Palamau Tiger Reserve
| Palamau Tiger Reserve | |
|---|---|
IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area) | |
  Location in Jharkhand  Palamau Tiger Reserve (India) | |
| Location | Palamu, Latehar, Garhwa district, Jharkhand, India |
| Nearest city | Medininagar, Latehar |
| Coordinates | 23°42′N 84°11′E / 23.70°N 84.19°E |
| Area | 1,129.93 km2 (436.27 sq mi) |
| Max. elevation | 1,140 m (3,740 ft) |
| Established |
|
| Governing body | Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Jharkhand Forest Department |
| palamautigerreserve.in | |
The Palamau Tiger Reserve is a tiger reserve in India and the only one in the state of Jharkhand. It covers a total area of 1,129.93 km2 (436.27 sq mi) in the Palamu, Latehar and Garhwa districts. It comprises the Betla National Park. It is one of the first nine tiger reserves in India declared in 1974.[1][2]
History
[edit]Palamu Tiger Reserve was one of the first nine Tiger Reserve of India in 1973-74. The count of wildlife in the region was done in the year of 1894-95 and 1896-97 by DME Sundar.[3] The first tiger census carried out in the reserve based on pugmark in 1932 under supervision of Palamu divisional forest officer JW Nicholson.[4] The area in the Palamu district was set aside as a protected area in 1947 under the Indian Forests Act. It was declared as a wildlife sanctuary in 1960. In 1973, the area was set up as the Palamu Tiger Reserve.[5] Before the formation of the reserve, the area was used for cattle grazing and camping; it was acutely prone to forest fire.[6]
In 2022, the reserve was reported to be largely under Naxal control.[7][8] The area of Budha Pahad in the reserve was freed from maoists in September 2022 after the special operation.[9]
Geography
[edit]
10miles
Falls
River
River
River
Wildlife
Sanctuary
Wolf
Sanctuary
National
Park
Tiger
Reserve
M: municipality, CT: census town, D: Dam, H: historical place, T: tourist centre, NP: National Park, TR: Tiger Reserve, WLS: Wildlife Sanctuary
Palamau Tiger Reserve is located in the Palamu, Latehar and Garhwa district in the state of Jharkhand. The Reserve has a total area of 1,129.93 km2 (436.27 sq mi) with a core area of 414.08 km2 (159.88 sq mi) and a buffer area of 715.85 km2 (276.39 sq mi).[4][10] It comprises the 979.27 km2 (378.10 sq mi) area of Palamau Wildlife Sanctuary and 226.32 km2 (87.38 sq mi) of Betla National Park. It is located in the western part of Chota Nagpur Plateau at the elevation of 300 meters to 1140 meters. North Koel, Burha and Auranga rivers flows through the reserve.[11] It is connected to Guru Ghasidas - Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve to the west and Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary to the east.[12][13]
Ramandag, Latoo and Kujurum are forest villages in the core area. Most of the villages are small; one village, Meral, consisted in 1993 of just 99 acres (400,000 m2) of land, 9 families and 78 people.[6] In 1993, there were 45 villages in the buffer area which had grown to 136 in 2012.[10] Only seven of the villages were in existence in 1923.[6] The villagers have no legal claim to lands that were settled after 1973 when the buffer area for the reserve was created.[10]
Flora
[edit]Palamu Tiger Reserve consists of deciduous forests of sal and bamboo tree. It consists of dry mixed forest, dry and moist sal forest, moist mixed forest and savannah sal forest.[5][11] It has 970 species of plants, 17 species of grass and 56 species of medicinal plants.[4]
Fauna
[edit]There are 47 species of mammals and 174 species of birds in the reserve.[4] The reserve is home to many wild animals including chital, sambar, gaur, elephant, nilgai, muntjac, mouse deer, four-horned antelope, wild boar, jackal, dhole, Indian wolf, leopard, tiger, sloth bear, striped hyena, rhesus macaque, langurs, small Indian civet, Indian pangolin, Indian porcupine, mongoose, jungle cat and smooth-coated otter.[4][5][2]
There are over 174 species of birds in the reserve including peafowl, red jungle fowl, Oriental pied hornbill, crested serpent-eagle, pied kingfisher, white-throated kingfisher, forest owlet, black partridge, white-necked stork, black ibis, grey-headed swamphen, quail, wagtail, dove, drongo, Asian openbill, red-wattled lapwing, Eurasian moorhen, gadwall, northern pintail, little cormorant, grey wagtail, pond heron and little ringed plover.[14][15]
In 1973, 50 tigers were thought to be living in the Palamau Tiger Reserve, which came down to 38 in 2005.[16] The 2009 tiger census based on DNA analysis indicated that there were just six tigers in the reserve. The forest department claimed that, since the core area was almost inaccessible due to difficult terrain and the Naxalite presence, the census may not have found all the tigers.[8] The decreased game and hunting opportunities suggest that there are only six tigers in 2012.[16] In 2018, the All India Tiger count recorded no tigers and as per the 2022 census, there was one tiger in the reserve.[17] In January 2025, there were six tigers in the reserve.[18]
As per 2022 census, there were 51 leopards in the reserve.[19] As of 1989, 65 Asian elephants were thought to reside in the reserve.[20] In 2017 census, 182 elephants were in the reserve.[21] In 2023, an estimated 200 elephants were in the reserve.[22] During the 19th century, the Asiatic lion were in the Palamu, which are now not found in the area.[23]
Issues
[edit]- Increased pressure from human activities, including illegal settlement and poaching, has reduced the number of tigers and the ability of the reserve to support more tigers.[24] There are 191 villages in and 207 on the peripheries of the reserve. Around four lakh cattle stray into the reserve in search of fodder which diminishes food for the wild animals of the reserve.[25]
- Funding has been a continuing problem.[10] Since there is not an adequate management plan for the reserve, it continues to be so.[16]
- Staff shortage is a big problem as many posts, including forest guard, are vacant due to recruitment pending since the 1990s. Monitoring, protection and conservation work is not applied in all regions of this reserve.[26]
- Naxalites existence along with difficult terrain makes proper surveillance and implementation of conservation measures tough.[7]
- The 50 km highway and 20 km railway line passes through the reserve, which creates a threat to wild animals.[27] Several animals, including elephants, deer, bison have been killed in the past due to collusion with trains.[28]
References
[edit]- ^ "Jharkhand's only home for tigers stares at bleak future on International Tiger Day". Hindustan Times. 29 July 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2025.
- ^ a b "Spotted: Three most rare species in Palamu tiger reserve". Hindustan Times. 29 July 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2025.
- ^ "Wildlife numbers fall in Jharkhand even as forest cover increases". Hindustan Times. 17 December 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2025.
- ^ a b c d e "Tiger spotted in 'tiger less' Jharkhand's Palamau reserve after 3 years". Deccan Herald. 18 March 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2025.
- ^ a b c Negi, S. S. (2002). Handbook of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves in India. Indus Publishing Company. p. 61. ISBN 9788173871283.
- ^ a b c Prasad, R. R. & Jahagirdar, M. P. (1993). Tribal Situation in Forest Villages: Changing subsistence strategies and adaptation. New Delhi, India: Discovery Publishing House. p. 47. ISBN 978-81-7141-234-1.
- ^ a b "Maoist movement in core area of Kanha tiger reserve; security posts to be set up". Hindustan Times. 2022.
- ^ a b "Just six tigers left in Palamu Tiger Reserve". The Hindu. 2010. Archived from the original on 7 November 2010. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
- ^ Kant, V. (2023). "Jharkhand's Budha Pahad soon to become soft release centre of Palamau Tiger Reserve". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 15 January 2025.
- ^ a b c d "Tiger Foundation for Palamu reserve in the offing". The Times of India. 2012. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013.
- ^ a b Kanga, Shruti; Pandey, Arvind; Shaheen, Ayesha; Singh, Suraj (2017). "Elephant Habitat Suitability using Geoinformatics for Palamau Tiger Reserve, Jharkhand (India)". p. 493.
- ^ Choubey, J. (2024). "India's 56th tiger reserve notified in Chhatisgarh". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 9 January 2025.
- ^ "Cams Click Fresh Tiger Pics In Purulia; Big Cat Moves Towards Jharkhand". Times of India. 19 January 2025. Retrieved 19 January 2025.
- ^ Bansal, S. P. (2005). Encyclopaedia of India. New Delhi, India: Smriti Books. p. 122. ISBN 978-81-87967-71-2.
- ^ "Over 180 Bird Species Flock To Jharkhand's Palamu Tiger Reserve". ETV Bharat. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 13 January 2025.
- ^ a b c Mishra, A. K. N. (2012). "PTR may lose central funds". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014.
- ^ "PTR Has One Tiger: 2022 Census Report". Times of India. 30 July 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
- ^ "Tiger's return creates panic in Jharkhand's Garhwa, kills another animal". New Indian Express. 24 January 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
- ^ "Jharkhand News: Palamu Tiger Reserve is home to 51 leopards". The Jharkhand Story. 3 March 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2025.
- ^ Sukumar, R. (1989). The Asian Elephant: ecology and management. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-521-36080-7.
- ^ "Elephant number goes up in PTR". Daily Pioneer. 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2025.
- ^ "DNA Profiling Of Elephants As Part Census Begins In Jharkhand". Outlook India. 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2025.
- ^ "Once upon a time in India, lions were present from West to East, even south of Narmada: Study". Down To Earth. 2 September 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2025.
- ^ "Sniffer dogs to check sale of deer meat in Palamu Tiger Reserve". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013.
- ^ "Cattle pose threats to big cats in Palamu reserve". New Indian Express. 24 June 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2025.
- ^ "Naxal insurgency destroys India's oldest tiger reserve in Jharkhand". Tribune India. 15 September 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2025.
- ^ "Why the big cats at Palamau tiger reserve are on the brink of extinction". Hindustan Times. 31 August 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2025.
- ^ "Saving wildlife: Railways to relocate 11 km stretch running via Palamu tiger reserve". New Indian Express. 19 May 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2025.
