's University Press. 2005. p.61
- ^ Webster, J.C. Acadia at the End of the Seventeenth Century. Saint John: New Brunswick Museum. 1934; Acadia at the End of the Seventeenth Century : Letters, Journals and Memoirs of Joseph Robineau de Villebon, Commandant in Acadia, 1690-1700, and Other Contemporary Documents, Edited by Webster, John Clarence. 1934. p. 68
- ^ Alfred E. Kayworth, Raymond G. Potvin. The scalp hunters: Abenaki ambush at Lovewell Pond, 1725, p. 104
- ^ William Durkee Williamson, The history of the state of Maine: from its first discovery, 1602 ..., Volume 1, p. 365
- ^ Alfred E. Kayworth, Raymond G. Potvin. The scalp hunters: Abenaki ambush at Lovewell Pond, 1725, p. 104
- ^ Alfred E. Kayworth, Raymond G. Potvin. The scalp hunters: Abenaki ambush at Lovewell Pond, 1725, p. 106