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Mesua ferrea

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Ceylon ironwood
Ceylon ironwood in Selangor, Malaysia.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Calophyllaceae
Genus: Mesua
Species:
M. ferrea
Binomial name
Mesua ferrea
Synonyms[1]

Mesua coromandelina Wight
Mesua nagassarium (Burm.f.) Kosterm.
Mesua pedunculata Wight
Mesua roxburghii Wight
Mesua sclerophylla Thw.
Mesua speciosa Choisy
Mesua stylosa

Mesua ferrea, the Ceylon ironwood, or cobra saffron,[2] is a species in the family Calophyllaceae native to the Indomalayan realm. This slow-growing tree is named after the heaviness and hardness of its timber. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental for its graceful shape, grayish-green foliage with a beautiful pink to red flush of drooping young leaves, and large, fragrant white flowers. It is the national tree of Sri Lanka, as well as the state tree of Mizoram and state flower of Tripura in India.[3]

Taxonomy

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The species was first published in Carl Linnaeus's book Species Plantarum on page 515 in 1753.[4]

Mesua ferrea is a complex species and had been split into several species and varieties.[5] A.J.G.H. Kostermans and Gunatilleke et al. call the tree described in this article Mesua nagassarium.[6][7] Kostermans lists several subspecies of Mesua nagassarium.[6]

These authors list Mesua ferrea as a separate species, that is endemic to Sri Lanka and is a small, 15 meters high tree that grows near streams and in marshes in the southwest of Sri Lanka, where it is called "Diya Na" in Sinhala, meaning "Water Na Tree". This "Diya Na" is not cultivated.[6][7] Gunatilleke et al. (p. 139), however, remark in a footnote: "In the most recent revision diya na is named as Mesua thwaitesii and na as Mesua ferrea".[7]

Kostermans and Gunatilleke et al. classify Mesua ferrea in the family Clusiaceae, while in the AgroForestryTree Database it is allocated to the Guttiferae.[6][7] In Plants of the World Online,[4] and World Flora Online it is in the Calophyllaceae family.[1]

Varieties

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  • Mesua ferrea var. coromandeliana (Wight) N.P.Singh
  • Mesua ferrea var. ferrea

Description

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The tree can grow over 30 m (98 ft) tall, often buttressed at the base with a trunk up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in diameter. The bark of younger trees has an ash grey color with flaky peelings, while of old trees the bark is dark ash-grey with a red-brown blaze. It has simple, opposite, narrow, oblong to lanceolate, blue-grey to dark green leaves that are 7–15 cm (2.8–5.9 in) long and 1.5–3.5 cm (0.59–1.38 in) wide, with a whitish underside. The emerging young leaves are red to yellowish pink and drooping. The branches are slender, terete and glabrous. The bisexual flowers are 4–7.5 cm (1.6–3.0 in) in diameter, with four white petals and a center of numerous orange yellow stamens. The fruit is an ovoid to globose capsule with one to two seeds.[5]

Distribution and habitat

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It is native to wet, tropical parts of Sri Lanka, India, southern Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, the Philippines, Malaysia and Sumatra, where it grows in evergreen forests, especially in river valleys. In the eastern Himalayas and Western Ghats in India it grows up to elevations of 1,500 m (4,900 ft), while in Sri Lanka up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[5][6][7]

In culture and heritage

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History of the tree in Sri Lanka

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In the dry zone of Sri Lanka, where ironwood trees normally do not grow wild, large, old ironwood trees can be seen around the remains of ancient Buddhist monasteries on rocky hills around Dambulla such as Na Uyana Aranya, Namal Uyana, Na-golla Aranya, Pidurangala near Sigiriya, Kaludiya Pokuna near Kandalama, and Ritigala. They are probably the descendants of trees planted as ornamentals in the monasteries in ancient times during the Anuradhapura period. Older trees form suckers or shoots from the base of the trunk, which become new trees when the old trunk falls down; therefore the bases and roots of some ironwood trees in these sites might be very old.[8]

Buddhism

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In Theravada Buddhism, this tree is said to have used as the tree for achieved enlightenment, or Bodhi by four past Buddhas: Mangala (මංගල), Sumana (සුමන), Revata (රේවත), and Sobhitha (සෝභිත).

Buddhists believe that the next Buddha Maitreya will also awaken under this tree. In Buddhist texts, it is often called nāgapuṣpa in Sanskrit and (龍華樹 lónghuā shù) in Chinese.[9][10]

Uses

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As the English name indicates, the wood of this tree is very heavy, hard and strong. The density is 940 to 1,195 kg/m3 (59 to 75 lb/ft3) at 15% moisture content. The colour is deep dark red. It is hard to saw and is mainly used for railroad ties and heavy structural timber.

In Sri Lanka the pillars of the 14th century Embekke Shrine near Kandy are made of iron tree wood.[11]

The flowers, leaves, seeds and roots are used as herbal medicines in India, Malaysia, etc.[5][2] and in nag champa incense sticks.

In the northeastern state of Assam, India, its seeds used to be used for lighting purpose in evening for day to day purpose (while mustard oil for religious and health and culinary purposes) before the introduction of kerosene by the British.

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  • Mesua ferrea leaf
  • Mesua ferrea - Young leaves and flowers.
    Young leaves and flowers
  • Mesua ferrea - Young leaves and flowers
    Young leaves and flowers
  • Mesua ferrea – Young fruit
    Young fruit
  • Mesua ferrea – Ripe fruits
    Ripe fruits

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Mesua ferrea L." worldfloraonline.org. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Nag Kesar". Flowers of India.
  3. ^ "State Symbols of Tripura | Tripura Tourism Development Corporation Ltd". tripuratourism.gov.in. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
  4. ^ a b "Mesua ferrea L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d "Mesua ferrea L. – Clusiaceae". biotik.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
  6. ^ a b c d e Kostermans, A.J.G.H. (1980). "Clusiaceae (Guttiferae)". In Dassanayaka, M.D.; Fosberg, F.R. (eds.). A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon. Vol. I. New Delhi. pp. 107–110.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ a b c d e Ashton, M; Gunatilleke, S; de Zoysa, N; Dassanayake, MD; Gunatilleke, N; Wijesundera, S (1997). A Field Guide to the Common Trees and Shrubs of Sri Lanka (PDF). Colombo. p. 140. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-06. Retrieved 2012-12-06.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ Nyanatusita, Bhikkhu. "Forest Monasteries and Meditation Centres in Sri Lanka".
  9. ^ "NParks Mesua ferrea".
  10. ^ Iida, Shōtarō; Goldstone, Jane. "The Sutra That Expounds the Descent of Maitreya Buddha and His Enlightenment".
  11. ^ "Sri Lanka: Embekke".
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