Marjayoun
Marjayoun
مرجعيون | |
|---|---|
Municipality | |
.jpg) Church in Marjayoun, 1977 | |
  Marjayoun Location in Lebanon | |
| Coordinates: 33°21′43″N 35°35′23″E / 33.36194°N 35.58972°E | |
| Grid position | 135/158 L |
| Country |  Lebanon |
| Governorate | Nabatieh Governorate |
| District | Marjayoun |
| Elevation | 860 m (2,822 ft) |
| Population (2022) | |
• Total | 7,000−10,000 |
| • Religions | Greek Orthodoxy Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Baniyas Maronite Catholicism Greek Catholicism Shia Islam Sunni Islam Druze |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
Marjayoun or Jdeidet Marjayoun (Arabic: مرجعيون: Lebanese pronunciation [ˈmaɾʒ.ʕajuːn]), also Marj 'Ayoun, Marjuyun or Marjeyoun (lit. "meadow of springs") which reflects the area's lush landscape and abundant water resources and Jdeideh / Jdeida / Jdeidet Marjeyoun, is a municipality, in the Marjeyoun District, Nabatieh Governorate in Southern Lebanon.
History
[edit]Crusader period
[edit]On June 10, 1179, during the Battle of Marj Ayyun, the Ayyubids defeated the Crusaders. The Crusader king narrowly escaped capture. [1]
Ottoman period
[edit]In 1596, 'Jadida' appears in the daftar of Ottoman nahiya (subdistrict) of Tibnin in the liwa' (district) of Safad, as a Muslim village of 28 households and 12 bachelors. The villagers paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on agricultural products, such as wheat, barley, olive trees, vineyards, goats and beehives, in addition to "occasional revenues" and a press for olive oil or grape syrup; a total of 9,606 akçe.[2][3]
In 1875 Victor Guérin visited Marjayoun (which he called Djedeideh), and found 2,000 inhabitants, mostly "Schismatic Greek" (i.e. Melkite Uniats), but also some Greek Orthodox and Muslims.[4]
Saint Peter's Cathedral, built in 1892, was restored in 1968 after a fire.[5]
20th–21st centuries
[edit]During the Syria-Lebanon Campaign of World War II, British and Australian forces advancing from Palestine entered the town on 11 June 1941, but were forced to withdraw on 15 June following a Vichy French counterattack.[6] The Allies recaptured the town on 24 June in the Battle of Merdjayoun.[7]
Marjayoun was the headquarters of the South Lebanon Army, the militia that controlled southern Lebanon during Israel's occupation of the region after the 1982 Lebanon War until its withdrawal from the region in 2000.[8] Following the pullout, many residents of Marjayoun fled to Israel, fearing accusations of collaboration.[9]
On August 10, 2006, after the breakdown of ceasefire negotiations in the 2006 Lebanon War, Israeli forces took control of Marjayoun.[10] The next day, a convoy of 3,000 people fled from the town. The convoy was attacked by the Israeli Air Force (IAF) northeast of Hasbaya en route to Kefraya, in the south of the Bekaa valley. The bombing killed at least seven people, and is known as the Marjayoun convoy incident.[11]
Geography
[edit]Marjayoun is 860 metres (2,822 ft) above sea level, standing on the west side of the Jordan Rift Valley just across from the ancient regional capital, Caesarea Philippi, which was located at the foot of Mount Hermon on the east side of the Rift Valley.
Marjeyoun stands on a hill facing Mt Hermon to the east, the Crusader castle of Beaufort, set above the Litani River and overlooking Mount Amel (Jabal Amel), to the west, the Mount Lebanon range with the Rihan and Niha peaks to the north, with the fertile Marjeyoun plains extending southward into the Galilee plains and the Golan Heights.
Demographics
[edit]In 2014 Christians made up 74.36% and Muslims made up 25.36% of registered voters in Marjayoun. 39.05% of the voters were Greek Orthodox, 18.98% were Greek Catholics and 19.69% were Sunni Muslims.[12]
Religion in Marjayoun according to 2022 elections data
The town of Marjayoun has a Christian majority population of about 5,000 people.[dubious – discuss] Greek Orthodox Christians compose the vast majority of the town's population, however, there are also Maronite and Greek Catholic Christians living in Marjayoun. Many Marjayouni Christian families trace their roots to the Hauran region, in present day Syria.[13] Outside the town, most villages in the surrounding valleys and mountains are predominantly Shia Muslim.[14]
The Melkite Saint Peter's Cathedral was built in 1892 and restored in 1968 after a fire and in 2009.[15] Marjayoun is the seat of the Melkite (Greek Catholic) Archeparchy of Baniyas, which includes the southeastern part of Lebanon.[16]
Parliamentary representation
[edit]The district of Marjayoun, which includes the town, is largely Shia Muslim. It holds three seats in the Lebanese government, two belonging to Shia Muslims and one belonging to Greek Orthodox Christians.[citation needed]
Hospital
[edit]Marjayoun is home to a regional government hospital founded in 1960,[17] and a Lebanese Red Cross First Aid Center.[18] This government hospital was closed due to Israeli attacks to Lebanon in October 2024 and killed and injured number of hospital staff.[19]
Marjayoun Airfield
[edit]An abandoned airfield is located 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south of Metula. Ruins of buildings and outline of the runways and taxiway are all that remains. In a strategic triangle linking Lebanon with Israel and Syria are located the ruins of "Marjayoun Airport" or what is known as "Al-Marj Airport" or "English Airport". The green color of the Marjayoun Plain is only disturbed by forgotten walls from the days of World War II, their hard stones separating the fertile agricultural lands of the Marjayoun Plain. During the Second World War, the region of the Marjayoun Plain formed an arena of confrontation between the allies on one side and the German army on the other, so the allies had to fortify themselves, specifically in the Marjayoun Plain, which was a defensive area or a back line of confrontations if Egypt fell into the hands of the German army, or if the German Army managed to advance into Palestine, Lebanon and Syria.[20]
Notable people
[edit]- Michael DeBakey (1908–2008) – cardiac surgeon, whose parents are from Marjeyoun
- Richard Rashid — founder of Microsoft Research, father from Marjeyoun.
- Brigitte Gabriel – journalist, author and lecturer
- Walid Gholmieh – director of the Le Conservatoire libanais national supérieur de musique; born in Marjeyoun
- Major Saad Haddad – founder and head of the South Lebanon Army (SLA) during the Lebanese Civil War
- James Jabara – Lebanese-American U.S. Air Force Major, the first jet ace of the Korean war, flew missions in WW II and Vietnam; born in 1923 in Muskogee, Oklahoma, both his father, John Jabara, and mother being immigrants from Marjeyoun
- Dr. Richard Jabara, born in Marjeyoun (1920–1967), philanthropist, founded several hospitals from Tripoli in Lebanon to Saudi Arabia[21] His contributions had a lasting impact on healthcare in the region.
- George Jordac (1931–2014) – author and poet.
- Alfred Naifeh, born 1915 in Covington, Tennessee, to a Lebanese immigrant family from Jdeidet Marjeyoun; U.S. naval destroyer USS Naifeh is named after him
- Issam Mahfouz (1939–2006) – writer, journalist
- Anthony Shadid – journalist
- Michael Shadid – physician, born in Marjeyoun
- Hicham Haddad – comedian, actor and TV host
Climate
[edit]| Climate data for Marjayoun, elevation 773 m (2,536 ft) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 11.1 (52.0) |
11.8 (53.2) |
14.3 (57.7) |
18.3 (64.9) |
22.6 (72.7) |
25.5 (77.9) |
26.7 (80.1) |
27.7 (81.9) |
26.0 (78.8) |
23.8 (74.8) |
18.7 (65.7) |
13.3 (55.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.3 (46.9) |
8.6 (47.5) |
10.8 (51.4) |
14.3 (57.7) |
18.3 (64.9) |
20.8 (69.4) |
22.2 (72.0) |
23.0 (73.4) |
21.5 (70.7) |
19.6 (67.3) |
15.1 (59.2) |
10.1 (50.2) |
16.1 (60.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.9 (42.6) |
6.0 (42.8) |
7.9 (46.2) |
10.6 (51.1) |
14.1 (57.4) |
16.6 (61.9) |
18.2 (64.8) |
19.1 (66.4) |
17.7 (63.9) |
16.1 (61.0) |
12.3 (54.1) |
7.9 (46.2) |
12.7 (54.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 193 (7.6) |
181 (7.1) |
129 (5.1) |
73 (2.9) |
26 (1.0) |
1 (0.0) |
1 (0.0) |
1 (0.0) |
3 (0.1) |
24 (0.9) |
91 (3.6) |
162 (6.4) |
885 (34.7) |
| Source: FAO[22] | |||||||||||||
See also
[edit]- Antiochian Greek Christians
- Arab Christians
- Christianity in Lebanon
- Greek genocide
- Greek Orthodox (Roum Orthodox) Christians in Lebanon
- History of Arab Christians
- History of Eastern Christianity
- History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire
- Lebanese Americans
- Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians
References
[edit]- ^ Nasr, Amin K. (2020-01-01). "Battle of Marj Ayyun, 1179 CE". Ancient History Encyclopedia.
- ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 182
- ^ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 Archived 2016-10-10 at the Wayback Machine writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9
- ^ Guérin, 1880, pp. 281-281
- ^ "Cathédrale Saint-Pierre 🇱🇧". GCatholic. Retrieved 2024-07-29.
- ^ Jean Tsadik (2001). "Facétie de l'histoire (suite)" (in French). Archived from the original on 2007-10-07. Retrieved 2016-09-08.
- ^ Coulthard-Clark, Chris (1998). Where Australians Fought: The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles (1st ed.). St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86448-611-2.
- ^ Hirst, David. 1999. South Lebanon: The war that never ends? Journal of Palestine Studies 28(3).
- ^ Wedeman, Ben (2024-06-24). "'This area has a geographical curse': Residents along Lebanon's border with Israel fear another war". CNN. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ^ CNN.com – Sources: U.S., France agree on peace plan – August 10, 2006
- ^ HRW, 2007, pp. 160-166
- ^ https://lub-anan.com/المحافظات/النبطية/مرجعيون/الجديدة/المذاهب/
- ^ Schayegh, Cyrus (2017-08-28). The Middle East and the Making of the Modern World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-08833-7.
- ^ "In South Lebanon, a Christian Town Somberly Faces the Future".
- ^ "Cathédrale Saint-Pierre".
- ^ Archeparchy of Bāniyās (Melkite Greek) at catholic-hierarchy.org, accessed 27 July 2020
- ^ "Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2024-07-29.
- ^ "Our Centers – First Aid Centers", Lebanese Red Cross
- ^ "Three hospitals in Lebanon forced to close amid Israeli bombing". the guardian.
- ^ "«المطار الإنكليزي» في مرجعيون: آثار منسيّة من الحرب العالمية الثانية".
- ^ "المستشفيات بجدة – شبكة تراثيات الثقافية".
- ^ "World-wide Agroclimatic Data of FAO (FAOCLIM)". Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
Bibliography
[edit]- Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- HRW (2007). Why They Died: Civilian Casualties in Lebanon During the 2006 War. Human Rights Watch.
- Hütteroth, W.-D.; Abdulfattah, K. (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
- Rhode, H. (1979). Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century (PhD). Columbia University. Archived from the original on 2020-03-01. Retrieved 2017-12-04.
- Riley – Smith, J. (1973). The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1174 – 1277. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd. ISBN 0-208-01348-2.
External links
[edit]- Marjaayoun, Localiban
- Marjeyoun Heritage Preservation Program (MHPP)
- marjeyoun.net - unofficial website
- Information about Marjayoun, Lebanon at marjayoun.com
- Khiam official website
- "Jdeideh Marjeyoun Now & Then" video (MHPP)
- Marjayoun on Google Map
Photo galleries
[edit]- Marjeyoum Photo Album
- Baladiyat Marjeyoun photo gallery
- A view of Marjeyoun by satellite
- (MHPP) Marjeyoun Photo and video gallery
Videos
[edit]- (MHPP) Jdeidet Marjeyoun 1,000 Year History (English Version)
- Tour of Jdeidet Marjeyoun, Lebanon
- (MHPP) Road Trip To Jdeidet Marjeyoun
- Easter 2014 in Jdeidet Marjeyoun
- (MHPP) Jdeida Lives Now and Then
