Trojan Nuclear Power Plant
This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2012) |
Trojan Nuclear Power Plant | |
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![]() May 2006, shortly before demolition | |
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Country | United States |
Location | Columbia County, Oregon, U.S. (near Rainier, Oregon) |
Coordinates | 46°2′18″N 122°53′6″W / 46.03833°N 122.88500°W |
Status | Demolished |
Construction began | 1 February 1970 |
Commission date | 20 May 1976 |
Decommission date | 9 November 1992 |
Construction cost | $460 million[citation needed] ($1.92 billion in 2023[1]) |
Operator(s) | Portland General Electric |
Nuclear power station | |
Reactor type | PWR |
Reactor supplier | Westinghouse |
Cooling towers | 1 × Natural Draft |
Thermal capacity | 1 × 3411 MWth |
Power generation | |
Units decommissioned | 1 × 1095 MW |
Capacity factor | 53.6% (lifetime) |
Annual net output | 4,962 GW·h (lifetime average) |
External links | |
Commons | Related media on Commons |
Trojan Nuclear Power Plant was a pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant (Westinghouse design) in the northwest United States, located southeast of Rainier, Oregon,[2] and so far, the only commercial nuclear power plant to be built in Oregon. There was much public opposition to the plant from the design stage. The three main opposition groups were the Trojan Decommissioning Alliance, Forelaws on the Board, and Mothers for Peace. There were largely non-violent protests from 1977, and subsequent arrests of participants.
The plant was connected to the grid in December 1975.
After 16 years of irregular service, the plant was closed permanently in 1992 by its operator, Portland General Electric (PGE),[3] after cracks were discovered in the steam-generator tubing. Decommissioning and demolition of the plant began the following year and was largely completed in 2006.[4]
While operating, Trojan represented more than 12% of the electrical generation capacity of Oregon. The site lies about twelve miles (20 km) north of St. Helens, on the west (south) bank of the Columbia River.
History
[edit]The Trojan Powder Company had formerly manufactured gunpowder and dynamite on a 634-acre (2.57 km2) site on the banks of the Columbia River, four miles (6.5 km) from the town of Rainier, Oregon. In 1967, Portland General Electric chose the site for a new nuclear power plant.[5] Construction began on February 1, 1970;[6][7][8] first criticality was achieved on December 15, 1975, and grid connection eight days later on December 23. Commercial operation began on May 20, 1976,[9] under a 35-year license to expire in 2011. At the time, the single 1,130 megawatt unit at Trojan was the world's largest pressurized water reactor; it cost $460 million to build the plant.[10]
Environmental opposition dogged Trojan from its inception,[8] and the opposition included non-violent protests organized by the Trojan Decommissioning Alliance. Direct action protests were held at the plant in 1977 and 1978, resulting in hundreds of arrests.[11]
![](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Trojan1.jpg/220px-Trojan1.jpg)
In 1978, the plant went offline on March 17 for routine refueling and was idle for nine months while modifications were made to improve its resistance to earthquakes.[12] This followed the discovery of both major building construction errors and the close proximity of a previously unknown fault.[13] The operators sued the builders, and an undisclosed out-of-court settlement was eventually reached.[citation needed]
The Trojan steam generators were designed to last the life of the plant, but it was only four years before premature cracking of the steam tubes was observed.[citation needed] In October 1979, the plant was shut down through the end of the year for repairs.[14][15][16] The plant had an extended shutdown in 1984, with difficulty restarting.[17]
In the 1980 election, a ballot measure to ban construction of further nuclear power plants in the state without federally approved waste facilities was approved by the voters 608,412 (53.2%) to 535,049 (46.8%).[18] In 1986, a ballot measure initiated by Lloyd Marbet for immediate closure of the Trojan plant failed 35.7% yes to 64.3% no.[19] This proposal was resubmitted in 1990, and again in 1992 when a similar proposal (by Jerry and Marilyn Wilson) to close the plant was also included. Each measure was soundly defeated by vote margins over 210,000 votes.[20][21][22] Although all closure proposals were defeated, the plant operators committed to successively earlier closure dates for the plant.
![](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Trojan_implosion.gif/220px-Trojan_implosion.gif)
In 1992, PGE spent $4.5 million to successfully defeat ballot measures seeking to close Trojan immediately, rather than within four years, as PGE had planned.[23][24] At the time, it was the most expensive ballot measure campaign in Oregon history.[25] A week after the election, the Trojan plant suffered another steam generator tube leak of radioactive water, and was shut down.[26] It was announced that replacement of the steam generators would be necessary. In December 1992, documents were leaked from the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission showing that staff scientists believed that Trojan might be unsafe to operate.[26] In early January 1993, PGE chief executive Ken Harrison announced the company would not try to restart Trojan.[27][28][29]
After 1993 decision not to restart
[edit]The spent fuel was transferred from cooling pools to 34 concrete and steel storage casks in 2003.[30]
![](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Former_site_of_Trojan_Nuclear_Plant_in_2022.jpg/220px-Former_site_of_Trojan_Nuclear_Plant_in_2022.jpg)
In 2005, the reactor vessel and other radioactive equipment were removed from the Trojan plant, encased in concrete foam, shrink-wrapped, and transported intact by barge along the Columbia River to Hanford Nuclear Reservation in Washington, where it was buried in a pit and covered with 45 feet (14 m) of gravel, which made it the first commercial reactor to be moved and buried whole.[31] It was awaiting transport to the Yucca Mountain Repository until that project was canceled in 2009.[32]
The iconic 499-foot-tall (152 m) cooling tower, visible from Interstate 5 in Washington and U.S. Route 30 in Oregon, was demolished in 2006 via dynamite implosion at 7:00 a.m. PDT on Sunday, May 21.[33][34] This event marked the first implosion of a cooling tower at a nuclear plant in the United States.[citation needed] Additional demolition work on the remaining structures continued through 2008. The central office building and the reactor building were demolished by Northwest Demolition and Dismantling[35] in 2008. Remaining are five buildings: two warehouses, a small building on the river side, a guard shack, and offices outside the secured facility. It is expected that demolition of the plant will cost approximately $230 million, which includes the termination of the plant possession-only license, conventional demolition of the building and continuing cost for storage of used nuclear fuel.[citation needed]
A number of the civil defence sirens that were originally installed within a 10-mile (16 km) radius of Trojan, to warn of an incident at the plant that could endanger the general public, continue to stand in the Washington cities of Longview, Kelso, and Kalama.[36] Some of the other sirens, which have been removed, have been repurposed as tsunami warning sirens along the Oregon coast.[37] While there are no plans to remove the remaining sirens, the city of Longview has removed a few of the sirens on an as-needed basis to make way for other projects.[38]
Heliport
[edit]Trojan Heliport (FAA LID: 3OR7) was a 60 x 60 ft. (18 x 18 m) private turf heliport located at the power plant. It is no longer listed in the FAA website.
In Popular Culture
[edit]- The China Syndrome: According to behind the scenes interviews, producer Michael Douglas and production designer George C. Jenkins toured the Trojan Nuclear Power Plant and were allowed to take extensive photographs of the control room. The iconic control room set built at Sunset Gower Studios was largely based on these photographs.[citation needed]
References
[edit]- ^ Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
- ^ "Nuclear power plant". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. (photo). November 19, 1969. p. 6.
- ^ Koberstein, Paul (2005-03-09). "Trojan: PGE's Nuclear Gamble". Willamette Week. p. A1. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
- ^ "Trojan Nuclear Plant Decommissioning Update" (PDF). Issues in Perspective. Portland General Electric. March 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 14, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
- ^ West, Robert D. (16 May 2014), Trojan in Twilight: History, retrieved 2019-08-02
- ^ "N-plant site work begins without OK". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. April 3, 1970. p. 4A.
- ^ "Construction to begin Monday on nuclear plant on Columbia". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). wire services. February 11, 1971. p. 1A.
- ^ a b Wyant, Dan (March 26, 1972). "Trojan N-plant site beehive of activity". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). p. 1B.
- ^ "Trojan test successful, PGE says". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). UPI. May 20, 1976. p. 9A.
- ^ Nipper, Gregory. "Progress and Economy: The Clash of Values over Oregon's Trojan Nuclear Plant [1] Archived 2013-11-02 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Daniel Pope. Anti-Nuclear Movement The Oregon Encyclopedia.
- ^ "Trojan plant OK, U.S. agency says". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). wire services. December 4, 1978. p. 1A.
- ^ Beaulieu and Peterson, [2] "St Helens area relative to the Trojan nuclear site" Dec 1981
- ^ "Five more protesters arrested in effort to shut down Trojan". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. October 17, 1979. p. 9B.
- ^ "Trojan nuclear plant operates at full capacity". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). UPI. January 2, 1980. p. 7A.
- ^ "Trojan nuke plant put on line again". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. January 2, 1980. p. 2B.
- ^ "Human error causing Trojan plant problems". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. November 4, 1984. p. 11B.
- ^ Oregon Blue Book. Initiative, Referendum and Recall: 1980-1987. November 4, 1980 - "Nuclear Plant Licensing Requires Voter Approval, Waste Disposal Facility Existence".
- ^ Oregon Blue Book. Initiative, Referendum and Recall: 1980-1987. November 4, 1986 - "Prohibits Nuclear Power Plant Operation Until Permanent Waste Site Licensed".
- ^ Oregon Blue Book. Initiative, Referendum and Recall: 1988-1995. November 6, 1990 - "Prohibits Trojan Operation Until Nuclear Waste, Cost, Earthquake Standards Met". Defeated 40.3% yes, 59.6% no.
- ^ Oregon Blue Book. Initiative, Referendum and Recall: 1988-1995. November 3, 1992 - "Closes Trojan Until Nuclear Waste, Cost, Earthquake, Health Conditions Met". Defeated 59.9% to 40.1%.
- ^ Oregon Blue Book. Initiative, Referendum and Recall: 1988-1995. November 3, 1992 - "Bans Trojan Power Operation Unless Earthquake, Waste Storage Conditions Met". Failed 42.7% yes to 57.3% no.
- ^ "Anti-Nuclear Movement". The Oregon Encyclopedia.
- ^ Esteve, Harry (November 4, 1992). "Oregon voters just said 'no' to measures". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). p. 5B.
- ^ Malkin, Whitnes (November 8, 2007). "Tax defeat costs big tobacco big bucks". The Register-Guard.
- ^ a b "Split over N-plant safety revealed". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. December 20, 1992. p. 1A.
- ^ Esteve, Harry (January 5, 1993). "PGE shuts down Trojan for good". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). p. 1A.
- ^ Baum, Bob (January 5, 1993). "Oregon nuclear plant won't reopen". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. p. 7A.
- ^ Esteve, Harry (January 6, 1993). "Trojan will have a slow, expensive death". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). p. 1A.
- ^ Havrelly, Wayne (March 18, 2011). "Trojan's nuclear waste still on-site in steel, concrete casks". KGW News.
- ^ "Trojan Nuclear Power Plant". Center for Land Use Interpretation. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
- ^ "GAO: Death of Yucca Mountain Caused by Political Maneuvering". New York Times. Aug 1, 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
- ^ Harden, Blaine (May 22, 2006). "Nuclear tower takes volatile history with it". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). (Washington Post). p. A1.
- ^ Skidmore, Sarah (May 22, 2006). "Tower demolished at idle Oregon power plant". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. p. A6.
- ^ "Northwest Demolition and Dismantling". Retrieved 1 Aug 2011.
- ^ "Trojan Nuclear Plant old sirens - Google My Maps". Google My Maps.
- ^ "Some sirens didn't sound but officials say response good | KATU.com - Portland News, Sports, Traffic Weather and Breaking News - Portland, Oregon - Portland, Oregon | Local & Regional". Archived from the original on 2011-03-13.
- ^ News, The Daily. "News Photo: Siren down". tdn.com.
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External links
[edit]![](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Portland General Electric information about the plant (archived version of page from August 2008 available from archive.org)
- Trojan Park recreation guide [3]
- Energy infrastructure completed in 1976
- Buildings and structures in Columbia County, Oregon
- Nuclear power plants in Oregon
- Former nuclear power stations in the United States
- Nuclear power stations using pressurized water reactors
- Portland General Electric
- Demolished buildings and structures in Oregon
- 1976 establishments in Oregon
- Buildings and structures demolished in 2006
- Buildings and structures demolished by controlled implosion
- Heliports in the United States
- 1992 disestablishments in Oregon
- Former power stations in Oregon