Jump to content

Rajgir

Coordinates: 25°1′48″N 85°25′12″E / 25.03000°N 85.42000°E / 25.03000; 85.42000
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Rajgriha)
"Rajagriha" redirects here. For the memorial and home of B. R. Ambedkar, see Rajgruha.

Rajgir
Rajagriha
Town
Rajgir hills
Peace pagoda
Vulture's peak
Ghora Katora Lake
Jain temple, Rajgir
From top, left to right: View of Rajgir hills, Vishwa Shanti Stupa (peace pagoda), Vulture Peak, Ghora Katora lake, Naulakha Jain Temple
Map
Interactive map of Rajgir
Coordinates: 25°1′48″N 85°25′12″E / 25.03000°N 85.42000°E / 25.03000; 85.42000
Country India
State Bihar
RegionMagadha
DivisionPatna
DistrictNalanda
Founded≈2000 BC
Founded byBrihadratha
Government
 • TypeMunicipal governance in India
 • BodyRajgir Municipal Council (Nagar Parishad)
Area
 (2015) [A 1]
 • Total
111.39 km2 (43.01 sq mi)
 • Town61.6 km2 (23.8 sq mi)
 • Regional planning517 km2 (200 sq mi)
Elevation
73 m (240 ft)
Population
 (2011)[2]
 • Rajgir (NP)
41,587
 • Rajgir (CD Block)
88,596
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
803116
Telephone code+91-6112
Vehicle registrationBR-21
Sex ratio1000/889 ♂/♀
Literacy51.88%
Lok Sabha constituencyNalanda
Vidhan Sabha constituencyRajgir (SC) (173)
Websitenalanda.bih.nic.in
  1. ^ Constituents of Rajgir Regional Planning area are CD blocks of Rajgir, Silao, Giriak and Katrisarai[1]

Rajgir, old name Rajagriha, meaning "The City of Kings," is an ancient city and university town in the district of Nalanda in Bihar, India. It was the capital of the Haryanka dynasty, the Pradyota dynasty, the Brihadratha dynasty and the Mauryan Empire, as well as the dwelling ground of historical figures such as Buddha, Mahavira and Bimbisara. Due to its religious significance, the city holds a place of prominence in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain scriptures. As of 2011, the population of the town was reported to be 41,000 while the population in the community development block was about 88,500.

Rajgir was the first capital of the ancient kingdom of Magadha, a state that would eventually evolve into the Mauryan Empire.[3] It finds mention in India's renowned literary epic, the Mahabharata, through its king Jarasandha. The town's date of origin is unknown, although ceramics dating to about 1000 BC have been found in the city. The 2,500-year-old cyclopean wall is also located in the region.

The ancient Nalanda university was located in the vicinity of Rajgir, and the contemporary Nalanda University named after it was founded in 2010 nearby. The town is also famed for its natural springs and towering hills that dominate the landscape.

Etymology

[edit]

The name Rajgir, literally meaning "royal mountain", comes from the historic Rājagṛiha (Sanskrit Rājagṛha, Pali: Rajagaha), meaning "house of the king" or "royal house".[4][5] It has also historically been known as Vasumati, Brahdrathapura, Grivraja/Girivraja and Kusagrapura.[4][6] Girivraja, a name given in the Rāmāyaṇa as well as in Pali texts (as Giribajja), is explained by Buddhaghosa as meaning "an enclosure of hills". "Vasumatī" is a name given in the Rāmāyaṇa because of the city's legendary founding by Vasu, the fourth son of Brahmā. The Mahābhārata, on the other hand, attributes the city's founding to Bṛhadratha, and accordingly it calls the city Bārhadrathapura. The name Kuśāgrapura is given in the Jinaprabhasūri and also (in Chinese) by Xuanzang; this name means "the place of superior reed grass".[7]: 211 

History

[edit]
Jarasandha's Akhara

The epic Mahabharata calls it Girivraja and recounts the story of its king, Jarasandha, and his battle with the Pandava brothers and their allies Krishna.[8][9] Mahabharata recounts a wrestling match between Bhima (one of the Pandavas) and Jarasandha, the then king of Magadha. Jarasandha was invincible as his body could rejoin any dismembered limbs. According to the legend, Bhima split Jarasandha into two and threw the two halves facing opposite to each other so that they could not join. There is a famous Jarasandha's Akhara (the place where martial arts are practised).

Rajgir was the capital of Haryanka dynasty kings Bimbisara (558–491 BC) and Ajatashatru (492–460 BC). Ajatashatru kept his father Bimbisara in captivity here. The sources do not agree on which of the Buddha's royal contemporaries, Bimbisara and Ajatashatru, was responsible for its construction. It was the ancient capital city of the Magadha kings until the 5th century BC when Udayin (460–440 BC), son of Ajatashatru, moved the capital to Pataliputra (modern Patna).[4] Shishunaga (413-395 BC) founded Shishunaga dynasty in 413 BC with Rajgir as its initial capital before it was moved to Pataliputra.

It is associated with the founders of both the religions: Jainism and Buddhism, associated with both the historical Arihant Shraman Bhagawan Mahavira and Buddha.

Gautama Buddha spent a substantial amount of time here.

It was here that Gautama Buddha spent several months meditating, and preaching at Gridhra-kuta, ('Hill of the Vultures').It was also the relaxing place of him in Venuban which is a government owned tourist place now. He also delivered some of his famous sermons and initiated king Bimbisara of Magadha and others to Buddhism. It was here that Budhha delivered his famous Atanatiya Sutra. On one of the hills is the Saptaparni Cave where the First Buddhist Council was held under the leadership of Maha Kassapa.

Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara spent fourteen years of his life at Rajgir and Nalanda, spending Chaturmas (i.e. 4 months of the rainy season) at a single place in Rajgir (Rajgruhi) and the rest in the places in the vicinity. It was the capital of one of his Shravaks (follower) King Shrenik. Thus Rajgir is also of religious importance to Jains. The twentieth Jain Tirthankara, Munisuvrata is supposed to have been born here. An ancient temple (about 1200 years old) dedicated to Munisuvrat Bhagwan is also present here along with many other Jain temples. This temple is also a place for four Kalyanakas of Bhagwan Munisuvratnath.

The historic locality is surrounded by the Rajgir hills and remains of cyclopean walls.

It is also mentioned in Jain and Buddhist scriptures, which give a series of place-names, but without geographical context. The attempt to locate these places is based largely on reference to them and to other locations in the works of Chinese Buddhist pilgrims, particularly Faxian and Xuanzang. It is on the basis of Xuanzang in particular that the site is divided into Old and New Rajgir. The former lies within a valley and is surrounded by low-lying hills, Rajgir Hills. It is defined by an earthen embankment (the Inner Fortification), with which is associated the Outer Fortification, a complex of cyclopean walls that runs (with large breaks) along the crest of the hills. New Rajgir is defined by another, larger, embankment outside the northern entrance of the valley and next to the modern town.

The old site of Rajgir was surrounded by an almost 50 km-long cyclopean wall that followed the tops of the surrounding hills. It likely served a dual purpose as both defense against attackers and protection from potential flooding caused by monsoon rainwater flowing down from the hills. 16 towers were also built along the walls at irregular intervals to strengthen the defenses. The most notable of these was the Pippala stone house, whose remains have been identified on the eastern slope of the Vaibhara hill. Probably originally built to house guards, it later became known as a place where the Buddha often stayed. Later, when it was no longer used for defensive purposes, the Pippala house's 11 small cells were likely repurposed to serve as individual meditation rooms for Buddhist monks. Based on archaeological finds, the cyclopean walls of old Rajgir are dated to about the 6th century BCE, while "New" Rajgir was probably fortified around the 1st century BCE.[7]: 214–6 

Gupta and Pala periods

[edit]

Rajgir appears to have declined in importance somewhat after the 1st or 2nd century CE. Xuanzang visited the site in the 7th century, but the only contemporary activity he mentioned was two old Buddhist monasteries that still had active monastic communities; other than that, he only wrote about Rajgir's ancient past. He attributed almost all the religious monuments he saw to Bimbisara or Ashoka and did not mention any contemporary patrons or building activity. This stands in stark contrast to his descriptions of Nalanda and Bodh Gaya, which both contain reference to events that took place either during his own lifetime or in the recent past. (For example, he referred to Nalanda's alleged vandalism by Shashanka and restoration under Purnavarmana, as well as patronage at Bodh Gaya by the Gupta rulers Kumaragupta I [aka Shakraditya], Budhagupta, and Narasimhagupta [aka Baladitya].) Yijing's account from later in the 7th century also refers only to Rajgir's ancient past. Kakoli Ray describes the impression of Rajgir from these accounts as a place "[living] in its own past, haloed by sacred memory and association but uncared for by [their] contemporaries."[10]: 1281, 4–5 

Rajgir was hardly abandoned, though – in fact, the first clear evidence of Hindu activity dates from this period, during the 5th century. The Maniyar maṭha, variously identified as a Shiva temple or a Naga shrine, dates from this period, although it appears to have been built on the site of an older structure dating back to the early centuries BCE. Some ceramic and sculptural finds from the site are stylistically dated to later, with isolated sculptures dated as late as the 7th through 9th centuries, indicating that Hindu worship continued at the site throughout that period. Although Buddhist activity does seem to have dwindled significantly at Rajgir during this period, some Buddhist finds are attributed to as late as the 10th through 12th centuries. Some of these may have been made at Nalanda before being transported to Rajgir. Meanwhile, Rajgir never seems to have lost importance for Jains, who continued to actively patronise the site. A ruined Jain temple on the Vaibhara hill probably dates from the 5th century, while an image of Rishabhanatha donated by the acharya Vasantanandi is dated to the 8th or 9th century.[10]: 1281–5 

Rajgir also kept political significance during this period, as the capital of a vishaya in Magadha bhukti attested during the Gupta and Pala periods. An inscribed copper seal that once belonged to the Rajgir vishaya's guild of blacksmiths and carpenters, palaeographically dated to perhaps the 5th century, was found at Rajgir, indicating a certain level of commercial organisation at Rajgir during this period.[11]: 965–7 

Geography and climate

[edit]

The modern town of Rajgir lies just to the north of the Rajgir Hills, an isolated pair of parallel ridges that rise sharply up from the flat surrounding plains. The ancient site of Rajgir was located in the narrow valley between the two sets of hills.[12] Historically, Rajgir was thought of as lying between five hills, but different texts give them different names (the Mahābhārata even gives two different lists of five names in the same chapter), making it difficult to identify the five hills with their modern counterparts. The modern names are Vaibhara, Vipula, Chaṭa, Shaila, Udaya, Sona, and Ratnagiri.[7]: 212  Of these, Ratnagiri is the highest, at about 305 m.[13]: 16 

Rajgir is known for its hot springs, which have held religious significance since ancient times. The best-known today is Brahmakuṇḍa, and there are several other springs in this area whose waters merge to form a stream. Another prominent spring is the Sūryakuṇḍa, which is part of a cluster of springs on the north side of the hills. Sūryakuṇḍa's water is stagnant and murky and a favored habitat by frogs. Another major water feature in the area is the Panchane River (from Pañcānanā, "having five mouths"), which flows to the east of Rajgir.[7]: 221–2, 224–5 

Rajgir has a monsoon climate, with an annual rainfall of about 113 cm. Rainfall peaks in July and August.[13]: 16 

  • Summer temperature: maximum 44 °C (111.2 °F), minimum 20 °C (68 °F)
  • Winter temperature: maximum 28 °C (82.4 °F), minimum 6 °C (42.8 °F)
  • Rainfall: 1,860 mm (mid-June to mid-September)
  • Dry/warm season: March to October

Rajgir Wildlife Sanctuary

[edit]
See also: Rajgir Zoo Safari

The landscape of Rajgir or Pant WLS is uneven terrain enclosed by five hills; Ratnagiri, Vipulgiri, Vaibhagiri, Songiri and Udaygiri. It is situated in Nalanda Forest Division covering an area of 35.84 km2 under the Nalanda district administration. This wildlife sanctuary, notified in 1978, represents a remnant patch of forests nestled in the Rajgir hills within the south Gangetic Plain.[14]

It is home to a number of wild animals including: mammals – blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus), chital or spotted deer (Axis axis), Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica), small Indian civet (Viverricula indica), jungle cat (Felis chaus); birds – painted spurfowl (Galloperdix lunulata), Eurasian thick knee (Burhinus oedicnemus), painted sandgrouse (Pterocles indicus); reptiles and amphibians – Bengal monitor (Varanus bengalensis), Indian bullfrog (Hoplobatrachus tigerinus), Jerdon's bullfrog (Hoplobatrachus crassus), ornate narrow-mouthed frog (Microhyla ornata), and Indian tree frog (Polypedates maculatus).[15]

Demographics

[edit]

Population

[edit]

According to 2011 Indian Census, Rajgir had a total population of 41,587, of which 21,869 were males and 19,718 were females. The population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 6,922. The total number of literates in Rajgir was 24,121, which constituted 58.0% of the population with male literacy of 65.4% and female literacy of 49.8%. The effective literacy rate of the 7+ population of Rajgir was 69.6%, of which the male literacy rate was 78.1% and the female literacy rate was 60.1%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 11,724 and 42 respectively. Rajgir had 7030 households in 2011.[2]

Religion

[edit]

The town is also notable in Jainism and Buddhism.[16] It was the birthplace of the 20th Jain Tirthankar Munisuvrata, and is closely associated with the Mahavira and Gautama Buddha.[17] Both Mahavira and Buddha taught their beliefs in Rajgir during the 6th and 5th century BC, and the Buddha was offered a forest monastery here by the king Bimbisara. As such, the city of Rajgir became one of the Buddha's most important preaching locations.

Tourism

[edit]
Boar's Cave

The main tourist attractions include the ancient city walls from Ajatashatru's period, Bimbisar's Jail, Jarasandh's Akhara, Gridhra-kuta, ('Hill of the Vultures'), Son Bhandar Caves[18] and the Jain temples on the five peaks.[19]

Closeup of Buddha at Vishwa Shanti Stupa

Another major attraction is the peace pagoda, Vishwa Shanti Stupa, built-in 1969, one of the 80 peace pagodas in the world, to spread the message of peace and non-violence. It is the oldest peace pagoda in India. The rope-way that leads to it is another attraction, which was gifted by Japanese spiritual leader Fuji Guruji in the 1960s.

Rope way from the 1960s

A new rope way has been planned.[20]

Rajgir has hot water springs, locally known as Brahmakund, a sacred place for Hindus where water from seven different springs (Saptarshi) merge and is notable for its healing effects.[21][22]

There is a Japanese temple beside the Venu Vana, an artificial forest with historical associations to Buddha and the kings of the region. Other places of interest include the Rajgir Heritage Museum,[23] the Sariputta Stupa,[24] Ghora Katora Lake, and the Rajgir glass bridge.[25]

The Son Bhandar Caves (Caddy 1895)

The Son Bhandar caves are situated in Rajgir. The caves are concerned with Jainism and are considered to belong to 3–4 century AD. After Cunningham's inspection, several scholars visited this place and some had opinions to concern with Buddhism. After some time all Buddhism connections were refused because of an inscription found on the southern wall of a cave. According to this inscription these caves were built by inspiration of a Jain Muni Vair for Jain ascetics. Sculptures of Teerthankaras were also carved in these caves. From an architectural aspect; these caves are analogous to Nagarjuni cave and Barabar Caves caves of Mauryan era. Therefore, it can be concluded that construction time should not differ much from the above-mentioned caves.

These caves should be related to Digambar sect of Jainism as Xuanzang wrote in his book about Vaibhar Hill of Rajgir that the place was occupied by Digambar Jain monks for meditation purposes. After some centuries these caves were converted by Hindus as Vishnu sculpture was also found from the mound of a cave.[19]

Makhdum Kund, also recognised as Dargah-e-Makhdoomiya is a sacred site situated in Rajgir. Renowned for its thermal spring and the tomb of Makhdoom Syed Ghulam Ali, as well as the prayer space of Sharfuddin Yahya Maneri, it holds significance for pilgrims and visitors alike. The thermal spring, dating back approximately 800 years, attracts numerous visitors who utilise it for ablution (Wudu) and bathing purposes.[26] The Chief Minister of Bihar, Nitish Kumar also took bath here in his childhood.[27][28]

Transportation

[edit]

Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation provides travel facility from state capital Patna to visit Bodh circuit (Bodhgaya, Rajgir, Nalanda, Vaishali, Kesaria, Lumbini, Kushinagar, Sarnath), Jain Circuit (Rajgir, Pawapuri) and Sikh Circuit in Bihar.


Economy

[edit]

Located in Patna division, this Nagar Panchayat type of municipal council mainly depends upon tourism and is supplemented by agriculture. A number of resorts and hotels are located in Rajgir to serve the tourists. In addition, Rajgir is located near the tourist spots like Nalanda, Pawapuri and Kundalpur.

Rajgir ranks top in Bihar, in reference to revenue collected by tourism.

  • An ordinance factory for defence forces is located in the city.[29]
  • Rajgir is also home to Bihar Police Academy.
  • RTC CRPF – Rajgir is also home to the Recruit Training centre of the Central Reserve Police Force for three states namely Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.
  • Government of Bihar has acquired 100 acres of land to build an IT city near Nalanda university and also develop India's first multimedia hub which will provide advanced courses in different spheres of IT.[30]
  • Rajgir Film City is an integrated film studio complex. Spread over 20 acres, it is the second largest integrated film city in Bihar. It is being built by the Bihar government since 2017.[31][32]

Sports

[edit]

Rajgir International Cricket Stadium is a proposed cricket stadium in the city. In 2013, it was announced by the Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar that an international cricket stadium will be constructed at Rajgir in Bihar's Nalanda district.[33][34]

Nalanda University

[edit]

Nalanda University, a modern university that is based on the famous university and Buddhist monastery of ancient India, has been established with its campus in Rajgir. It began its first academic session on 1 September 2014.[35]

Events

[edit]
Nitish Kumar, Kaushal Kishore, Prem Kumar, Shrawan Kumar and others at 55th anniversary of establishment of Vishwa Shanti Stupa.
  • Rajgir Mahotsav
  • Purushottam Maas Mela
  • Sariputta World Peace Walk
  • Makar Sankranti Mela

Japanese monk Nichidatsu Fujii, the founder of Nipponzan Myohoji order of Buddhism established a white stupa atop Ratnagiri hills in Rajgir, which was inaugurated on 25 October 1969. This stupa is called Vishwa Shanti Stupa and from then onwards the anniversary of its establishment is celebrated every year. This event is attended by Budhhist monks and devotees from various south-east Asian countries and the ministers and officials of Government of Bihar.[36]

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]
Pilgrimage to
Buddha's Holy Sites
The Four Main Sites
Four Additional Sites
Other Sites

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "पत्रांक-213 : राजगीर क्षेत्रीय आयोजना क्षेत्र एवं बोधगया आयोजना क्षेत्र के सीमांकन एवं घोषणा" (PDF). Urban Development Housing Dept., Government of Bihar, Patna. 15 April 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  2. ^ a b "Census of India: Rajgir". www.censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  3. ^ "Rajgir". BSTDC. Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  4. ^ a b c W. Vivian De Thabrew (2013). Monuments and Temples of Orthodox Buddhism in India and Sri Lanka. AuthorHouse. p. 35. ISBN 9781481795517. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  5. ^ Law 1938, p. 1.
  6. ^ Narayan 1983, p. 91.
  7. ^ a b c d Das, Chirantani (2012). "Geographic Factors to the Growth of Rājagṛha, the Old Magadhan Capital". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 93: 210–28.
  8. ^ See Bhagavata Purana, 10.70.30
  9. ^ "Krsna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead". Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2008.
  10. ^ a b Ray, Kakoli (2001). "Rajgir in the Gupta and Post-Gupta Period: Literary and Archaeological Evidence". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 61 (2): 1280–6. JSTOR 44144440. Retrieved 14 December 2024.
  11. ^ Singh, Sarjug Prasad (1980). "Inscribed Copper Seal From Rajgir". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 41: 965–8. JSTOR 44141928. Retrieved 14 December 2024.
  12. ^ "Rajgir Hills". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
  13. ^ a b Paul, S. R. (1981). "Flora of Rajgir Hills, Bihar". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 78: 16–37 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  14. ^ Sharma, Gopal; Kumar, Rahul (May 2017). "Butterfly diversity of Pant Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajgir (Bihar), India". Bioglobal. 4 (1): 39–46.
  15. ^ "Report of the officer in charge of the Rajgir Wildlife Sanctuary" (PDF).
  16. ^ Jain Dharma ka Maulik Itihas Part-1, Ed. Acharya Shri Hastimalji Maharaj, 1971 p. 739-742
  17. ^ "Rajgir – The Abode of Kings". Times Travel. The Times of India. 31 March 2014.
  18. ^ Middle Land, Middle Way: A Pilgrim's Guide to the Buddha's India, Shravasti Dhammika, Buddhist Publication Society, 1992 p. 98
  19. ^ a b History behind Son Bhandar cave of Rajgir. Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine  – JainGlory.com
  20. ^ Dutta, Prabhash K. (5 September 2018). "Rajgir: Bihar's highest revenue earning tourist destination is a story of neglect". India Today. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  21. ^ Kishore Sharma, Jugal (February 2014). Punya Bhoomi Bharat. Suruchi Prakashan. p. 70. ISBN 978-9381500095.
  22. ^ "गर्म पानी के इस कुंड में नहाने से होती है सभी बीमारिया दूर". News Track. 11 February 2017. Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  23. ^ "Rajgir Heritage Museum inaugurated by CM Nitish Kumar". 8 September 2013. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  24. ^ Sinha, Shashank Shekhar (1 April 2018). "The Lesser Known Journey of Buddhist Relics - from India to UK and Back". The Wire. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  25. ^ "Rajgir in Bihar now has a 200-ft glass bridge, set to open on New Year which is located in the nature safari". Times of India. 20 December 2020.
  26. ^ "Water is not for all". www.downtoearth.org.in. 15 March 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  27. ^ "CM Nitish chastised Makhudam Saheb said In his childhood he has bathed in the pond here | CM नीतीश ने मखुदम साहब को की चादरपोशी, कहा- बचपन में यहां के कुंड में किया है स्नान | Hindi News, बिहार एवं झारखंड". zeenews.india.com. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  28. ^ "नीतीश ने गुरुद्वारा नानक देव और शीतलकुंड एवं मखदूम कुंड का दौरा किया". Navbharat Times (in Hindi). Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  29. ^ "Ordnance Factory Rajgir". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 15 July 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  30. ^ "23rd February 2002: When Gilchrist Hit a Record-breaking Double Ton". News18. 23 February 2018.
  31. ^ "Bihar to get two film cities". The Hindu. 4 July 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  32. ^ Choudhary, Neena (12 December 2015). "Shatrughan Sinha's Dream Comes True, Bihar Gets its Own Film City". TheQuint. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
  33. ^ Sengupta, Joy (2 August 2014). "Land in Rajgir for cricket stadium on Ranchi model". Telegraph India. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  34. ^ "Bihar to construct world class cricket stadium". Zee News. 11 December 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  35. ^ Chakrabarty, Sreeparna (22 June 2024). "Nalanda University An ancient centre of learning". The Hindu. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  36. ^ Raj, Dev (26 October 2024). "Nitish Kumar stresses on following the path of Budhha". The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 November 2024.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rajgir.
Retrieved from "http://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Rajgir&oldid=1263185695"