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Oi!

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(Redirected from Punk-skinheads)
This article is about the music genre. For the interjection, see Oi (interjection). For other uses, see Oi.

Oi!
Stylistic origins
Cultural originsLate 1970s, United Kingdom (particularly the East End of London)
Derivative formsTough guy hardcore[1][2]
Subgenres
Punk pathetique
Other topics

Oi! is a subgenre of punk rock that originated in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s.[3] The music and its associated subculture had the goal of bringing together punks, skinheads, and other disaffected working-class youth.[4][5] The movement was partly a response to the perception that many participants in the early punk rock scene were, in the words of The Business guitarist Steve Kent, "trendy university people using long words, trying to be artistic... and losing touch."[6]

History

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Oi! became a recognised genre in the latter part of the 1970s, emerging after the perceived commercialisation of punk rock, and before the soon-to-dominate hardcore punk sound. It fused the sounds of early punk bands such as the Sex Pistols, the Ramones, the Clash, and the Jam with influences from 1960s British rock bands such as the Small Faces and the Who, football chants, pub rock bands such as Dr. Feelgood, Eddie and the Hot Rods and The 101ers, and glam rock bands such as T.Rex, Slade and Sweet. Although Oi! has come to be considered mainly a skinhead-oriented genre, the first few Oi! bands were composed mostly of punk rockers and people who fitted neither the skinhead nor punk label.

First-generation Oi! bands such as Sham 69 and Cock Sparrer were around for years before the word Oi! was used retroactively to describe their style of music. In 1980, writing in Sounds magazine, rock journalist Garry Bushell labelled the movement Oi!, taking the name from the garbled "Oi!" that Stinky Turner of Cockney Rejects used to introduce the band's songs.[7][8] The word is a British expression meaning hey. In addition to Cockney Rejects, other bands to be explicitly labeled Oi! in the early days of the genre included Angelic Upstarts, the 4-Skins, the Business, Anti-Establishment, Blitz, the Blood and Combat 84.[9]

The prevalent ideology of the original Oi! movement was a rough brand of working-class rebellion. Lyrical topics included unemployment, workers' rights, harassment by police and other authorities, and oppression by the government.[6] Oi! songs also covered less-political topics such as street violence, football, sex, and alcohol.

Some Oi! bands―such as Sam McCrory and Johnny Adair's Offensive Weapon[10]―and fans were involved in white nationalist organisations such as the National Front (NF) and the British Movement (BM), leading some critics to dismiss the Oi! subgenre as racist.[6] Other Oi! bands, such as Angelic Upstarts, The Business, The Burial and The Oppressed were associated with left-wing politics and anti-racism, and others were non-political.[11][12][13]

Rock Against Communism (RAC) was a partial development from white power/white supremacist movements, which had musical and aesthetic similarities to Oi! Although due to Cold War fears the genre had appeal to some punk rock bands distinct from original Oi! in that they opposed all totalitarianism,[14] but was not connected to the Oi! scene. Timothy S. Brown writes:

[Oi!] played an important symbolic role in the politicization of the skinhead subculture. By providing, for the first time, a musical focus for skinhead identity that was "white"—that is, that had nothing to do with the West Indian immigrant presence and little obvious connection with black musical roots—Oi! provided a musical focus for new visions of skinhead identity [and] a point of entry for a new brand of right-wing rock music.[15]

Garry Bushell, the journalist who promoted the Oi! genre, argued that the white power music scene was "totally distinct from us. We had no overlap other than a mutual dislike".[13]

The mainstream media increased its claims that Oi! was linked to far-right racist politics after an Oi! concert at the Hambrough Tavern in Southall on 4 July 1981 ended with five hours of rioting, 120 people being injured and the tavern being burnt down.[16][9][17][18] Before the concert, some audience members had written NF slogans around the area and bullied Asian residents of the neighbourhood.[6][16] In response, local Asian youths threw Molotov cocktails and other objects at the tavern, mistakenly believing that the concert—featuring the Business, the 4-Skins and the Last Resort—was a neo-Nazi event. Although some of the concert-goers were National Front or British Movement supporters, none of the performers were white power music bands, and the audience of approximately 500 people included skinheads, black skinheads, punk rockers, rockabillies, and non-affiliated youths.[19]

In the aftermath of that riot, many Oi! bands condemned racism and fascism. These denials, however, were met with cynicism from some quarters because of the Strength Thru Oi! compilation album, released in May 1981. Not only was its title a play on a Nazi slogan "Strength Through Joy", but the cover featured Nicky Crane, a skinhead BM activist who was serving a four-year sentence for racist violence (Crane later disavowed his alignment with the far right after revealing he was gay).[20] Bushell, who compiled the album, stated its title was a pun on the Skids' album Strength Through Joy, and that he had been unaware of the Nazi connotations.[11] He also denied knowing the identity of the skinhead on the album's cover until it was exposed by the Daily Mail two months after the release.[11] Bushell, a socialist at the time, noted the irony of being branded a far-right activist by a newspaper that "had once supported Oswald Mosley's Blackshirts, Mussolini's invasion of Abyssinia, and appeasement with Hitler right up to the outbreak of World War Two."[11]

After the Oi! movement lost momentum in the United Kingdom, Oi! scenes formed in continental Europe, North America, and Asia. Soon, especially in the United States, the Oi! phenomenon mirrored the hardcore punk scene of the late 1970s, with American Oi!-originating bands such as the Radicals, U.S. Chaos, Iron Cross, Agnostic Front, and Anti Heros. Later American punk bands such as Rancid and Dropkick Murphys have credited Oi! as a source of inspiration.[13] In the mid-1990s, there was a revival of interest in Oi! music, leading to older Oi! bands receiving more recognition in the UK[citation needed] and bands such as The Business being discovered by young, multiracial skinheads in the US.[21] In the 2000s, many of the original UK Oi! bands reunited to perform and/or record.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Travis, Tiffini; Hardy, Perry (13 April 2012). Skinheads: A Guide to an American Subculture (Guides to Subcultures and Countercultures). Greenwood. pp. 28–29. The style known as NYHC started in the early 1980s and was characterized by "driving machine gun drum beats, fast heavy guitar riffs, and simple repetitive bass lines." Also included in most NYHC was what is now known as "the breakdown" - a quintessential break in the song that would send the listeners into a full-blown frenzy. The vocals were shouted, and many bands had sing-along choruses to encourage audience participation. Lyrics of songs reflected themes of unity, brotherhood, and social justice... It is important to keep in mind that Oi! music originated in England and that American skinheads listened to those bands. As Harley Flanagan recalls, "We were aware of what was going on over there and it was influencing bands... with sing-along anthems."
  2. ^ "HARDCORE PUNK". Retrieved 10 November 2024.
  3. ^ Dalton, Stephen (June 1993). "Revolution Rock". Vox.
  4. ^ Bushell, Garry (24 January 1981). "Oi! – The Debate". Sounds. pp. 30–31.
  5. ^ Bushell, Garry (1981). Dance Craze. Nu Image Films.
  6. ^ a b c d Robb, John (27 February 2006). Punk Rock: An Oral History. Ebury Publishing. ISBN 978-0091905118.
  7. ^ "COCKNEY REJECTS". punkmodpop.free.fr. Archived from the original on 28 August 2009.
  8. ^ Bushell, Garry (26 April 2010). Hoolies: True Stories of Britain's Biggest Street Battles. John Blake. p. 156. ISBN 978-1844549078.
  9. ^ a b Marshall, George (1 December 1991). Spirit of 69: A Skinhead Bible. S.T. Publishing. ISBN 978-0951849705.
  10. ^ "Terror chiefs Johnny 'Mad Dog' Adair and Sam McCrory hailed as trailblazing punks in new book". SundayWorld.com. 22 April 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  11. ^ a b c d "Oi! – The Truth by Garry Bushell". garry-bushell.co.uk. Archived from the original on 31 July 2008.
  12. ^ Worley, Matthew (2013). "Oi! Oi! Oi!: Class, Locality, and British Punk". Twentieth Century British History. 24 (4) (December 2013 ed.). Oxford University Press: 606–636. doi:10.1093/tcbh/hwt001.
  13. ^ a b c Petridis, Alexis (18 March 2010). "Misunderstood or hateful? Oi!'s rise and fall". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  14. ^ Barberis, Peter; McHugh, John; Tyldesley, Mike (26 July 2005). Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations: Parties, Groups and Movements of the Twentieth Century. Continuum International. p. 175. ISBN 978-0826458148.
  15. ^ Brown, Timothy S. (2004). "Subcultures, Pop Music and Politics: Skinheads and "Nazi Rock" in England and Germany". Journal of Social History. 38 (1) (Fall 2004 ed.). Oxford University Press: 157–178. doi:10.1353/jsh.2004.0079. S2CID 42029805.
  16. ^ a b "Race Riot Strikes London". The Kingman Daily Miner. Kingman, Arizona. 5 July 1981. p. A-8 – via Associated Press.
  17. ^ Marshall 1991, p. 106, 110
  18. ^ Renton, Dave (4 May 2006). When We Touched the Sky: The Anti-Nazi League, 1977–81. New Clarion Press. pp. 136–155. ISBN 978-1873797488.
  19. ^ Marshall 1991, p. 107–108
  20. ^ Kelly, Jon (6 December 2013). "Nicky Crane: The secret double life of a gay neo-Nazi". BBC News. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
  21. ^ Finnegan, William (23 November 1997). "THE UNWANTED". The New Yorker. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
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