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Medieval Warm Period

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The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) or Medieval Climate Optimum was a time of unusually warm climate in the North Atlantic region, lasting from about the tenth century to about the fourteenth century. The MWP is often invoked in contentious discussions of global warming. Some refer to the event as the Medieval Climatic Anomaly as this term emphasizes that effects other than temperature were important.[1]

Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstructions for the past 2000 years.

Initial research

The Medieval Warm Period was a time of warm weather around 800-1300 Anno Domini, during the European Medieval period. Initial research on the MWP and the following Little Ice Age (LIA) was largely done in Europe, where the phenomenon was most obvious and clearly documented.

It was initially believed that the temperature changes were global [2]. However, this view has been questioned; the 2001 IPCC report summarises this research, saying "…current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this time frame, and the conventional terms of 'Little Ice Age' and 'Medieval Warm Period' appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries".[3] The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) states that the "idea of a global or hemispheric "Medieval Warm Period" that was warmer than today however, has turned out to be incorrect" and that what those "records that do exist show is that there was no multi-century periods when global or hemispheric temperatures were the same or warmer than in the 20th century".[2]

Palaeoclimatologists developing region-specific climate reconstructions of past centuries conventionally label their coldest interval as "LIA" and their warmest interval as the "MWP".[4][5] Others follow the convention and when a significant climate event is found in the "LIA" or "MWP" time frames, associate their events to the period. Some "MWP" events are thus wet events or cold events rather than strictly warm events, particularly in central Antarctica where climate patterns opposite to the North Atlantic area have been noticed.

Climate events

North Atlantic and North American regions

The Vikings took advantage of ice-free seas to colonize Greenland and other outlying lands of the far north [6]. The MWP was followed by the Little Ice Age, a period of cooling that lasted until the 19th century. In the Chesapeake Bay, researchers found large temperature excursions during the Medieval Warm Period (about 800–1300) and the Little Ice Age (about 1400–1850), possibly related to changes in the strength of North Atlantic thermohaline circulation.[7] Sediments in Piermont Marsh of the lower Hudson Valley show a dry Medieval Warm period from AD 800–1300.[8]

Prolonged droughts affected many parts of the western United States and especially eastern California and the western Great Basin.[5] Alaska experienced three time intervals of comparable warmth: A.D. 1–300, 850–1200, and post-1800.[9]

A radiocarbon-dated box core in the Sargasso Sea shows that the sea surface temperature was approximately 1°C cooler than today approximately 400 years ago (the Little Ice Age) and 1700 years ago, and approximately 1°C warmer than today 1000 years ago (the Medieval Warm Period).[10]

During the MWP wine grapes were grown in Europe as far north as southern Britain[11][12][13][14], as they are today.

Other regions

The climate in equatorial east Africa has alternated between drier than today, and relatively wet. The drier climate took place during the Medieval Warm Period (~AD 1000–1270).[15]

An ice core from the eastern Bransfield Basin, Antarctic Peninsula, clearly identifies events of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period.[16] The core clearly shows a distinctly cold period about AD 1000–1100, neatly illustrating the fact that "MWP" is a moveable term, and that during the "warm" period there were, regionally, periods of both warmth and cold.

Corals in the tropical Pacific Ocean suggest that relatively cool, dry conditions may have persisted early in the millennium, consistent with a La Niña-like configuration of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation patterns.[17] Although there is an extreme scarcity of data from Australia (for both the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age) evidence from wave built shingle terraces for a permanently full Lake Eyre[18] during the ninth and tenth centuries is consistent with this La Niña-like configuration, though of itself inadequate to show how lake levels varied from year to year or what climatic conditions elsewhere in Australia were like.

Adhikari and Kumon (2001), whilst investigating sediments in Lake Nakatsuna in central Japan, verified the existence there of both the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age.[19]

For further discussion of regional and global temperature variations see: Temperature record.

See also

References

  1. ^ Bradley, Raymond S. Climate System Research Center. "Climate of the Last Millennium." 2003. February 23, 2007. [1]
  2. ^ a b "Paleoclimatology Global Warming - The Data". NOAA. November 10, 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  3. ^ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. "Climate Change 2001: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis 2.3.3 Was there a "Little Ice Age" and a "Medieval Warm Period"?". Retrieved 2006-05-04.
  4. ^ Jones, P. D., and M. E. Mann (2004). "Climate over past millennia". Rev. Geophys. 42 (RG2002): 404–405. doi:10.1029/2003RG000143.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b Raymond S. Bradley, Malcolm K. Hughes, Henry F. Diaz (2003). "Climate in Medieval Time" (PDF). Science. 302 (5644): 404–405. doi:10.1126/science.1090372.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (links to pdf file)
  6. ^ Jared Diamond (2005). Collapse — How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. Penguin Books. ISBN 0 14 30.3655 6
  7. ^ "Medieval Warm Period, Little Ice Age and 20th Century Temperature Variability from Chesapeake Bay". USGS. Retrieved 2006-05-04.
  8. ^ "Marshes Tell Story Of Medieval Drought, Little Ice Age, And European Settlers Near New York City". Earth Observatory News. May 19, 2005. Retrieved 2006-05-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  9. ^ Hu FS, Ito E, Brown TA, Curry BB, Engstrom DR (2001). "Pronounced climatic variations in Alaska during the last two millennia". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 98 (19): 10552–10556. doi:10.1073/pnas.181333798.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Keigwin, Lloyd D. (1996). "The Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period in the Sargasso Sea". Science. 274 (5292): 1503–1508. doi:10.1126/science.274.5292.1503. Retrieved 2006-05-04. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ^ "The History of English Wine: Domesday & Middle Ages". Retrieved 2006-05-04.
  12. ^ Jones, Gregory (August 2004). "Making Wine in a Changing Climate". Geotimes. Retrieved 2007-09-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  13. ^ Schmidt, Gavin (2006). "Medieval warmth and English wine". RealClimate. Retrieved 2006-07-12.
  14. ^ "The Vineyards of England and Wales". English-Wine.com. Retrieved 2006-05-04.
  15. ^ "Drought In West Linked To Warmer Temperatures". Earth Observatory News. October 7, 2004. Retrieved 2006-05-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  16. ^ Khim, B-K (2002). "Unstable Climate Oscillations during the Late Holocene in the Eastern Bransfield Basin, Antarctic Peninsula". Quaternary Research. 58 (3): 234-245(12). Retrieved 2006-05-04. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ^ Cobb, Kim M. (July 8, 2003). "The Medieval Cool Period And The Little Warm Age In The Central Tropical Pacific? Fossil Coral Climate Records Of The Last Millennium". The Climate of the Holocene (ICCI) 2003. Retrieved 2006-05-04. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  18. ^ Allen, Robert J.; The Australasian Summer Monsoon, Teleconnections, and Flooding in the Lake Eyre Basin; published 1985 by Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, S.A. Branch; ISBN 0909112096
  19. ^ Adhikari DP, Kumon, F. (2001). "Climatic changes during the past 1300 years as deduced from the sediments of Lake Nakatsuna, central Japan". Limnology. 2 (3): 157–168. doi:10.1007/s10201-001-8031-7.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Bradley and Jones, 1993
  • M.K. Hughes and H.F. Diaz, "Was there a 'Medieval Warm Period?", Climatic Change 26: 109-142, March 1994
  • Crowley and Lowery, 2000.
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