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Nangarhar Province

Coordinates: 34°15′N 70°30′E / 34.25°N 70.50°E / 34.25; 70.50
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Nangarhar Province
ننگرهار
Province
Street in Jalalabad city
Street in Jalalabad city
Map of Afghanistan with Nangarhar highlighted
Map of Afghanistan with Nangarhar highlighted
Coordinates (Capital): 34°15′N 70°30′E / 34.25°N 70.50°E / 34.25; 70.50
Country Afghanistan
CapitalJalalabad
Government
 • GovernorHajji Gul Mohammad[1]
 • Deputy GovernorMaulvi Niaz Mohammad Wahaj[2]
 • Police ChiefNeda Mohammad
Area
 • Total
7,727 km2 (2,983 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[3]
 • Total
1,735,531
 • Density220/km2 (580/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+4:30 (Afghanistan Time)
Postal code
26XX
ISO 3166 codeAF-NAN
Main languagesPashto, Dari

Nangarhār (Pashto: ننګرهار; Dari: ننگرهار), also called Nangrahar or Ningrahar, is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the eastern part of the country and bordering Logar, Kabul, Laghman and Kunar provinces as well as having an international border with Pakistan. It is divided into 22 districts and has a population of about 1,735,531,[3] the third highest of the country's 34 provinces. The city of Jalalabad is the capital of Nangarhar province. Nangarhar province is famous for its fish and karahi dishes.[4]

Etymology

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Henry George Raverty theorized that the word Nangarhar is derived from the Pashto term nang-nahlr ("nine streams"), which appears in some Persian chronicles. The term supposedly refers to nine streams originating from Safed Koh. However, according to S. H. Hodivala, the name of the province derives from the Sanskrit term Nagarahara, which appears in a 9th-century inscription discovered at Ghosrawa in present-day Bihar, India.[5] Nà-jiā-luó-ā, the Chinese transcription of Nagarahara, appears in the annals of the Song dynasty of China. Henry Walter Bellew derived the name from the Sanskrit nava-vihara, meaning "nine viharas".[6]

History

[edit]
Further information: History of Afghanistan
Part of a series on the
History of Afghanistan

The palace of the emir in 1839
Timeline
Ancient
Indus Valley civilisation 2200–1800 BC
Oxus civilization 2100–1800 BC
Gandhara kingdom 1500–535 BC
Median Empire 728–550 BC
Achaemenid Empire 550–330 BC
Macedonian Empire 330–312 BC
Seleucid Empire 312–150 BC
Maurya Empire 305–180 BC
Greco-Bactrian kingdom 256–125 BC
Parthian Empire 247 BC–224 AD
Indo-Greek kingdom 180–90 BC
Indo-Scythian kingdom 155–80? BC
Kushan Empire 135 BC – 248 AD
Indo-Parthian kingdom 20 BC – 50? AD
Sasanian Empire 230–651
Kidarite kingdom 320–465
Rob
Alchon Huns 380–560
Hephthalite Empire 410–557
Nezak Huns 484–711
Medieval
Kabul Shahi 565–879
Principality of Chaghaniyan 7th–8th centuries
Rashidun Caliphate 652–661
Tang China 660–669
Tibetan Empire 660–842
Umayyads 661–750
Zunbils 680–870
Lawik750-977
Abbasids 750–821
Tahirids 821–873
Saffarids 863–900
Samanids 875–999
Ghaznavids 963–1187
Ghurids before 879–1215
Seljuks 1037–1194
Khwarezmids 1215–1231
Mongol Invasion 1219–1226
Chagatai Khanate 1226–1245
Qarlughids 1224–1266
Ilkhanate 1256–1335
Kartids 1245–1381
Timurids 1370–1507
Arghuns 1520–1591
Modern
Mughals 1501–1738
Safavids 1510–1709
Kunduz Khanate ?–1859
Hotak dynasty 1709–1738
Sadozai Sultanate 1716–1732
Afsharid Iran 1738–1747
Durrani Empire 1747–1823
Maimana Khanate 1747–1892
Herat 1793–1863
Principality of Qandahar1818–1855
Emirate 1823–1926
Saqqawist Emirate 1929
Kingdom 1926–1973
Daoud coup 1973
Republic 1973–1978
Saur Revolution 1978
Democratic Republic 1978–1992
Tanai coup attempt 1990
Islamic State 1992–1996
Islamic Emirate 1996–2001
US invasion 2001
Islamic State (reinstated) 2001
Interim/Transitional Administration 2001–2004
Islamic Republic (politics) 2004–2021
Islamic Emirate (reinstated) since 2021
Related historical regions
Related topics

Early history

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The province was originally part of the Achaemenid Empire, in the Gandhara satrapy (province). The people in the area were originally Hindus and Buddhists. The Nangarhar province territory and the Eastern Iranian peoples there fell to the Maurya Empire, which was led by Chandragupta Maurya. Seleucus is said to have reached a peace treaty with Chandragupta by giving control of the territory south of the Hindu Kush to the Mauryas upon intermarriage and 500 elephants.

Song Yun, a Chinese monk who visited Nangarhar in 520 AD, claimed that the people in the area were Buddhists. Yun came across a vihara (monastery) in Nangarhar (Na-lka-lo-hu) containing the skull of Buddha, and another of Kekalam (probably Mihtarlam in Laghman province) where 13 pieces of the cloak of Buddha and his 18 feet long mast were preserved. In the city of Naki, a tooth and hair of Buddha were preserved and in the Kupala cave The Buddha's shadow reflected close to which he saw a stone tablet which was at that time considered to be related to Buddha (probably the stone tablet of Ashoka in Darūntah).[7]

The region fell to the Ghaznavids after defeating Jayapala in the late 10th century.[8][9][10] It later fell to the Ghorids followed by the Khaljis, Lodhis and the Moghuals, until finally becoming part of Ahmad Shah Durrani's Afghan Empire in 1747.

During the First Anglo-Afghan War, the invading British-led Indian forces were defeated on their way to Rawalpindi in 1842. British-led Indian forces returned in 1878 but retreated a couple of years later. Some fighting took place during the 1919 Third Anglo-Afghan War between the Afghan army that were led by King Amanullah Khan and British-Indians near the Durand Line border areas.

The province remained relatively calm until the 1980s Soviet–Afghan War. Nangarhar was used by pro-Pakistani mujahideen (rebel forces) fighting against the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. The Pakistani-trained mujahideen received funding from the United States and Saudi Arabia. Many Arab fighters from the Arab World had been fighting against the government forces of Mohammad Najibullah, who ultimately defeated them near Jalalabad. In April 1992, Najibullah resigned as President and the various mujahideen took control over the country. When the 1992 Peshawar Accord failed, the mujahideen turned guns on each other and started a nationwide civil war. This was followed by the Taliban take-over in 1996 and the establishment of al-Qaeda training camps in Nangarhar province.[citation needed]

Recent history

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See also: 2007 Shinwar shooting and Haska Meyna wedding party airstrike
Branches of the Kunar River meet with the Kabul River in Nangarhar.

Osama bin Laden held a strong position in Nangarhar during the late 1990s. He led a fight against US-led forces in the 2001 Tora Bora campaign. He ultimately escaped to Abbottabad, Pakistan, where he was killed in a night raid by members of SEAL Team Six in 2011.

After the removal of the Taliban government and the formation of the Karzai administration in late 2001, U.S.-led Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) gradually established authority across the province. Despite this, Taliban insurgents continue to stage attacks against Afghan government forces. The Haqqani Network and militants loyal to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province (ISIL-KP) are often blamed for the attacks, which sometimes include major suicide bombings. Several incursions by Pakistani military forces have also been reported in the districts next to the Durand Line border. The focus of the conflict is on the Kabul and Kunar rivers, which run through Nangarhar.

On 13 April 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump ordered a targeted strike on ISIL-KP by use of the second largest non-nuclear bomb in the U.S. arsenal at the time. The bomb was a 21,000 lb. weapon called the Massive Ordnance Air Blast Bomb; nicknamed the "Mother Of All Bombs" (MOAB). The intended target was ISIL militants hiding inside tunnels, most of whom came "from Bangladesh, Russia, India and other countries."[11] It was the first time the MOAB had been used in combat.

Healthcare

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Further information: Health in Afghanistan

The percentage of households with clean drinking water fell from 43% in 2005 to 8% in 2011.[12] The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 22% in 2005 to 60% in 2011.[12]

Education

[edit]
Further information: Education in Afghanistan

Nangarhar University is located in the provincial capital, Jalalabad. It is government-funded and provides higher education to nearly 6,000 students from the region.

A number of schools operate in the province, providing basic education to both boys and girls. The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) increased from 29% in 2005 to 31% in 2011.[12] The overall net enrollment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 39% in 2005 to 51% in 2011.[12]

Economy

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Further information: Economy of Afghanistan
Inside the Afghan customs and border patrol station at the Torkham border crossing in 2013

The Jalalabad plain is one of the principal agricultural areas of Afghanistan. The strong agricultural base, coupled with the crucial trade route connecting Kabul with Peshawar, makes Nangarhar one of the more economically diverse and functional provinces of Afghanistan. Torkham is one of the major border crossings between Afghanistan and Pakistan. It is the busiest port of entry between the two countries, serving as a major economical hub for the province.

Nangarhar is famous in Afghanistan for producing lemons, oranges, olives, peanuts and dates.[13][14][15][16] Many other fruits and vegetables are also grown. It was once a major center of opium poppy production in the country.

Transportation

[edit]
Further information: Transport in Afghanistan

The Jalalabad Airport is located next to the city of Jalalabad. It serves the populations of Nangarhar, Kunar, Nuristan, and other nearby provinces.

The Kabul–Jalalabad Road runs throughout the province, linking Kabul with Jalalabad and extending east through Khyber Pass to Peshawar. It is one of the busiest major roads in Afghanistan.

Geography

[edit]
Further information: Geography of Afghanistan
Nangarhar overview

Demographics

[edit]
Further information: Demographics of Afghanistan
Ethnolinguistic groups in Afghanistan
Districts of Nangarhar province

As of 2021, the population of the province is around 1,735,531.[3] Over 90% of the population is Pashtun and the remaining is made up of Pashais, Tajiks, Arabs, and other ethnic groups.[17] The 18th edition Ethnologue states on p. 48 that Nangarhar is the center of the (smaller) Northern Pashto language in Afghanistan. Only one in five Afghan Pashtuns use the Northern variety.

Districts

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Nangarhar is divided into 22 districts. They are as follows:

Districts of Nangarhar Province
District Capital Population[3] Area[18] Pop.
density 		Notes
Jalalabad Jalalabad 271,867 122 2,228 85% Pashtun, 9% Tajik, 6% Pashai and other.[19]
Haska Meyna/Deh Bala Haska Meyna 45,570 337 135 100% Pashtun.[20]
Shinwar Shinwar 67,758 133 508 100% Pashtun.[21]
Achin Achin 113,328 466 243 100% Pashtun.[22] Includes the Spin Ghar District.
Bihsud Bishud 128,474 265 485 95% Pashtun (55% Pashtun tribes, 40% Pashtunized Arab), 5% Tajik.[23] Used to belong to Jalalabad District.
Chaparhar Chaparhar 68,156 277 246 100% Pashtun.[24]
Darai Nur Darai Nur 45,571 253 180 99% Pashai, 1% Pashtun.[25]
Bati Kot Bati Kot 85,562 195 438 100% Pashtun.[26]
Dur Baba Dur Baba 26,306 302 87 100% Pashtun.[27]
Goshta Goshta 30,823 523 59 100% Pashtun.[28]
Hisarak Hisarak 34,809 620 56 100% Pashtun.[29]
Kama Kama 86,890 229 380 97% Pashtun, 1% Tajik, 2% other.[30]
Khogyani Kaga 147,745 789 187 100% Pashtun.[31]
Kot Kot 58,857 188 313 99% Pashtun, 1% Tajik.[32] Created in 2005 within Rodat District
Kuz Kunar Kuz Kunar 62,178 298 209 75% Pashtun, 25% Pashai and others.[33]
Lal Pur Lal Pur 23,117 475 49 100% Pashtun.[34]
Momand Dara Momand Dara 50,752 240 211 100% Pashtun.[35]
Nazyan Nayzan 16,607 188 88 100% Pashtun.[36]
Pachir Aw Agam 48,095 516 93 100% Pashtun.[37]
Rodat 78,121 272 287 100% Pashtun.[38] Sub-divided in 2005
Sherzad 74,932 480 156 100% Pashtun.[39]
Surkh Rod 136,180 312 437 88% Pashtun, 5% Tajik, 7% Pashai, Hindu and others.[40]
Nangarhar 1,701,698 7,641 223 92.5% Pashtuns (89.5% Pashtun tribes, 3.0% Pashtunized Arabs), 4.8% Pashayi, 2.3% Hazaras, 0.3% Hindus, 0.1 Tajiks.[note 1]
  1. ^ Note: "Predominantely" or "dominated" is interpreted as 99%, "majority" as 70%, "mixed" as 1/(number of ethnicities), "minority" as 30% and "few" or "some" as 1%.

Sports

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Further information: Sport in Afghanistan
The Sherzai Cricket Stadium under construction in June 2011

The province is represented in domestic cricket competitions by the Nangarhar province cricket team. Jalalabad is considered the capital of Afghan cricket with many of the national players coming from the surrounding areas. National team members Hamid Hasan and Rashid Khan were born in the province.

De Spinghar Bazan is a regional team in the Roshan Afghan Premier League based in Jalalabad. Jalalabad Regional Football Tournament were four local team plays like Malang Jan, Shaheed Qasim, Afghan Refugees and Laghman for to find raw talent in Afghan Premier League.[41] Wrestling in Jalalabad was modernized by Davud Sulaymankhil, a Pashtun orator and athlete. Now, several wrestling teams (most notably the Suleim Wrestling Team founded by Davud Sulaymanhil) represent the province in national events.

Stadiums

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Notable people

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See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Taliban appoint new leaders of two provinces in Eastern Afghanistan after deadly attacks". The Nation. 21 September 2021. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  2. ^ "ننګرهارکې پر خواوشاه دوه زره کورنیو نغدې او ژمنۍ مرستې وویشل شوې نور حال په راپور کښې". 20 December 2021. Archived from the original on 5 January 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d "Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2021-22" (PDF). National Statistic and Information Authority (NSIA). April 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  4. ^ "Picnic Along Kabul-Nangarhar Attractions". ARCH International.[permanent dead link‍]
  5. ^ Hodivala, Shahpurshah Hormasji (1939). Studies in Indo-Muslim History. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  6. ^ Shahpurshah Hormasji Hodivala (1979) [2862294]. Studies in Indo-Muslim History. Vol. 1. Islamic Book Service. p. 195. OCLC 2862294. Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  7. ^ Chinese Travelers in Afghanistan Archived 2018-12-24 at the Wayback Machine. Alamahabibi.com. Retrieved on 12 July 2013.
  8. ^ "AMEER NASIR-OOD-DEEN SUBOOKTUGEEN". Ferishta, History of the Rise of Mohammedan Power in India, Volume 1: Section 15. Packard Humanities Institute. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
  9. ^ Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936. Vol. 2. BRILL. p. 151. ISBN 90-04-08265-4. Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
  10. ^ "Afghan and Afghanistan". Abdul Hai Habibi. alamahabibi.com. 1969. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  11. ^ "Bangladeshis, Indians among militants killed by MOAB". Pajhwok Afghan News. 20 April 2017. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
  12. ^ a b c d Archive, Civil Military Fusion Centre, https://www.cimicweb.org/AfghanistanProvincialMap/Pages/Nangarhar.aspx Archived 2014-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ "Nangarhar to plant sweet orange on 3,000 acres land". Pajhwok Afghan News. 15 November 2021. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  14. ^ "Nangarhar to produce 15 tonnes of dates this year". Pajhwok Afghan News. 9 September 2021. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  15. ^ Nangarhar Canal Project Enjoys Bumper Orange Season (in Dari). TOLOnews. 23 December 2017. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  16. ^ Olive Production Nangarhar (in Dari). Voice of America. 8 October 2018. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  17. ^ "Nangarhar Province". Understanding War. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  18. ^ Andrew Ross. "Afghanistan Geographic & Thematic Layers". Fao.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2001. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  19. ^ "UNHCR Sub-Office JALALABAD DISTRICT PROFILE – Jalalabad City" (PDF). aims.org.af. 4 August 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2005. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  20. ^ "UNHCR Sub-Office JALALABAD DISTRICT PROFILE – Dih Bala" (PDF). aims.org.af. 21 May 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2005. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  21. ^ Shinwar aims.org.af
  22. ^ Achin aims.org.af
  23. ^ Behsud aims.org.af
  24. ^ Chaparhar aims.org.af
  25. ^ Dara i Nur aims.org.af
  26. ^ Bati Kot aims.org.af
  27. ^ Dur Baba aims.org.af
  28. ^ Goshta aims.org.af
  29. ^ Hisarak aims.org.af
  30. ^ Kama aims.org.af
  31. ^ Khogyani aims.org.af
  32. ^ Kot aims.org.af
  33. ^ Kuz Kunar aims.org.af
  34. ^ Lal Pur aims.org.af
  35. ^ Momand Dara aims.org
  36. ^ Nazyan aims.org
  37. ^ Pachir Aw Agam aims.org.af
  38. ^ Rodat aims.org.af
  39. ^ Sherzad aims.org.af
  40. ^ Surkh Rod aims.org.af
  41. ^ "Green Field Jalalabad Regional Tournament". APL. 4 June 2013. Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  42. ^ "International cricket stadium inaugurated in Nangarhar (Video)" (in Pashto). Pajhwok Afghan News. 25 July 2011. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
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