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Army of the Socialist Republic of Romania

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Army of the Romanian People's Republic (1948–1965)
Army of the Socialist Republic of Romania (1965–1989)
Armata Republicii Populare Romîne (1948–1965)
Armata Republicii Socialiste România (1965–1989)
Ceremonial Flag (1966–1989)
MottoPentru Patria Noastră
("For our Homeland")
Founded1948; 76 years ago (1948)
Disbanded1989; 35 years ago (1989)
Service branches
HeadquartersBucharest
Leadership
Supreme Commander-in-chiefNicolae Ceaușescu
Minister of DefenceVasile Milea (last)
Chief of the General StaffȘtefan Gușă (last)
Personnel
Conscription16 months
Active personnel210,000 in 1989
270,000 at peak in 1984
Deployed personnelMozambique Mozambique – 500[1][2]
 Angola – 600[3][4]
Industry
Foreign suppliers Soviet Union
 Czechoslovakia
 Cuba
 Poland
 East Germany
 Democratic People's Republic of Korea
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Israel
 France
 China
Annual exports$1,000,000,000 (1982)[5]
Related articles
History
RanksMilitary ranks of the Socialist Republic of Romania

The Army of the Socialist Republic of Romania (Romanian: Armata Republicii Socialiste România) was the army of the Socialist Republic of Romania (1965 to 1989), previously known as the Army of the Romanian People's Republic (Romanian: Armata Republicii Populare Romîne) during the Romanian People's Republic (1947 to 1965). Following the Romanian Revolution in 1989, it was renamed to the Romanian Armed Forces. It consisted of the Ground Forces, the Navy, and the Air Force.

History

[edit]
An artillery soldier with a shirt and cap model 1952, shoulder boards, and service branch pin model 1948.
A conscript from Botoșani in uniform, prior to university studies, 1960.

In 1948-1960, they were ranked 3rd. In 1944, the Red Army invaded Romania in the Jassy-Kishinev Offensive, causing the overthrow of Ion Antonescu's regime via a Royal coup. In 1945, new military regulations were developed based on those of the Red Army[6] and in 1946, Romania came completely under the influence of the Soviet Union. It became part of the Eastern Bloc. The military regulations were finalized in 1949.[citation needed] Like all other socialist states, the Army was subjected to the rule of the Romanian Communist Party, whose general secretary was, since 1974, President of the Republic in addition to his role as commander-in-chief of the army.

During the tenure of General Emil Bodnăraș as defense minister, the Army went through a period of Sovietization, with Bodnăraș personally sending several Romanian Communists to Moscow to be trained in Soviet military institutions such as the Frunze Military Academy.[7][8] 30% of the experienced officers corps were purged from the military due to fears of opposition and monarchist loyalties.[9] Between 1949 and 1952, over 700 Romanian military personnel were being trained in the USSR, which would drop by over 200 in the next six years.[10] They also adopted a Soviet-style full dress and everyday uniform. In the Republic's early days, the Soviet Armed Forces had troops stationed there. The Soviet presence resulted from the Soviet occupation of Romania. Bodnăraș was seen to have influenced Nikita Khrushchev's decision to withdraw Soviet troops in 1958.[11][12][13]

From May 1955 to 1991, Romania was a member of the Warsaw Pact, which provided the Romanian Army with weapons, other Soviet-made equipment, and assistance in building up its own defense industry.[14] Under the presidency of Nicolae Ceaușescu, the RPA asserted functional independence in the defense industry and on equipment acquisitions while maintaining strong ties to the Warsaw Pact Command, with many of its armored vehicles, aircraft and artillery, as well as individual weaponry, being nationally produced. Also, a new set of enlisted and NCO ranks were adopted in the 1970s, alongside the reinstatement of the senior NCO ranks (maistru militar), which replaced the former Soviet rank model for such personnel. On 12 March 1958, the Sports Committee of Friendly Armies was created, with the Romanian Army becoming a founding member. In November 1986, a referendum was held by the government in which voters, when asked whether they approved of reducing the size of the army and cutting military spending by 5%, approved the proposals by 100%, with not a single vote counting against it.[15]

The Armed Forces would be renamed in 1989 following the Romanian Revolution, during which officers and personnel of the military defected to the side of the opposition after a public speech by Ceaușescu broadcast on state television[16] and a firing squad provided by paratroop regiment personnel Captain Ionel Boeru, Sergeant-Major Georghin Octavian and Dorin-Marian Cîrlan took part in the Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu on 26 December.[17] In the week after Ceaușescu's downfall, the defected Armed Forces fought bloody street battles, allegedly against Securitate forces who were still on Ceaușescu's side.[18]

Political and military leadership

[edit]

Supreme Commander-in-Chief

[edit]

The title of Supreme Commander-in-Chief was held by the de facto leader of the nation, General Secretary, even though the President of the State Council was the de jure head of state until 1974, when it was replaced by the President of Romania.

No. Portrait Supreme Commander-in-Chief Took office Left office Time in office
1
Nicolae Ceaușescu
Ceaușescu, NicolaeLieutenant general
Nicolae Ceaușescu
(1918–1989)		196922 December 198924 years, 275 days

Minister of National Defence

[edit]

The office of Minister of National Defence (Romanian: Ministrul Apărării Naționale) is the chief political leader of the military. Before that, it was the Minister of War (Romanian: Ministru de Război) who handled military affairs in the government. The country's defense policy was managed by the minister's agency, the Ministry of the National Defense, led by a professional officer with the rank of Colonel general or above. The minister was a permanent member of the Politburo of the PCR.

No. Portrait Minister of National Defence Took office Left office Time in office
1
Emil Bodnăraș
Bodnăraș, EmilGeneral of the Army
Emil Bodnăraș		27 December 19473 October 19557 years, 280 days
2
Leontin Sălăjan
Sălăjan, LeontinGeneral of the Army
Leontin Sălăjan		3 October 195528 August 196610 years, 329 days
3
Ioan Ioniță
Ioniță, IoanGeneral of the Army
Ioan Ioniță		29 October 196616 June 19769 years, 231 days
4
Ion Coman
Coman, IonColonel General
Ion Coman		16 June 197629 March 19803 years, 287 days
5
Constantin Olteanu [ro]
Olteanu, ConstantinColonel General
Constantin Olteanu [ro]		29 March 198016 December 19855 years, 262 days
6
Vasile Milea
Milea, VasileColonel General
Vasile Milea		16 December 198522 December 1989[19]4 years, 6 days

Chief of the General Staff

[edit]
Sălăjan on May Day in 1953. Sălăjan served as the second Chief of the General Staff and the second Minister of National Defence
No. Portrait Chief of the General Staff Took office Left office Time in office
33
Constantin Popescu [ro]
Popescu, ConstantinColonel General
Constantin Popescu [ro]
(1893–?)		30 January 194818 March 19502 years, 47 days
34
Leontin Sălăjan
Sălăjan, LeontinGeneral of the Army
Leontin Sălăjan
(1913–1966)		18 March 195026 April 19544 years, 39 days
35
Ion Tutoveanu [ro]
Tutoveanu, IonGeneral
Ion Tutoveanu [ro]
(1914–2014)		26 April 195415 June 196511 years, 50 days
36
Ion Gheorghe [ro]
Gheorghe, IonGeneral
Ion Gheorghe [ro]
(1923–2009)		15 June 196529 November 19749 years, 167 days
37
Ion Coman
Coman, IonLieutenant General
Ion Coman
(born 1926)		29 November 197416 June 19761 year, 200 days
38
Ion Hortopan [ro]
Hortopan, IonLieutenant General
Ion Hortopan [ro]
(1925–2000)		1 July 197631 March 19803 years, 274 days
39
Vasile Milea
Milea, VasileColonel General
Vasile Milea
(1927–1989)		31 March 198016 February 19854 years, 322 days
40
Ștefan Gușă
Gușă, ȘtefanColonel General
Ștefan Gușă
(1940–1994)		25 September 198628 December 19893 years, 97 days

Components

[edit]

As of 1985, the Army was organized into the following service branches:[20]

  • Ground Forces (Forțele Terestre)
  • Air Forces (Forțele Aeriene)
  • Navy (Marina)

Several other branches were not part of the Ministry of National Defense but were directly controlled by the Romanian Army or the PCR:[20]

  • Patriotic Guards (Gărzile Patriotice)
  • Security Troops (Trupele de securitate)
  • Border Troops (Trupele de frontieră)

A distinctive feature of the system of manning the RAF armed forces was the continued possibility of conscription of women for military service (although the bulk of the female military personnel serving at that time were doctors, nurses, and radio communications operators).[20]

The Army active personnel amounted to the following numbers:[21]

Branch Size
Ground Forces 125,000[22]
Navy 5,000
Air Force 8,000
Total 138,000 officers and troops

From 1947 to 1960, the military was organized into three military regions: Western (based in Cluj), Eastern (based in Bacău), and South (based in Bucharest).[9] Succeeded by army corps in the 60s, they were areas that in wartime would become an army corps with their headquarters acting as areas of responsibility.

Ground Forces

[edit]
A graphic of the structure of a Romanian Ground Forces Motor Rifle Division.

The senior units in the ground forces were the Tudor Vladimirescu Division and the Horia, Cloșca și Crișan Division, both of which were used as political tools by communist leaders. They were composed of former prisoners of war, Soviet trainees, and Communist activists such as Valter Roman.[23]

In 1980, the Romanian Ground Forces were reorganized in 4 Army Commands:[24]

All four Army Commands consisted of 8 Mechanized Infantry Divisions, 2 Armoured Divisions, 1 Armoured Brigade, 4 Mountain infantry Brigades as specialized motorized infantry units, and an administrative division of 4 parachute infantry regiments. Between 1960 and 1964, the rifle/mechanized divisions were converted to mechanized infantry (motorized rifle) divisions, which resulted in reductions in size due to the merger of both types of units. The newly established mechanized infantry divisions were structured similarly to the Soviet ones, organized into a division HQ, three mechanized infantry regiments, a tank regiment, and a field artillery regiment, as well as battalion-size subunits of other specialties, while the armoured divisions were structured in three tank regiments, a mechanized infantry regiment, a field artillery regiment and several other battalion-size subunits of different specialities.

The degree of mechanization of the infantry was not complete, unlike the other member states of the Warsaw Treaty, for in 1985 only two of the three infantry battalions from the composition of the mechanized regiments were equipped with wheeled armoured personnel carriers TAB-71 and TAB-77. Even though since 1985, the infantry regiments began receiving new amphibious tracked infantry fighting vehicles MLI-84, the mechanization of the whole infantry had not succeeded until 1989.

Disbanded by the Soviets in the early years of occupied and post-war Romania, the Vânători de munte (Mountain Huntsmen) was re-established in 1958. It was the equivalent of the Soviet 7th Guards Mountain Air Assault Division or the American 10th Mountain Division. Due to its equipment comprising MLVM APCs and 76mm mounted guns, it was considered the Ground Forces' best-trained unit. It was organized into four brigades stationed in mountainous areas.

[edit]
The Naval Building in Constanța served as the headquarters for the Navy.

In the early postwar years, the Romanian Navy was deprived of its merchant fleet due to the rapid takeover of the Romanian vessels by the Soviet Navy. In September 1944, the Soviet Navy transferred all Romanian warships to ports in the Caucasus near Azerbaijan and Georgia, all of which were not returned until just over a year later, with the exception o the Regele Ferdinand-class that was kept by the Black Sea Fleet until the early 1950s.[25] Several warships such as Amiral Murgescu were never returned and stayed in Soviet service until they were decommissioned. Once possessing patrol ships, the Romanian Navy formed the Danube Squadron, which later changed its name to the River Brigade in 1959. As a result of the 1940s reform of the naval forces, a patrol squadron was converted into an independent unit, which operated under the Naval Headquarters until May 1951. Four years later, naval ships and Marine units were subordinated to the headquarters.

In 1962, the 42nd Maritime Division was founded, continuing the traditions of the Sea Division, a large unit that had ceased to carry out functions since the end of World War II. In the late 70s and early 80s, several naval ships were built in the Romanian shipyards, specifically the Midia and Constanța escort ships from the Brăila shipyard.[26] In the early 1980s, the Navy ramped up efforts to develop its domestic naval industry by building new patrol boats using Chinese and Soviet technology and designs. In 1989, the Romanian Navy had more than 7,500 sailors, all organized into the Black Sea Fleet, the Danube Squadron, and the Coastal Defense. Its major naval bases and shipyards were the ports of Mangalia and Constanța on the Black Sea. Based in Constanța, the 2,000-member Coastal Defense Regiment was the shore-based component of defense against attack from the Black Sea.[27][28]

Air Force

[edit]
See also: List of Romanian Air Force units § Cold War
Flag of the Air Force of Romania, 1952-1965

In 1946, following a reorganization, the Air Force consisted of seven Air Flotillas, of which two were fighter flotillas and the rest were bombardment, assault, information, and transport. A total of 953 aircraft were in service; these included both pre-war and WW2 models like the Bf 109G, IAR 80, IAR 37, Ju 88, etc.[29]

Following a condition imposed during the Paris Peace Treaties of 1947, the strength of the military aviation of Romania was reduced to 150 aircraft, of which 100 were for combat and the rest for training.[29] On 15 February 1949, the Romanian Aviation Command was established following the Soviet model of aviation regiments instead of the British squadron model. This would later be renamed to the Romanian Air Force.

The first jet fighters arrived in 1951, with the first Jet Air Division (Divizia Aeriană Reactivă) being established on 1 April of the same year, at Ianca.[30] The unit was equipped with Soviet-made Yak-23 and Yak-17 fighters and had three Regiments (the 11th, 12th, and 13th).[29] The 97th Jet Fighter Aviation Division was declared combat ready on 15 September 1951. The first interception mission was carried out on the night of 28/29 October 1952, when a Soviet Il-28 bomber entered Romanian airspace unauthorized.[31] The first MiG-15s also entered service in 1952. These aircraft were first in use with the Soviet Regiments deployed at Craiova and Deveselu and were transferred to the Romanian Air Force in September 1952.[29] The first supersonic flight happened on 5 March 1958, with a MiG-19 at the Deveselu Air Base.[32]

In 1969, an air defence unit was created to protect against air attacks, while a paratrooper regiment was founded in 1980, both of which were assigned to the Câmpia Turzii Air Base (now the RoAF 71st Air Base). A Romanian-made IAR-93 attack aircraft flew its first flight on 31 October 1974 over Bacău,[33] marking the first jet fighter in the Eastern Bloc to be domestically manufactured. The Mikoyan MiG-29 aircraft entered the inventory of the Air Force just a few days before the Romanian Revolution of December 1989.

Patriotic Guards

[edit]
Main article: Patriotic Guards (Romania)
Two patriotic guardswomen training near an industrial park.

Formed in 1968 after Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968, the Romanian Patriotic Guards was an organization dedicated to public security, with its functions including civil policing to an active reserve for the Army. During wartime, the President of the Republic could authorize the guards to become a large "Militia" that would provide military police-style security, as well as augment the ground forces, and operate as guerrillas forces. The force was not part of the Ministry of National Defence but was a direct reporting unit of the PCR and the Union of Communist Youth, of which it drafted members of both. Members of the guards were considered territorial troops (Forțele teritoriale), as they were organized into companies and/or platoons and were based in every județ, municipality, and industrial/agricultural area under the command of the first secretary of the local PCR.

Securitate Troops

[edit]

On 23 January 1949, the communist government disbanded the Royal Romanian Gendarmerie only to purge its personnel and redistribute them to the newly created Directorate for Security Troops (DTO) of the Securitate (Department of State Security), modeled after the NKVD's Internal Troops and the KGB.[34] It acted as a 20,000-strong elite paramilitary force consisting of select people drawn from the Army's conscript pool. It was organized into infantry units equipped with small arms, artillery, and armored personnel carriers. The security troops were directly responsible to the Minister of the Interior and the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, allowing them to guard important installations, including PCR office buildings and state radio and television stations.[35]

The regime of Ceaușescu could have theoretically called in the security troops as a private army to prevent a military coup d'état and/or suppress antiregime riots. It operated under a more strict discipline and routine than the regular military, which resulted in their special treatment and enjoyment of better living conditions than their counterparts.[35] In late 1989, the directorate was disbanded and replaced first by the Guard and Order Troops (Trupele de Pază și Ordine) and later on by the reformed Gendarmerie.

Equipment

[edit]
A TR-85 tank in Bucharest during the Romanian Revolution of 1989.
Weapon Origin Type Notes Photo
TTC  Soviet Union

 Socialist Republic of Romania

Semi-automatic pistol TT-33 pistol produced in Roumania under TTC designation.[36]
Pistol Carpați Md. 1974  Socialist Republic of Romania Semi-automatic pistol Standard issue pistol.
Orița M1941  Kingdom of Romania Submachine gun Used by the Patriotic Guards until the 1970s.[37]
Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965  Soviet Union

 Socialist Republic of Romania

Assault rifle Standard issue until the 1980s when it was replaced by Pușcă Automată model 1986
Pușcă Automată model 1986  Soviet Union

 Socialist Republic of Romania

Assault rifle Ment to replace Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965.
PM md. 64  Soviet Union

 Socialist Republic of Romania

Light machine gun
ZB vz. 30  Czechoslovakia

 Socialist Republic of Romania

Light machine gun Produced under license. Used by the Patriotic Guards.
Mitralieră md. 66  Socialist Republic of Romania

 Soviet Union

General purpose machinegun Copy of PK machine gun
PSL  Socialist Republic of Romania Designated sniper rifle Standard marksman rifle .
SKS M56  Soviet Union

 Socialist Republic of Romania

Semi-automatic rifle Produced under license.
RPG-2  Soviet Union Light AT weapon [38]
RPG-7  Soviet Union Light AT weapon
Mosin–Nagant  Russian Empire

 Soviet Union

Bolt-action rifle [39]
vz. 24  Czechoslovakia Bolt-action rifle Used by the Patriotic Guards.[40]

Armored fighting vehicles

[edit]
Tank Origin Type In service Notes
T-34  Soviet Union 85 1,053 [41]
T-55  Soviet Union AM, AM2 756 [41]
TR-85  Socialist Republic of Romania 617 [41]
TR-850  Socialist Republic of Romania 413 [41]
T-72  Soviet Union M 30 [41]
SU-76  Soviet Union 326
SU-100  Soviet Union 66
ISU-152  Soviet Union 20
IFV/APC Origin Type In service Notes
MLI-84  Socialist Republic of Romania IFV 154 [42]
BTR-40  Soviet Union APC 26 [42]
BTR-50  Soviet Union APC 35 [42]
BTR-60  Soviet Union APC 50 [42]
TAB-71  Socialist Republic of Romania APC 1,870 [42]
TAB-77  Socialist Republic of Romania APC 155 [42]
TABC-79  Socialist Republic of Romania APC 441 [42]
MLVM  Socialist Republic of Romania APC 53 [42]
BRDM-2  Soviet Union Reconnaissancel Vehicle 139 [42]
TAB-80  Socialist Republic of Romania Reconnaissancel Vehicle 8 [42]

Air Force

[edit]
Main article: List of aircraft of the Romanian Air Force
Model Origin Type In service Notes
MiG-21  Soviet Union Fighter 300[43]
MiG-23  Soviet Union Fighter 46[43]
IAR-93  Socialist Republic of Romania Ground attack 86
IAR 99  Socialist Republic of Romania Trainer 90[43]
L-29 Delfín  Czechoslovakia Trainer 52
L-39 Albatros  Czechoslovakia Trainer 32
Ilyushin Il-28  Soviet Union Bomber 11 Replaced by the Harbin H-5 in 1972
Harbin H-5  China Bomber 16
Antonov An-24  Soviet Union Transport 12[43]
Antonov An-26  Soviet Union Transport 16[43]
IAR 330  Socialist Republic of Romania Helicopter 60 [44]
IAR 316  Socialist Republic of Romania Helicopter 136 [45]
Mil Mi-8  Soviet Union Helicopter 39 [46]
S-75 Dvina  Soviet Union SAM N/A
S-125 Neva/Pechora  Soviet Union SAM N/A
9K33 Osa  Soviet Union SAM N/A
9K31 Strela-1  Soviet Union SAM N/A

Artillery

[edit]

Total: 3,707[42]

Model Origin Type Notes
M 1988  Socialist Republic of Romania 60 mm mortar [47]
M 1977 [ro]  Socialist Republic of Romania 82 mm mortar [47]
M 1982 [ro]  Socialist Republic of Romania 120 mm mortar [47]
240 mm mortar M240  Soviet Union 240 mm mortar [48][47]
Reșița Model 1943  Kingdom of Romania 75 mm anti-tank gun [47]
ZiS-3  Soviet Union 76 mm anti-tank gun [47]
D-44  Soviet Union 85 mm anti-tank gun [47]
D-48  Soviet Union 85 mm anti-tank gun [47]
BS-3  Soviet Union 100 mm anti-tank gun [47]
M1977  Socialist Republic of Romania 100 mm anti-tank gun [47]
Model 1936 Schneider  France 105 mm towed gun Used for training.[47]
M1982  Socialist Republic of Romania 130 mm towed gun [47]
M30M  Socialist Republic of Romania 122 mm howitzer [47]
Skoda M34  Czechoslovakia 150 mm howitzer [47]
M1981  Socialist Republic of Romania 152 mm howitzer [47]
M1985  Socialist Republic of Romania 152 mm howitzer [47]
2S1 Gvozdika  Soviet Union 122 mm self-propelled howitzer [47]
BM-21 Grad  Soviet Union 122 mm multiple rocket launcher [47]
APR-40  Socialist Republic of Romania 122 mm multiple rocket launcher [47]
R-11 Zemlya  Soviet Union Tactical ballistic missile [47]
R-17 Elbrus  Soviet Union Tactical ballistic missile [47]
2K6 Luna  Soviet Union Tactical ballistic missile [47]
9K52 Luna-M  Soviet Union Tactical ballistic missile [47]
[edit]

Ships:[28]

In the early 1990s, the equipment for major units were scrapped due to age and the cost of maintenance.

See also

[edit]

Videos

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ United States. Joint Publications Research Service, 1977, Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa, Issues 1742-1754, p. 13
  2. ^ Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. International Security Studies Program, Ballinger Publishing Company, 1988, Superpower Competition and Security in the Third World, p. 100
  3. ^ American-African Affairs Association, 1983, Spotlight on Africa, Volumes 16-17
  4. ^ United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. Subcommittee on International Trade, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1985, Continuing Presidential Authority to Waive Freedom of Emigration Provisions, p. 372
  5. ^ Pinstripes and Reds: An American Ambassador Caught Between the State Department and the Romanian Communists, 1981–1985, p. 183, David B. Funderburk, Selous Foundation Press, 1987
  6. ^ Oroian, p. 37
  7. ^ Oroian; Vankovska, Wiberg, p. 115; Final Report, p. 125
  8. ^ Pacepa, p. 357-358
  9. ^ a b "Development of the Romanian Armed Forces after World War II" Archived 2007-07-11 at the Wayback Machine, from the Library of Congress Country Studies and the CIA World Factbook.
  10. ^ Oroian, p. 40-41
  11. ^ Arachelian
  12. ^ Final Report, p. 43 n. 32, p. 205
  13. ^ Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, Sergeĭ Khrushchev. Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Statesman, 1953–1964, Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007, page 706, ISBN 0-271-02935-8
  14. ^ "The Warsaw Pact is formed". HISTORY. Retrieved 2019-08-31.
  15. ^ Rumänien, 23. November 1986 : Verkleinerung des Heeres, Senkung der Rüstungsausgaben um 5% Direct Democracy
  16. ^ Hirshman, Michael (2009-11-06). "Blood And Velvet In Eastern Europe's Season Of Change". Rferl.org. Retrieved 2019-08-31.
  17. ^ "120 bullets found in Ceausescus". The Day. 23 January 1990. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
  18. ^ Blaine Harden (December 30, 1989). "DOORS UNLOCKED ON ROMANIA'S SECRET POLICE". The Washington Post.
  19. ^ Flavius Cristian Marcau, "Revolution of 1989: Milea's Suicide", University of Târgu Jiu, Letter and Social Science Series, Issue 4, 2013, Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  20. ^ a b c Армия Социалистической Республики Румынии // На страже мира и социализма / сост. В. С. Шкаровский. М., "Планета", 1985. стр. 110-119
  21. ^ Assembly of Captive European Nations, First Session, pp. 65-67
  22. ^ Library of Congress Country Studies, Romanian Land Forces, DR 205. R613, 1990
  23. ^ Mihailov
  24. ^ 'Romanian Army during the Cold War' via "Sovietization of the Romanian Army". Archived from the original on 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
  25. ^ Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World Fighting Ships 1922–1946, p. 361
  26. ^ "Romania's Naval Forces at crossroads".
  27. ^ Șperlea, Florin (2009). From the royal armed forces to the popular armed forces: Sovietization of the Romanian military (1948–1955). East European monographs. Boulder: New York: East European Monographs; distributed by Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780880336628.
  28. ^ a b "Romania – Navy". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  29. ^ a b c d Vasile Tudor. "Modernizarea aviatiei militare romane" Orizont Aviatic magazine no. 26, December 2004.
  30. ^ "FARGO 1". rumaniamilitary.ro (in Romanian). 20 November 2020.
  31. ^ "70 de ani de la integrarea aeronavei de luptă cu motor reactiv în Serviciul de Luptă Permanent". Aviatia Magazin (in Romanian). 20 September 2021.
  32. ^ "Primul zbor cu un avion de lupta supersonic in Romania". Aviatia Magazin (in Romanian). 5 March 2015.
  33. ^ "IAR-93 History". Archived from the original on 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2019-09-15.
  34. ^ (in Romanian) Repere istorice Archived 2007-04-12 at the Wayback Machine, Romanian Gendarmerie website, accessed on 14 April 2007
  35. ^ a b "Romania: Ministry of Interior and Security Forces". loc.gov. Archived from the original on 2004-10-30.
  36. ^ Jones, Richard D. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010. Jane's Information Group; 35 edition (January 27, 2009). ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5.
  37. ^ Plăvcan, Liviu; Plăvcan, Dora. "Romanian Firepower: 9mm Orita Model 1941 Submachine Gun".
  38. ^ Suciu, Peter (2022-07-26). "RPG-2 — The Original ComBloc Anti-Tank Weapon". The Armory Life. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
  39. ^ "Mosin Nagant Master Model Reference". 2017-07-16. Archived from the original on 2017-07-16. Retrieved 2024-07-07.
  40. ^ "Prezentare Pusca ZB, model 1924". armevechi.com (in Romanian). 2022-03-21.
  41. ^ a b c d e Bogdan Szajkowski, James Gow, Longman Group, 1993, Encyclopaedia of Conflicts, Disputes, and Flashpoints in Eastern Europe, Russia, and the Successor States, p. 274
  42. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bogdan Szajkowski, James Gow, Longman Group, 1993, Encyclopaedia of Conflicts, Disputes, and Flashpoints in Eastern Europe, Russia, and the Successor States, p. 274
  43. ^ a b c d e admin (2018-01-19). "Romanian Air Force". Aeroflight. Retrieved 2024-07-07.
  44. ^ Romania 2009, pp. 78-79.
  45. ^ "World Air Forces 2013" (PDF). Flightglobal Insight. 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
  46. ^ Svetozar Jokanović. "Ми-8/14/17/171 В НЕБЕ БАЛКАН" (in Russian). Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Stroea, Adrian (2010). Artileria Română în date și imagini (PDF) (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura Centrului Tehnic-Editorial al Armatei. pp. 140–146. ISBN 9786065240803. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2023.
  48. ^ 1976, Military Review, Volume 56, Issue 3, p. 101
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