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List of languages by time of extinction

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Language Endangerment Status
Extinct (EX)
Endangered
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Related topics
UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger category
UNESCO Atlas of the World's
Languages in Danger categories

An extinct language may be narrowly defined as a language with no native speakers and no descendant languages. Under this definition, a language becomes extinct upon the death of its last native speaker, the terminal speaker. A language like Latin is not extinct in this sense, because it evolved into the modern Romance languages; it is impossible to state when Latin became extinct because there is a diachronic continuum (compare synchronic continuum) between ancestors Late Latin and Vulgar Latin on the one hand and descendants like Old French and Old Italian on the other; any cutoff date for distinguishing ancestor from descendant is arbitrary. For many languages which have become extinct in recent centuries, attestation of usage is datable in the historical record, and sometimes the terminal speaker is identifiable. In other cases, historians and historical linguists may infer an estimated date of extinction from other events in the history of the sprachraum.

List

[edit]
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

21st century

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Terminal speaker Notes
by 2024 Tandia Austronesian West Papua, Indonesia Speakers shifted to Wandamen.[1][2]
by 2024 Mawes Northwest Papuan? West Papua, Indonesia [2]
by 2024 Luhu Austronesian Maluku, Indonesia [2]
2 May 2023 Columbia-Moses Salishan Washington (state), United States Pauline Stensgar[3]
5 October 2022 Mednyj Aleut Mixed Aleut–Russian Commander Islands, Russia Gennady Yakovlev[4]
16 February 2022 Yahgan Isolate Magallanes, Chile Cristina Calderón[5]
2022 AD Moghol Mongolic Herat Province [6]
by 2022 AD Lachoudisch Indo-European Schopfloch, Bavaria [7]
25 September 2021 Wukchumni dialect of Tule-Kaweah Yokuts Yokuts California, United States Marie Wilcox[8]
27 August 2021 Yuchi Isolate Tennessee (formerly), Oklahoma, United States Maxine Wildcat Barnett[9]
7 March 2021 Bering Aleut Eskimo-Aleut Kamchatka Krai, Russia Vera Timoshenko[10]
2 February 2021 Juma Tupian Rondônia, Brazil Aruka Juma[11]
2 December 2020 Tuscarora Iroquoian North Carolina, United States Kenneth Patterson[12]
4 April 2020 Aka-Cari Great Andamanese Andaman Islands, India Licho[13]
23 March 2019 Ngandi Gunwinyguan Northern Territory, Australia C. W. Daniels[14][15]
4 January 2019 Tehuelche Chonan Patagonia, Argentina Dora Manchado[16][17]
9 December 2016 Mandan Siouan North Dakota, United States Edwin Benson[18]
30 August 2016 Wichita Caddoan Oklahoma, United States Doris McLemore[19]
29 July 2016 Gugu Thaypan Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia Tommy George[20]
11 February 2016 Nuchatlaht dialect of Nuu-chah-nulth Wakashan British Columbia, Canada Alban Michael[21]
4 January 2016 Whulshootseed Salishan Washington, United States Ellen Williams[22][23]
4 February 2014 Klallam Salishan Washington, United States Hazel Sampson[24][25][notes 1]
By 2014 Demushbo Panoan Amazon Basin, Brazil
By 2014 Sarghulami Indo-European Badakhshan [26]
5 June 2013 Livonian Uralic Latvia Grizelda Kristiņa[27][notes 2] Under a process of revival.[28]
26 March 2013 Yurok Algic California, United States Archie Thompson[29] Under a process of revival.[30]
By 2013 Sabüm Mon–Khmer Perak, Malaysia 2013 extinction is based on ISO changing it from living to extinct in 2013
2 October 2012 Cromarty dialect of Scots Indo-European Northern Scotland, United Kingdom Bobby Hogg[31]
11 July 2012 Upper Chinook Chinookan Oregon, United States Gladys Thompson[32]
10 March 2012 Holikachuk Na-Dene Alaska, United States Wilson "Tiny" Deacon[33]
c. 2012 Dhungaloo Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia Roy Hatfield[34]
c. 2012 Ngasa Nilotic Tanzania Most speakers have shifted to Chaga
by 2012 Mardijker Portuguese-based Creole Jakarta, Indonesia Oma Mimi Abrahams[35]
10 April 2011 Apiaká Tupian Mato Grosso, Brazil Pedrinho Kamassuri[36]
2011 Lower Arrernte Pama-Nyungan Northern Territory, Australia Brownie Doolan Perrurle[37]
by 2011 Anserma Chocoan Antioquia Department, Colombia
24 October 2010 Pazeh Austronesian Taiwan Pan Jin-yu[38]
20 August 2010 Cochin Indo-Portuguese Creole Portuguese-based Creole Southern India William Rozario[38]
26 January 2010 Aka-Bo Andamanese Andaman Islands, India Boa Sr.[39]
November 2009 Aka-Kora Andamanese Andaman Islands, India Ms. Boro[40]
22 February 2009 Great Andamanese koiné Andamanese Andaman Islands, India Nao Jr.[41]
2009 Nyawaygi Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia Willie Seaton[42]
by 2009 Muruwari Pama-Nyungan Queensland and New South Wales, Australia [43]
by 2009 Agavotaguerra Arawakan Brazil [44]
by 2009 Arikem Tupian Brazil [45]
by 2009 Karipúna Tupian Brazil [46]
by 2009 Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe Macro-Jê Brazil [47]
by 2009 Aribwatsa Austronesian Papua New Guinea [48]
by 2009 Lelak Austronesian Sarawak, Malaysia [3]
by 2009 Papora-Hoanya Austronesian Taiwan [49]
by 2009 Warluwara Pama-Nyungan Australia
30 July 2008 Tübatulabal Uto-Aztecan California, United States James Andreas [50]
after April 2008 Dura Sino-Tibetan Nepal Soma Devi Dura[51]
24 February 2008 Plains Apache Na-Dene Oklahoma, United States Alfred Chalepah Jr.
21 January 2008 Eyak Na-Dene Alaska, United States Marie Smith Jones[52]
Late 2000s Ruga Sino-Tibetan East Garo Hills district Most people who identify themselves as Ruga speak Garo.
after 2007 AD Rusenu Trans–New Guinea? eastern East Timor [53]
2007 Northeastern Maidu Maiduan Central California Under process of revival
10 August 2007 Gros Ventre Algic Montana, United States Theresa Lamebull[54][55]
c. 2007 Javindo Dutch-based creole Java, Indonesia [56]
by 2007 Hpun Sino-Tibetan Myanmar [57]
by 2007 Hoti Austronesian Seram, Indonesia
11 July 2006 Wasco dialect of Upper Chinook Chinookan Oregon, United States Madeline Brunoe McInturff[58]
2006 Zire Austronesian New Caledonia
2006 Ludza dialect of Estonian Uralic Latvia Nikolājs Nikonovs[59]
by 2006 Zumaya Afroasiatic Cameroon [60] Most speakers have shifted to Fula.
3 November 2005 Osage Siouan Oklahoma, United States Lucille Roubedeaux[61]
2005 Berbice Creole Dutch Dutch-based creole Guyana Bertha Bell[62]
by 2005 Barrow Point Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia Urwunjin Roger Hart[63]
by 2005 Kerek Chukotko-Kamchatkan Chukotka [64]
20 September 2004 Nüshu script unclassified Hunan, China Yang Huanyi[65][66]
ca. 2004 (?) Duli Niger-Congo Cameroon [67]
29 December 2003 Akkala Sami Uralic Kola Peninsula, Russia Marja Sergina[68][69]
22 November 2003 Wintu Wintuan California, United States Flora Jones[70]
14 September 2003 Klamath-Modoc Isolate Oregon, United States Neva Eggsman[71][72]
September 2003 Garig Ilgar Pama-Nyungan Northern Territory, Australia [73]
by 2003 Alngith Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia
by 2003 Areba Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia [74]
by 2003 Atampaya Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia [75]
by 2003 Umbindhamu Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia [76]
by 2003 Makolkol unclassified New Britain, Papua New Guinea possible Papuan language
2003 Umotína Macro-Jê Mato Grosso, Brazil
4 November 2002 Serrano Uto-Aztecan California, United States Dorothy Ramon A revitalization process is happening.
31 August 2002 Unami Algic Delaware, United States Edward Thompson[77][notes 3]
23 May 2002 Gaagudju Isolate Northern Territory, Australia Big Bill Neidjie[78]
by 2001 Amanayé Tupian Brazil [79]
c. 2000 Chiapanec Oto-Manguean Chiapas, Mexico
c. 2000 Mapia Austronesian Mapia Atoll, Indonesia
c. 2000 Cholón Hibito–Cholon Huallaga River Valley
c. 2000 Lapachu Arawakan Apolobamba It is possible there are still a few very old speakers.
c. 2000 Poyanawa Panoan Acre, Brazil 12 speakers were reported in 1992.
By 2000 Central Pomo Pomoan (Hokan?) Northern California
By 2000 Maku language of Auari unclassified Roraima, Brazil Sinfrônio Magalhães (Kuluta)
c. 2000 Rennellese Sign Language unclassified Solomon Islands Kagobai [80]
2000s Shiriana Arawakan Brazil

20th century

[edit]
Date Language
or dialect		 Language family Region Notes
20th-21st century (?) Ayabadhu Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia [81]
20th-21st century (?) Aghu Tharnggala Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia [81]
20th-21st century (?) Adithinngithigh Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia
20th-21st century (?) Arritinngithigh Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia
20th-21st century (?) Gurnai Pama-Nyungan Victoria, Australia now being revived[81]
20th-21st century Southern Kayapó Macro-Jê Mato Grosso, Brazil Hypothesized to be the ancestor of Panará.
late 20th century (?) Nganyaywana Pama-Nyungan Australia
late 20th century (?) Ngamini Pama-Nyungan South Australia
late 20th century (?) Nila Austronesian Nila Island, Indonesia Speakers were relocated to Seram due to volcanic activity on Nila[82]
late 20th century (?) Serua Austronesian Mount Serua, Indonesia Speakers were relocated to Seram due to volcanic activity on Serua[82]
late 20th century Newfoundland Irish Indo-European Newfoundland, Canada [83]
late 20th century Soyot Turkic Buryatia, Khövsgöl Province Partly revitalized
late 20th century Saraveca Arawakan Eastern lowlands Bolivia
From 1980 to 2000 Tepecano Uto-Aztecan Central Mexico Last known speaker Lino de la Rosa was alive in 1980
c. 2000 Mesmes Afroasiatic Ethiopia with the death of Abegaz[84][85]
c. 2000 Kamarian Austronesian west Seram Island, Indonesia
2000 Sowa Austronesian Pentecost Island, Vanuatu with the death of Maurice Tabi[86]
late 1990s Munichi unclassified Loreto Region, Peru with the death of Victoria Huancho Icahuate
1999 Nyulnyul Pama-Nyungan Australia with the death of Carmel Charles[87]
by 1999 Ineseño Chumashan California, United States [88]
1998 Yola Indo-European County Wexford, Ireland
1998 Mlahsô Afroasiatic Syria; Turkey with the death of Ibrahim Hanna[89]
by 1998 Skepi Creole Dutch Dutch-based creole Guyana [90]
after or in 1997 Aribwatsa Lower Markham languages Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea Exact date of extinction is unknown although it's believed to be in 2000. Most descendants have switched to the Bukawa language.
1997-98 Ngarnka Pama-Nyungan Australia
January 1997 Sireniki Yupik Eskimo–Aleut Chukotka Peninsula, Russia with the death of Valentina Wye[91]
1997 Guazacapán Xincan Santa Rosa, Guatemala
1997 Jumaytepeque Xincan By Volcán Jumaytepeque, Guatemala
ca. 1996 (?) Malaryan Dravidian Kerala and Tamil Nadu, India [92]
16 December 1996 Iowa-Oto Siouan Oklahoma and Kansas, United States with the death of Truman Washington Dailey[93]
1996 Chiquimulilla Xincan Chiquimulilla, Guatemala The last semi-speaker Julian de la Cruz died in 1996.
by 1996 Katabaga Austronesian Philippines [94]
by 1996 Palumata Austronesian? Maluku, Indonesia [95]
before 1996 Seru Austronesian Sarawak, Malaysia [96]
5 November 1995 Kasabe Niger–Congo Cameroon with the death of Bogon[97]
6 August 1995 Martuthunira Pama-Nyungan Western Australia with the death of Algy Paterson[98]
8 January 1995 Northern Pomo Pomoan (Hokan?) California, United States

with the death of Edna Campbell Guerrero

16 May 1994 Luiseño language Uto-Aztecan Southern California with the death of Villiana Calac Hyde. A revitalization process is happening.
30 April 1994 Sakhalin Ainu Ainu languages Japan with the death of Take Asai[99]
13 July 1993 Eastern Abnaki Algic Maine, United States with the death of Madeline Shay[100][101]
1993 Andoa Zaparoan Peru [102]
7 October 1992 Ubykh Northwest Caucasian Balıkesir Province, Turkey with the death of Tevfik Esenç[103]
23 February 1991 Roncalese (Erronkariko) dialect Basque (isolate) Spain with the death of Fidela Bernat[104]
1991 Pánobo Panoan Peru [105]
1991 Ullatan Dravidian India [106]
30 July 1990 Wappo Yuki–Wappo California, United States with the death of Laura Fish Somersal[107]
1990 Shasta Shastan California, United States
Early 1990’s Hermit Austronesian Manus Province, Papua New Guinea It has been mostly replaced by Seimat.
ca. 1990s Inku Indo-European Afghanistan [108]
ca. 1990s Lumaete dialect of Kayeli Austronesian central Maluku, Indonesia [109]
ca. 1990s Taman variety of Sak Sino-Tibetan Myanmar [110]
ca. 1990s Unggumi Worrorra Australia with the death of Morndi Munro[111]
1990s? Berti Saharan Dafur and Kordofan, Sudan
20 September 1989 Kamas Uralic Sayan Mountains, Soviet Union with the death of Klavdiya Plotnikova
March 1989 Leliali dialect of Kayeli Austronesian central Maluku, Indonesia [109][112]
ca. 1989 Hukumina Austronesian Maluku, Indonesia [113]
1989 Miami-Illinois Algic along the Mississippi River, United States
1989 Kungarakany Gunwinyguan Northern Territory, Australia with the death of Madeline England[112][114]
16 September 1988 Atsugewi Palaihnihan California, United States with the death of Medie Webster[115]
1988 ǁXegwi Tuu South Africa with the death of Jopi Mabinda[116]
ca. 1987 Bidyara Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia [117]
ca. 1987 Laua Trans-New Guinea Papua New Guinea
4 February 1987 Cupeño Uto-Aztecan California, United States with the death of Roscinda Nolasquez[118]
1987 Dyangadi Pama-Nyungan New South Wales, Australia [119]
1987 Negerhollands Dutch-based creole U.S. Virgin Islands with the death of Alice Stevens
by 1987 Basa-Gumna Niger-Congo Niger State/Plateau State, Nigeria [120]
by 1987 Yugambal Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia [121]
ca. 1986 Bikya Niger-Congo Cameroon
ca. 1986 Bishuo Niger-Congo Cameroon
April 1986 Jiwarli dialect, Mantharta Pama-Nyungan Australia with the death of Jack Butler[122]
1986 Mangala Pama-Nyungan Western Australia [123]
1986 Volow Austronesian Vanuatu with the death of Wanhan[124]
late 1980s to early 1990s Cahuarano Zaparoan Along the Nanay River in Peru.
18 March 1984 Deeside dialect, Scottish Gaelic Indo-European Scotland with the death of Jean Bain[125]
1984 Yavitero Arawakan Venezuela [112][126]
February 1983 Antrim Irish Indo-European Ireland with the death of Séamus Bhriain Mac Amhlaig[127][128]
ca. 1983 Yangman Australian Northern Territory, Australia [129]
June 1982 Kansa Siouan Oklahoma, United States with the death of Ralph Pepper
1982 Bala Tungusic Zhangguangcai Range [130]
1982 Dagoman Australian Northern Territory, Australia with the death of Martha Hart[131]
by 1982 Dyugun Australian Western Australia [132]
by 1982 Kato Na-Dene California, United States [133]
after 1981 Dirari Pama-Nyungan South Australia [134]
after 1981 Dyaberdyaber Pama-Nyungan Western Australia [135][136]
after 1981 Erre Australian Northern Territory, Australia [137]
after 1981 Umbugarla Arnhem Land languages or
Darwin Region languages		 Northern Territory, Australia with the death of Butcher Knight
after 1981 Yawarawarga Pama-Nyungan Queensland and South Australia [138]
ca. 1981 Ternateño Portuguese Creole Maluku, Indonesia [139]
1 May 1981 Pitta Pitta Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia with the deaths of Ivy Nardoo of Boulia[140]
1981 Nagarchal Dravidian? India
1981 Warrungu Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia with the death of Alf Palmer[141][142]
by 1981 Bina Austronesian Central Province (Papua New Guinea)
1980 Twana Salishan Washington, United States [112][143]
1980 Yalarnnga Pama-Nyungan Australia
1980s AD Alchuka Tungusic Heilongjiang
late 1970s - 1980s[136] Flinders Island Pama-Nyungan Australia last known speaker was Johnny Flinders[141]
between 1971 and 1981 Kwadi Khoe southwestern Angola [144]
1970s – 1980s Chicomuceltec Mayan Mexico; Guatemala
22 February 1979 Barranbinja Pama-Nyungan New South Wales, Australia with the death of Emily Margaret Horneville
3 November 1977 Shuadit Indo-European southern France with the death of Armand Lunel[112][145]
24 August 1977 Ngawun Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia with the death of Cherry O'Keefe[146]
13 July 1977 Nooksack Salishan Washington, United States with the death of Sindick Jimmy[112]
ca. 1977 Arran Gaelic Indo-European Isle of Arran With the death of Donald Craig.[147]
ca. 1977 Nagumi Niger-Congo Cameroon [148]
by 1977 AD Babuza Austronesian Taiwan [149]
by 1977 AD Luilang Austronesian Banqiao District [149]
between 1976 and 1999 Kw'adza Afroasiatic Tanzania [150]
after 1976 Muskum Afroasiatic western Chad [151]
1975 Yugh Yeniseian central Siberia, Soviet Union [112][152]
before 1975 Homa Niger-Congo southern Sudan [153]
27 December 1974 Manx Indo-European Isle of Man, British islands with the death of Ned Maddrell. Now being revived as a second language[154]
28 May 1974 Ona Chon Tierra del Fuego, Argentina with the death of Ángela Loij[notes 4]
1974 Moksela Austronesian Maluku, Indonesia [155]
before 1974 Cacaopera Misumalpan El Salvador [156]
after 1973 Môa Remo Panoan Along the Môa River of Amazonas, Peru A word list was created in 1973.
By 1974 Dicamay Agta Austronesian Luzon, Philippines The Dicamay Agta were killed by Ilokano homesteaders sometime between 1957 and 1974.
9 October 1972 Tillamook Salishan Oregon, United States with the death of Minnie Scovell[112]
5 February 1972 Hanis Coosan Oregon, United States with the death of Martha Harney Johnson[157]
1972 Mbabaram Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia with the death of Albert Bennett[158]
1970s Damin Constructed Mornington Island
after 1968 Paratio Xukuruan Pesqueira, Pernambuco, Brazil It was spoken by a few people in Pesqueira in 1968. Loukotka (1968)
1968 Welsh-Romani Romani Wales, United Kingdom with the death of Manfri Wood[159]
before 1968 Sened Afroasiatic Tunisia
after 1965 Barngarla Pama-Nyungan southern Australia with the death of Moonie Davis[160]
24 July 1965 Barbareño Chumashan California, United States with the death of Mary Yee[161][notes 5]
1965 Wakawaka Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia [162]
ca. 1964 Aariya spurious India [163]
10 August 1963 Galice Na-Dene Oregon, United States with the death of Hoxie Simmons
10 January 1963 Upper Umpqua Na-Dene Oregon, United States with the death of Wolverton Orton
1963 Jorá Tupi Bolivia [112]
after 1962 Xukuru Xukuruan Pernambuco and Paraíba, Brazil Known from a wordlist and sketch from Geraldo Lapenda (1962).
1962 Wiyot Algic California, United States with the death of Delia Prince[164]
after 1961 Wyandot Iroquoian Oklahoma, United States; Quebec, Canada
after 1961 Pankararú unclassified Pernambuco, Alagoas, Brazil Only two people remembered the language in 1961.
after 1961 Xocó unclassified Sergipe, Alagoas, Brazil Only a few people remembered the language in 1961 It is not clear if this is a single language.
1961 Northeastern Pomo Pomoan(Hokan?) California, United States
1960 Oriel dialect, Irish Indo-European Ireland with the death of Annie O'Hanlon[165][166]
1960 Siuslaw Isolate Oregon, United States with the death of Mary Barrett Elliott. Last speaker of Lower Umpqua dialect was Billy Dick[157]
1960s Cuitlatec Isolate Guerrero, Mexico with the death of Juana Can.[167]
1960s Luren Sino-Tibetan Guizhou
1960s Pirlatapa Pama-Nyungan South Australia [168]
1960s Timor Pidgin Portuguese creole East Timor [169]
16 April 1959 Catawba Siouan South Carolina, United States with the death of Chief Sam Blue[170]
22 September 1958 Molala Isolate Oregon, United States with the death of Fred Yelkes[157]
1958 Salinan Isolate (Hokan?) California, United States
1958 Omurano Zaparoan Peru [112][171]
25 March 1957 Natchez Isolate Mississippi, United States [172] with the death of Nancy Raven.[173] The Natchez people are attempting to revive this language.[174]
1952-1956 Aasáx Afroasiatic Tanzania [175]
after 1955 Wotapuri-Katarqalai Indo-European Afghanistan [176]
after 1954 Tây Bồi French-based Pidgin Vietnam [177][178]
1954 Central Kalapuya Kalapuyan Oregon, United States with the death of John B. Hudson[157]
1954 Ifo Austronesian Erromanga Island, Vanuatu with the death of James Nalig[179]
1952 Martha's Vineyard Sign Language Sign language Massachusetts, United States with the death of Katie West
1951 Alsea dialect Isolate Oregon, United States with the death of John Albert[157]
ca. 1950 Bohemian Romani mixed language Czechoslovakia, Central Europe after World War II, due to extermination of most of its speakers in Nazi concentration camps.
1950 Kaniet Austronesian Manus Province, Papua New Guinea [112][180]
ca. 1950s Makuva Trans–New Guinea? East Timor [53]
ca. 1950s Kilit Indo-European Nakhchivan [181]
ca. 1950s Pijao unclassified Tolima Department, Colombia [182]
1950s Kepkiriwát Tupian Rondônia, Brazil
mid-20th century Ventureño Chumashan California, United States
mid-20th century Kawishana Arawakan Brazil presumably extinct
mid-20th century Basay Austronesian Taiwan
mid-20th century Sidi Niger-Congo Kathiawar, India; also known as Habsi.
mid-20th century Slovincian Indo-European Pomerania, Poland
mid-20th century Southern Pame Oto-Manguean Southern Mexico
mid-20th century Kipea Macro-Gê Eastern Brazil
mid-20th century Dzubukua Macro-Gê Pernambuco, Brazil
mid-20th century Tequiraca Tequiraca–Canichana? Loreto, Peru
around mid-20th century Tubar Uto-Aztecan Northern Mexico
around mid-20th century? Chico Maiduan Central California
after 1949 Kunza unclassified Atacama Desert, Chile/Peru
after 1949 Mikira Cahuapanan Loreto, Peru A word list was made by Enrique Stanko Vráz in 1949.
6 December 1948 Tunica Isolate Louisiana, United States with the death of Sesostrie Youchigant[183]
after 1947 Gafat Afroasiatic along the Abbay River, Ethiopia [184]
3 March 1940 Pentlatch Salishan Vancouver Island, Canada with the death of Joe Nimnim[112]
28 January 1940 Chitimacha Isolate Louisiana, United States with the death of Delphine Ducloux[185]
ca. 1940 Eudeve Uto-Aztecan Sonora, Mexico
ca. 1940s Chemakum Chimakuan Washington, United States
ca. 1940s Ossory dialect of Irish Indo-European County Kilkenny, Ireland
ca. 1940s Kitanemuk Uto-Aztecan California, United States with the deaths of Marcelino Rivera, Isabella Gonzales, and Refugia Duran
ca. 1940s Northern Manx Indo-European Isle of Man [186]
22 May 1939 Rumsen Utian California, United States with the death of Isabel Meadows[187]
9 May 1939 Miluk Coosan Oregon, United States with the death of Annie Miner Peterson[188]
by or after 1939 Judaeo-Piedmontese Indo-European Northwestern Italy
16 January 1937 Northern Kalapuya Kalapuyan Oregon, United States with the death of Louis Kenoyer
1937 Yoncalla Kalapuyan Oregon, United States with the death of Laura Blackery Albertson[189]
1936 Narungga Pama-Nyungan South Australia, Australia [190]
8 January 1935 Biloxi Siouan Louisiana, United States with the death of Emma Jackson[191]
1934 Juaneño Uto-Aztecan California, United States
1934 Puelche Chon Argentina with the death of Trruúlmani
1934 Takelma Isolate Oregon, United States with the death of Frances Johnson[192]
1933 Gabrielino Uto-Aztecan California, United States
between 1931 and 1951 Akar-Bale Andamanese Andaman Islands, India [193]
between 1931 and 1951 Aka-Kede Andamanese Andaman Islands, India [193]
between 1931 and 1951 A-Pucikwar Andamanese Andaman Islands, India [193]
after 1931 Tonkawa Isolate Oklahoma/Texas/New Mexico, United States
after 1931 Jaquirana Remo Panoan Amazonas, Brazil A word list was made in 1931.
after 1931 Tuxinawa Panoan Acre, Brazil A word list was made in 1931.
by 1931 Aka-Bea Andamanese Andaman Islands, India [193]
by 1931 Oko-Juwoi Andamanese Andaman Islands, India [193]
after 1930 Sensi Panoan right bank of Ucayali River, Peru A word list was created by Günter Tessmann in 1930.
c. 1930 Mattole Na-Dene California, United States
29 January 1930 Mutsun Utian California, United States with the death of Ascencion Solorsano
c. 1930s Cayuse Isolate/unclassified Oregon, United States
c. 1930s Kathlamet Chinookan Washington/Oregon, United States with the death of Charles Cultee[157]
c. 1930s Lower Chinook Chinookan Washington/Oregon, United States
c. 1930s Mahican Algic New York, United States
c. 1930s Clackamas dialect of Upper Chinook Chinookan Washington/Oregon, United States
c. 1930s Kitsai Caddoan Oklahoma, United States with the death of Kai Kai[194]
c. 1930s Tapachultec Mixe–Zoque Southern Mexico
before 1930s Kwalhioqua Na-Dene Washington, United States
by 1930 Opata Uto-Aztecan Northern Mexico
between 1920 and 1940 Ajawa Afroasiatic Bauchi State, Nigeria [195]
25 December 1929 Kaurna Pama-Nyungan South Australia with the death of Ivaritji,[196] now being revived
c. 1929 Bear River Na-Dene California, US
1928 Ottoman Turkish Turkic Turkey Evolved into Turkish in 1928.
after 1927 Tarauacá Kashinawa Panoan Amazonas, Brazil A word list was made in 1927.
after 1927 Blanco River Remo Panoan Loreto Province, Peru A word list was made in 1927.
after 1925 Subtiaba Oto-Manguean or Subtiaba-Tlapanec Nicaragua
1925 AD Vanji Indo-European Emirate of Bukhara [197]
January 1922 Chimariko Isolate California, United States with the death of Sally Noble[198][199]
after 1921 Chagatai Turkic Central Asia including Turkmenistan Chagtai is still studied in Uzbekistan and Turkey.[200]
30 June 1921 Tataviam Uto-Aztecan California, United States with the death of Juan José Fustero
by 1921 Aka-Kol Andamanese Andaman Islands, India [201]
After 1920 Sinacantán Xincan Santa Rosa, Guatemala A word list was created by Walther Lehmann in 1920.
ca. 1920 Mochica Chimuan northwest Peru
ca. 1920s Fergana Kipchak Turkic Fergana Valley [202]
ca. 1920s Chochenyo Utian California, United States
ca. 1920s Island Carib Cariban Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea An offshoot survives as Garifuna.
around the 1920s Otuke Macro-Jê Mato Grosso, Santa Cruz
by 1920 Yupiltepeque Xincan Guatemala [203]
after 1917 Pochutec Uto-Aztecan Oaxaca, Mexico
15 June 1917 Obispeño Chumashan Southern California, United States with the death of Rosario Cooper[204]
25 March 1916 Yahi Isolate (Hokan?) California, United States with the death of Ishi[205][notes 6]
1915 Yamhill dialect of Northern Kalapuya Kalapuyan Oregon, United States
1910s ǀXam Tuu South Africa
after 1908 Siraya Austronesian southwestern Taiwan [206]
18 July 1908 Mohegan-Pequot Algic southern New England, United States with the death of Fidelia Fielding[207]
24 February 1905 Tasmanian unclassified Tasmania, Australia with the death of Fanny Cochrane Smith[208][209][notes 7]
after 1906 Arazaire Panoan Cusco Province, Peru A word list was done in 1906.
after 1904 Atsawaka Panoan Puno Province, Peru There were 20 speakers in 1904.
after 1902 Dyirringany Pama–Nyungan New South Wales, Australia
between 1900 and 1920 Chinese Kyakala Tungusic Northeastern China [210]
between 1900 and 1920 Jangil Ongan Andaman Islands, India [211]
ca. 1900 Henniker Sign Language Village sign New Hampshire, United States
ca. 1900 Tongva language Uto-Aztecan Southern California, United States A revitalization process is happening.
ca. 1900 Payagua language Mataco–Guaicuru? Alto Paraguay, Paraguay
ca. 1900 Moran Sino-Tibetan Assam, India [212]
1900 Wulguru Pama-Nyungan Australia
by 1900 Classical Mandaic Afroasiatic Iran; Iraq [213]
by 1900 Piro Pueblo Tanoan New Mexico, United States
1900s AD Iazychie Indo-European Halychyna, Bukovina, Zakarpattia [214]
1900s AD Judeo-Venetian Indo-European Venice [215]
1900s AD Rotvælsk Indo-European Denmark [216]
early 20th century Atakapa Isolate Louisiana/Texas, United States
early 20th century Kamakã Macro-Jê Bahia, Brazil
early 20th century Jersey Dutch Dutch-based creole New Jersey, United States
early 20th century Kazukuru Austronesian New Georgia, Solomon Islands
early 20th century Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin Chinese/Russian-based contact language
early 20th century Chaná Charruan Uruguay
early 20th century Marawán Arawakan Brazil
early 20th century East Leinster dialect, Irish Indo-European Ireland [217]
early 20th century Ingain Macro-Jê Santa Catarina, Brazil
beginning of the 20th century AD Rangas Sino-Tibetan Uttarakhand [218]

19th century

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
19th-20th century Yuri Ticuna-Yuri Along the Caquetá River.
late 19th century Adai Isolate Louisiana, United States
late 19th century Purí Macro-Jê southeastern Brazil
late 19th century Coroado Purí Macro-Jê southeastern Brazil
late 19th century Istrian Albanian Albanian Croatia
late 19th century Shebaya Arawakan Trinidad
later 19th century (?) Mbara Pama-Nyungan Australia [219]
May 1900 Moriori Austronesian Chatham Island, New Zealand with the death of Hirawanu Tapu.[220]
ca. 1899 Nawathinehena Algic Oklahoma and Wyoming, United States[221]
by 1899 Ahom Tai India
by 1899 Waling Sino-Tibetan Nepal [222]
10 June 1898 Dalmatian Indo-European Croatia; Montenegro with the death of Tuone Udaina.[223][224]
after 1894 Tsetsaut Na-Dene British Columbia, Canada
after 1892 Awabakal Pama-Nyungan Queensland, Australia
after 1886 Maritsauá Tupian Mato Grosso, Brazil Word list was made in 1884 during the Shingú river expedition.
after 1886 Solteco Zapotec Oto-Manguean Oaxaca, Mexico
after 1886 Comecrudo Comecrudan Mexico; Texas, United States
after 1886 Cotoname Isolate Mexico; Texas, United States
after 1884 Yaquina dialect Isolate Oregon, United States
after 1880 Kenaboi unclassified (isolate?) Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
ca. 1880 Auregnais Indo-European Alderney, United Kingdom
1877 Aruá Arauan Brazil
after 1871 Duit Chibcha Boyacá, Colombia One fragment analysed by scholar Ezequiel Uricoechea in 1871.
8 May 1876 Bruny Island Tasmanian Tasmania, Australia with the death of Truganini[notes 8]
mid-1870s Yola Indo-European Wexford, Ireland [226]
21 February 1871 Tutelo Siouan Virginia, United States with the death of Nikonha[227][notes 9]
1870 Clatskanie Na-Dene Washington (state), United States
1870s-1890s AD Yokohamese Japanese based pidgin Yokohama [228]
after 1867 Andoquero Witotoan Colombia [229]
1864 Xakriabá Macro-Jê Minas Gerais state, Brazil
1862 Caquetio Arawakan Aruba with the death of Nicolaas Pyclas[230]
1858 Karankawa unclassified Texas, United States concurrent with the extermination of the tribe at the hands of Juan Cortina
ca. 1857 Woiwurrung Pama-Nyungan Victoria, Australia
26 December 1856 Nanticoke Algic Delaware and Maryland, United States with the death of Lydia Clark[231]
12 January 1855 Wampanoag Algic Massachusetts, United States Nantucket Wampanoag disappeared with the death of Dorcas Honorable[232]
after 1853 Samaritan Afroasiatic West Bank and the Gaza Strip, Palestinian territories Still used as a liturgical language[233]
19 October 1853 Nicoleño Uto-Aztecan California, United States with the death of Juana Maria[234]
after 1851 Wainumá-Mariaté Arawakan Amazonas, Colombia A word list was collected by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1851.
after 1850 Hibito Hibito–Cholon Bobonaje River Valley There were 500 Speakers in 1850.
ca. 1850 Norn Indo-European Northern Isles, United Kingdom with the death of Walter Sutherland[235][236]
mid-19th century Shinnecock Algic New York, United States
mid-19th century Betoi Betoi-Saliban? Orinoco Llanos
ca. 1850s Kott Yeniseian central Siberia, Russia [152]
after or during 1840s Bororo of Cabaçal Macro-Jê languages Mato Grosso, Brazil
ca. 1840s Mator Uralic Sayan Mountains, Russia
after 1839 Gulidjan Pama-Nyungan Victoria, Australia
1838 Nottoway Iroquoian Virginia, United States with the death of Edith Turner
after 1836 Wathawurrung Pama-Nyungan Victoria, Australia
after 1835 Pali Indo-European India; Myanmar [237]
after 1833 Esselen Isolate (Hokan?) California, United States
after 1833 Cararí Arawakan Mucuim River, Amazonas, Brazil A word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1833.
after 1832 Charrúa Charruan languages Entre Ríos Province and Uruguay
after 1832 Guenoa language Charruan languages Entre Ríos Province and Uruguay
after 1832 Aroaqui Arawakan Lower Rio Negro Brazil A word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1832.
after 1832 Parawana Arawakan Lower Branco River Brazil A word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1832.
after 1831 Mepuri Arawakan Amazonas, Brazil A word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1831.
after 1831 Mainatari Arawakan Siapa River (Orinoco basin) Venezuela A word list was collected by Johann Natterer in 1831.
6 June 1829 Beothuk Algic (disputed) Newfoundland, Canada with the death of Shanawdithit[238]
after 1828 Garza Comecrudan Mexico
after 1828 Mamulique Comecrudan Nuevo León, Mexico
1821 Karkin Utian California, United States
1820s-1830s Acroá Macro-Jê Bahia, Brazil
after 1819 Peerapper Tasmanian Tasmania, Australia
10 April 1815 Tambora unclassified (Papuan) Sumbawa following the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora.[239]
after 1808 Nuennone Tasmanian Tasmania, Australia
ca. 1803 Bunwurrung Pama-Nyungan Victoria, Australia
ca. 1800 Krevinian Uralic Latvia [240]
ca. 1800 Pallanganmiddang Pama-Nyungan Victoria, Australia
ca. 19th century Assan Yeniseian central Siberia, Russia [152]
ca. 19th century Coptic Afroasiatic Egypt apparently only in scattered places since the 17th century;[241] still in use as a liturgical language
ca. 19th century Crimean Gothic Indo-European Crimea, Ukraine
ca. 19th century Mangue Oto-Manguean Central America
ca. 19th century Sandy River Valley Sign Language Martha's Vineyard Sign Language or isolate Maine, United States
ca. 19th century Volga Türki Turkic Idel-Ural Evolved into Bashkir and Tatar.
19th century Chorotega Oto-Manguean Costa Rica; Nicaragua [242]
19th century Jaikó Macro-Jê southeastern Piauí
19th century Kemi Sami Uralic Lapland, Finland [243]
19th century Matagalpa Misumalpan Nicaragua
19th century Mediterranean Lingua Franca Romance-based Pidgin Tunisia; Greece; Cyprus [244]
19th century Ramaytush Utian California, United States
19th century Solombala English English–Russian pidgin Solombala Shipyard [245]
early 19th century Cochimí Yuman-Cochimi (Hokan?) Baja California, Mexico
early 19th century Pumpokol Yeniseian central Siberia, Russia [152]
early 19th century Wila' Austroasiatic Seberang Perai, Malaysia
early 19th century Yurats Samoyedic central Siberia, Russia

18th century

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
late 18th century Esuma Kwa southern Côte d'Ivoire [246]
late 18th century Maipure Arawakan Upper Orinoco region
late 18th century Ruthenian Indo-European Eastern Slavic regions of Poland-Lithuania Evolved into Belarusian, Ukrainian and Rusyn.
after the late 1790s Chiriba Panoan Moxos Province, Bolivia All that was recorded of it was a list of seven words in the late 1790s.
after 1794 Magiana Arawakan Bolivia Magiana, an extinct Bolivia-Parana Arawakan language of Bolivia attested only with the wordlist in Palau, Mercedes and Blanca Saiz 1989 [1794].
after 1791 Eora Pama-Nyungan Queensland and New South Wales, Australia [247]
after 1791 Quiripi Algic Connecticut/New York/New Jersey, United States [248]
ca. 1790s Powhatan Algic eastern Virginia, United States
ca. 1790s Ramanos unclassified Moxos Province, Bolivia
after 1788 Gundungurra Pama-Nyungan New South Wales, Australia [249]
after 1788 Otomaco Otomakoan Venezuelan Llanos Known from a wordlist by Father Gerónimo José de Luzena written in December of 1788.
after 1788 Taparita Otomakoan Venezuelan Llanos Known from a wordlist by Father Gerónimo José de Luzena written in December of 1788.
after 1788 Ngunnawal Pama-Nyungan New South Wales, Australia [249]
after 1788 Thurawal Pama-Nyungan New South Wales, Australia [249]
26 December 1777 Cornish Indo-European Cornwall, England with the death of Dolly Pentreath[250][notes 10]
after 1770 Weyto unclassified Ethiopia
after 1770 Tamanaku Cariban languages Venezuela
1770 Cuman Turkic north of Black Sea; Hungary with the death of István Varró [fr][251]
ca. 1770s Abipón Mataco–Guaicuru Argentina
after 1763 Susquehannock Iroquoian Northeastern United States After the Conestoga massacre.
1760 Galwegian dialect, Scottish Gaelic Indo-European Scotland, United Kingdom with the death of Margaret McMurray
3 October 1756 Polabian Indo-European around the Elbe river, Poland/Germany with the death of Emerentz Schultze[252]
ca. 1730s Arin Yeniseian central Siberia, Russia [152]
18th Century Ajem-Turkic Turkic Iran, Eastern Anatolia, the South Caucasus and Dagestan Evolved into Azerbaijani.
18th century Chané Arawakan Argentina a dialect of Terêna
18th century Chibcha Chibchan Colombia
18th century Classical Gaelic Indo-European Ireland and Scotland, United Kingdom The literary language. Fell out of use with the collapse of Gaelic society.[253]
18th century Coahuilteco Isolate/unclassified Mexico; Texas, United States
18th century Loup Algic Massachusetts and Connecticut, United States
18th century Manao Arawakan Brazil
18th Century Plateau Sign Language Contact pidgin Columbia Plateau, United States
18th century or earlier Chuvan Yukaghir Chuvan was spoken in Anadyr (river) basin of Chukotka in Russia.
18th century or earlier Omok Yukaghir Omok was spoken in Sakha and Magadan in Russia.
early 18th century Apalachee Muskogean Florida, United States
early 18th century Old Prussian Indo-European Poland

17th century

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
between 17th and 19th century Niuatoputapu Austronesian Niuatoputapu Island, Tonga [254]
late 17th to early 18th century Cacán unclassified northern Argentina; Chile
Maybe 17th to 18th century Acaxee Uto-Aztecan Northwestern Mexico
Maybe 17th to 18th century Xixime Uto-Aztecan Northwestern Mexico
by 1700 Pidgin Delaware Delaware-based pidgin Delaware, United States [255]
late 17th century Sudovian Indo-European Lithuania
after 1666 Old Kentish Sign Language Village sign language Kent, England [256]
after mid 17th century AD Favorlang Austronesian Taiwan
after 1643 Narragansett Algic New England, United States [257]
after 1640 Yaio Cariban Trinidad and French Guiana Attested in a 1640 word list recorded by Joannes de Laet.
ca. 1635 Jurchen Tungusic Manchuria, China [258] Evolved into Manchu.
after 1618 Lumbee Algic North Carolina and Maryland, United States [259]
after 1618 Carolina Algonquian Algic North Carolina, United States [259]
17th century AD Andalusi Arabic Afroasiatic southern Spain
17th century AD Armeno-Kipchak Turkic Crimea [260]
17th century AD Adhari Indo-European Iranian Azerbaijan [261]
17th century AD Basque–Icelandic pidgin Basque–Icelandic Pidgin Iceland [262]
17th century AD Cazcan Uto-Aztecan Mexico
17th century AD Curonian Indo-European Latvia
17th century AD Etchemin Algic Maine, United States
17th century AD Gorgotoqui Macro-Jê eastern Bolivia

16th century

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
16th-18th century Gorgani Indo-European Gorgan [263]
late 16th century Knaanic Indo-European Czech Republic; Poland
late 16th century Laurentian Iroquoian Quebec/Ontario, Canada
after 1586 Palta unclassified Ecuador
after 1548 Taino Arawakan The Bahamas and Puerto Rico
1535 Cueva unclassified Chocoan? Darién Province, Panama The Cueva people were exterminated between 1510 and 1535 during Spanish colonization.
after 1516 Mamluk-Kipchak Turkic Egypt and Syria [264]
after 1502 Tangut Sino-Tibetan northwestern China; southern Mongolia
16th century Guanahatabey unclassified Pinar del Río Province and Isla de la Juventud, Cuba
16th century Guanche unclassified, maybe Berber Canary Islands, Spain [265]
16th century Judaeo-Portuguese Indo-European Belmonte, Portugal
16th century Meshchera Uralic Meshchera Lowlands [266]
16th century Navarro-Aragonese Indo-European southern Navarre, Spain Aragonese is still spoken as a minority language in Spain.
16th century Old Novgorod Indo-European Novgorod Republic [267]
16th century Semigallian Indo-European Latvia; Lithuania

15th century

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
After 1492 Judaeo-Aragonese Indo-European North Central Spain After the Alhambra Decree
After 1492 Judaeo-Catalan Indo-European Eastern Spain After the Alhambra Decree
15th century AD African Romance Indo-European Roman Africa [268]
15th century AD Jassic Indo-European Hungary [269]
15th century AD Old Anatolian Turkish Turkic Anatolia Emerged in Anatolia late 11th century, and developed into early Ottoman Turkish.
15th century AD Old Nubian Eastern Sudanic Nubia [270] Evolved into Nobiin.
15th century AD Tamna Japonic? Tamna [271]
end of 15th century Mozarabic Indo-European Spain; Portugal [272]
late 15th century Greenlandic Norse Indo-European Greenland
late 15th century Selonian Indo-European Latvia; Lithuania

14th century

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
14th century AD Bulgar Turkic Volga and Danube, Europe; Central Asia By the 9th or 10th centuries on the Danube and by the 14th century in the Volga region. It may have ultimately given rise to the Chuvash language, which is most closely related to it.
14th century AD Daylami Indo-European South Caspian Sea [273]
14th century AD Franco-Italian Indo-European Northern Italy [274]
14th century AD Galician-Portuguese Indo-European northwestern Spain, northern Portugal Evolved into Galician, Portuguese, Eonavian and Fala. Some linguists argue that said languages could all still be considered modern varieties of Galician-Portuguese itself.
14th century AD Khorezmian Turkic Turkic Central Asia Evolved into Chagatai.
14th century AD Old Uyghur Turkic Central Asia, East Asia|
14th century AD West Galindian Indo-European northern Poland
14th century AD Zarphatic Indo-European northern France; west-central Germany

13th century

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
After 20 June 1244 Khitan Mongolic Central Asia with the death of Yelü Chucai[275][notes 11]
13th century Karakhanid Turkic Central Asia Evolved into Khorezmian Turkic.
13th century Pyu Sino-Tibetan central Myanmar
13th century Siculo-Arabic Afroasiatic Emirate of Sicily [276] Evolved into Maltese.
13th century Skalvian Indo-European Scalovia
12-13th centuries AD Balhae Tungusic? Balhae

12th century

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
12th century AD East Galindian Indo-European Protva basin [277]
12th century AD Khwarezmian Indo-European Khwarazm
12th century AD Pecheneg Turkic Eastern Europe

11th century

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
between 1000 and 1300 AD Khazar Turkic northern Caucasus; Central Asia
11th – 12th century AD Cumbric Indo-European England/Scotland, United Kingdom
11th – 12th century AD Jewish Babylonian Aramaic Afroasiatic Iraq [278]
ca. 1000 AD Lombardic Indo-European central Europe; northern Italy
ca. 1000 AD Merya Uralic Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia
ca. 1000 AD Moselle Romance Indo-European Moselle [279]
ca. 1000 AD Muromian Uralic Vladimir Oblast, Russia
ca. 1000 AD Old Church Slavonic Indo-European Eastern Europe still used as a liturgical language
ca. 1000 AD Shauraseni Prakrit Indo-European Medieval India [280]
ca. 1000 AD Sogdian Indo-European Sogdia [281] Evolved into Yaghnobi.

10th century

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
10th – 12th century AD Syriac Afroasiatic Turkey; Iraq; Syria now only used as liturgical language[282]
10th – 12th century AD Samaritan Aramaic Afroasiatic West Bank, Palestine; Israel now only used as liturgical language[283]
10th century AD Himyaritic Afroasiatic Yemen
10th century AD Paishachi Indo-European North India [284]
10th century AD Pannonian Latin Indo-European Pannonia [285]
10th century AD Saka Indo-European Xinjiang, China Evolved into Wakhi.
10th century AD Zhang-Zhung Sino-Tibetan western Tibet (Central Asia)

9th century

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
9th century AD or later Pictish Indo-European Scotland, United Kingdom
after 840 AD Tocharian Indo-European Tarim Basin (Central Asia)
9th century AD Gothic Indo-European Spain; Portugal; Italy With the exception of Crimean Gothic

8th century

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
8th century AD Aghwan Northeast Caucasian Azerbaijan [286] Evolved into Udi.
8th century AD British Latin Indo-European Roman Britain [287]
8th century AD Orkhon Turkic Turkic Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Eastern Asia Evolved into Old Uyghur.

7th century

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
7th-10th century? Goguryeo Puyŏ, possibly Koreanic Korea, China
after 620 AD Rouran Mongolic or isolate Northern China and Mongolia [288]
ca. 600 Avestan Indo-European Iran [289]
7th century AD Baekje Koreanic Korea may be more than one language.
7th century AD Buyeo Puyŏ, possibly Koreanic Manchuria
7th century AD Gaya unclassified Korea [290]
7th century AD Mahan Koreanic? Mahan confederacy [290]

6th century

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
6th century AD Ancient Cappadocian Indo-European Anatolia [291]
6th century AD Burgundian Indo-European Kingdom of the Burgundians [292]
6th century AD Dacian Indo-European Balkans
6th century AD Gaulish Indo-European Gaul: France, Belgium, Germany and elsewhere
6th century AD Illyrian Indo-European western Balkans disputed
6th century AD Okjeo Koreanic? Okjeo [290]
6th century AD Sabaean Afroasiatic Horn of Africa; Arabic Peninsula
6th century AD Tuyuhun Para-Mongolic Northern China Spoken around 500 AD.[293]
6th century AD Vandalic Indo-European Spain; North Africa
6th century AD Ye-Maek Koreanic? Yemaek [290]

5th century

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
5th – 6th century Hadramautic Afroasiatic Dhofar Mountains
before 6th century Ligurian unclassified, possibly Celtic or Indo-European northwestern Italy; southeastern France [294]
after 453 Hunnic unclassified, possibly Oghuric from the Eurasian steppe into Europe
ca. 400 AD Egyptian Afro-Asiatic Ancient Egypt [295] With the exception of Coptic.
ca. 400 AD Meroitic unclassified, maybe Nubian Sudan
5th century Alanic Indo-European Alania and Iberia [296] Evolved into Ossetian.
5th century Isaurian Indo-European Anatolia
5th century Thracian Indo-European eastern and central Balkans
early 5th century Punic Afroasiatic North Africa
after 400 AD Phrygian Indo-European southeastern Bulgaria; Anatolia [297]

4th century

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
4th century AD Hismaic Afroasiatic Ḥismā Oasis [298]
4th century CE Aquitanian Isolate or Vasconic Novempopulania and Basque Country Evolved into Basque.
4th century CE Galatian Indo-European central Anatolia
4th century CE Geʽez Afroasiatic Ethiopia; Eritrea still used as a liturgical language[299]
4th century CE Biblical Hebrew Afroasiatic Israel revived in the 1880s
after 300 CE Parthian Indo-European Iran

3rd century

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
after 274 AD Palmyrene Aramaic Afroasiatic Palmyrene Empire extended to the Western Roman Empire as far as Britannia[300]
after 267 AD Thamudic Afroasiatic Kingdom of Thamud [301]
3rd century AD Gandhari Indo-European Gandhara [302]
3rd century AD Rhaetic unclassified, maybe Tyrsenian eastern Alps
3rd century AD Safaitic Afroasiatic Syria [303]
3rd century AD Sidicini Indo-European Italy
3rd century AD Xianbei Para-Mongolic Xianbei state
c. 200 CE Qatabanian Afro-Asiatic Yemen

2nd century

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
after 2nd century AD Noric Indo-European Austria; Slovenia
after 2nd century AD Pisidian Indo-European southwestern Anatolia
after 150 AD Bactrian Indo-European Afghanistan
150 AD Marsian Indo-European Marsica [304]
100 AD Akkadian Afroasiatic Mesopotamia [305]
100 AD Armazic Afroasiatic South Caucasus [306]
100 AD Etruscan Tyrsenian central Italy

[307]

100 AD Hasaitic Afroasiatic Al-Ahsa Oasis [308]
ca. 2nd century AD Celtiberian Indo-European central-eastern Spain
ca. 2nd century AD Gallaecian Indo-European northwestern Spain, northern Portugal
2nd century AD Lusitanian unclassified Portugal, southwestern Spain
ca. 2nd century AD Nuragic Indo-European Sardinia
ca. 2nd century AD Sorothaptic Indo-European eastern Spain

1st century

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
1st – 2nd century AD Iberian unclassified Spain; France
1st – 2nd century AD Paeonian Indo-European Macedonia; Greece; Bulgaria
Approximately 50 AD Lycaonian unclassified Lycaonia
1st century AD Liburnian Indo-European western Croatia
1st century AD Median Indo-European Persia [309]
1st century AD Nabataean Arabic Afro-Asiatic Levant, Sinai Peninsula and northwest Arabia
1st century AD Venetic Indo-European northeastern Italy
Approximately 100 AD Oscan Indo-European southern Italy

1st century BCE

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
50 BC Cisalpine Gaulish Indo-European Cisalpine Gaul [310]
1st century BC Elymian unclassified western Sicily
1st century BC Lycian Indo-European southwestern Anatolia
1st century BC Lydian Indo-European western Anatolia
1st century BC Messapic Indo-European Apulia, Italy
1st century BC Mysian Indo-European northwestern Anatolia
1st century BC Sabine Indo-European central Italy
1st century BC Sicanian unclassified central Sicily
1st century BC Sicel Indo-European eastern Sicily
1st century BC Umbrian Indo-European central Italy
early 1st millennium BC Eteocretan Isolate/unclassified Crete, Greece
1st millennium BC Milyan Indo-European Anatolia

2nd century BCE

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
ca. 100 BC Paelignian Indo-European Valle Peligna [311]
100 BC Vestinian Indo-European east-central Italy [312]
ca. 150 BC Faliscan Indo-European Tuscany/Latium, Italy
ca. 100 BC Minaean Afro-Asiatic Yemen
2nd century BC Phoenician Afro-Asiatic Canaan, North Africa, Cyprus, Iberia, Sicily, Malta and Sardinia

3rd century BCE

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
232 BC Ashokan Prakrit Indo-European South Asia [313]
ca. 3rd century BC Aequian Indo-European Latium, east-central Italy
ca. 3rd century BC Carian Indo-European southwestern Anatolia
ca. 3rd century BC Elu Indo-European Sri Lanka [314] Evolved into Sinhala and Dhivehi.
ca. 3rd century BC Lucanian Indo-European Lucania [315]
ca. 3rd century BC Siculian Indo-European Sicily [316]
ca. 3rd century BC Sidetic Indo-European southwestern Anatolia
ca. 3rd century BC Volscian Indo-European Italy; Latium
ca. 200 BC Numidian Afro-Asiatic Numidia [317]

4th century BCE

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
early 4th century BC Eteocypriot Isolate/unclassified Cyprus
4th century BC Ancient Macedonian Indo-European northeastern Greece
4th century BC Kassite Hurro-Urartian? Babylon [318]
4th century BC South Picene Indo-European Picenum [319]
ca. 300 BC Marrucinian Indo-European Chieti [320]
ca. 300 BC Philistine unclassified, maybe Indo-European Israel; Lebanon
ca. 350 BC Elamite Isolate Persia; southern Mesopotamia

5th century BCE

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
after 5th century BC Tartessian unclassified Spain [321]
5th century BC Ammonite Afroasiatic northwestern Jordan
5th century BC Moabite Afroasiatic northwestern Jordan
5th century BC North Picene unclassified Picenum
ca. 400 BC Lepontic Indo-European northern Italy
early 5th century BC Oenotrian Indo-European Southern Italy [322]
second half of the 1st millennium BC Dadanitic Afroasiatic Lihyan [323]

6th century BCE

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
after 6th century BC Lemnian Tyrsenian Lemnos, Greece [324]
second half of the 6th century BC Taymanitic Afroasiatic Tayma [325]
500 BC Lanuvian Indo-European Lanuvium
500 BC Praenestinian Indo-European Palestrina
500 BC Pre-Samnite Indo-European Campania [326]
6th century BC Edomite Afroasiatic southwestern Jordan
6th century BC Urartian Hurro-Urartian Armenia; Georgia; Iraq; Anatolia

7th century BCE

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
620-580 BC Cimmerian Indo-European North Caucasus and West Asia [327]
ca. 600 BC Dumaitic Afroasiatic Dumat al-Jandal [328]
ca. 600 BC Luwian Indo-European Anatolia; northern Syria

8th century BCE

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
730s BC Samalian Afro-Asiatic Samʾal [329]
770s BC South Gileadite Afro-Asiatic Deir Alla [330]
after 800 BC Kaskian Unclassified Northeastern Anatolia and Colchis [331]

2nd millennium BCE

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
ca. 1000 BC Hurrian Hurro-Urartian Anatolia; Syria; Mesopotamia
ca. 1050 BC Cypro-Minoan unclassified Cyprus may have evolved into Eteocypriot.
ca. 1100 BC Sutean Afro-Asiatic Northeast Syria Spoken around 2100 BCE
ca. 1100 BC Hittite Indo-European Anatolia
after 1170 BC Ugaritic Afroasiatic Syria following the destruction of Ugarit
ca. 1200 BC Kalasmaic Indo-European Kalasma [332]
ca. 1200 BC Mycenaean Greek Indo-European Mycenaean Greece and western Anatolia [333]
after 1300s BC Mitanni-Aryan Indo-European Mitanni [334]
ca. 1300 BC Palaic Indo-European northwest Anatolia
ca. 1450 BC Minoan unclassified Crete may have evolved into Eteocretan.
ca. 1500 BC Hattic unclassified, possibly Northwest Caucasian Anatolia
ca. 1600 BC Amorite Afro-Asiatic Levant
ca. 1900 BC Harappan unclassified, possibly Dravidian Indus River [335]
c. 2000-1800 BC Sumerian Isolate Mesopotamia used as a literary and liturgical language until about 100 CE[336]

3rd millennium BCE

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
after 2200 BC Gutian unclassified Zagros Mountains?
3rd millennium BC Eblaite Afroasiatic Syria [337]

Unknown date

[edit]
Date Language Language family Region Notes
UNK Amarizana Arawakan Meta Department, Colombia
UNK Amazon Mayoruna Panoan Amazon basin, Brazil, Peru, and Colombia
UNK Anauyá Arawakan Castaño Viejo River Amazonas, Venezuela
UNK Apingi Cariban South America
UNK Arakajú Cariban South America
UNK Aravirá Macro-Jê Mato Grosso, Santa Cruz Nothing is known directly about this language.
UNK Arma Chocoan? Colombia Unattested
UNK Aroã Arawakan Marajó
UNK Atanque Chibchan Cesar Department, Colombia
UNK Aushiri Zaparoan Loreto, Peru
UNK Auyokawa Afro-Asiatic Jigawa State
UNK Boanarí Cariban South America
UNK Cabre Arawakan Colombia
UNK Chakpa Sino-Tibetan Manipur
UNK Conambo Zaparoan North Eastern Peru near the Conambo River. Some consider Conambo to be a dialect of Záparo.
UNK Custenau Arawakan Mato Grosso, Brazil
UNK Di Turkic? western China
UNK Dorasque Chibchan Panama and Costa Rica
UNK Ermiteño Chavacano Ermita, Manila, Philippines Spanish-based creole
UNK Garachi Indo-European Azerbaijan
UNK Gueren Macro-Jê Minas Gerais, Brazil
UNK Huetar Chibchan Alajuela, Costa Rica
UNK Jandiatuba Mayoruna Panoan Amazon basin, Brazil
UNK Jie Yeniseian North China Possibly evolved into Pumpokol.[citation needed]
UNK Juma Cariban South America
UNK Kambojan Indo-European Kamboja Kingdom
UNK Kamurú Macro-Jê Eastern Brazil
UNK Kariaí Arawakan Roraima, Brazil
UNK Koropó Macro-Jê Minas Gerais, Brazil
UNK Kotoxó Macro-Jê Bahia, Brazil
UNK Kulon Austronesian Taiwan
UNK Loun Austronesian Maluku Islands
UNK Malalí Macro-Jê Minas Gerais, Brazil
UNK Mangaló Macro-Jê Bahia and Minas Gerais
UNK Masakará Macro-Jê Bahia, Brazil
UNK Maynas Cahuapanan? Loreto, Peru
UNK Menién Macro-Jê Bahia, Brazil
UNK Morique Arawakan Between the Ucayali River and Javari River
UNK Nam Sino-Tibetan Central Asia
UNK Nutabe Chibchan Santa Fe de Antioquia, Colombia
UNK Old Catio Chibchan Santa Fe de Antioquia, Colombia
UNK Olmec unclassified, possibly Mixe-Zoque Mexico
UNK Opón Cariban Colombia
UNK Pahlavani Indo-European Chakhansur District
UNK Paleo-Corsican unclassified Corsica
UNK Palmela Cariban South America
UNK Paravilyana Cariban South America
UNK Pasé Arawakan Brazil
UNK Pawishiana Cariban South America
UNK Pimenteira Cariban South America
UNK Purukotó Cariban South America
UNK Quimbaya unclassified Colombia Might not be a distinct language.
UNK Sabujá Macro-Jê Bahia, Brazil
UNK Sapará Cariban South America
UNK Sinúfana Chocoan? Colombia Poorly attested
UNK Sorung Austronesian Erromango
UNK Suebian Indo-European Elbe basin and northwestern Iberia
UNK Tiverikoto Cariban South America
UNK Tuoba Mongolic or Turkic Northern China Spoken around the 5th century AD.
UNK Vazimba Austronesian Madagascar
UNK Villa Viciosa Agta Austronesian Villaviciosa, Abra Philippines unattested
UNK Voto Chibchan Costa Rica
UNK Waamwang Austronesian Voh, New Caledonia
UNK Wajumará Cariban South America
UNK Waraikú Arawakan Brazil
UNK Western Jicaque Hokan? Honduras
UNK Wiriná Arawakan Brazil
UNK Wusun Indo-European between the Qilian Mountains and Dunhuang
UNK Xiongnu unknown Mongolia
UNK Yabaâna Arawakan Brazil
UNK Yarumá Cariban South America
UNK Yumana Arawakan Brazil

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Last surviving native speaker; it is being taught as a second language on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State.
  2. ^ Last surviving native speaker; some children still learn it as a second language.
  3. ^ Brother of Lenape traditionalist and language preservation activist Nora Thompson Dean
  4. ^ The last full-blooded Selknam Indian, but some have suggested certain people remained fluent in the languages until the 1980s.
  5. ^ Last attested speaker of a Chumashan language
  6. ^ Last member of the Yahi, the last surviving group of the Yana people who spoke Yana
  7. ^ Considered to be the last fluent speaker of a Tasmanian language.
  8. ^ Considered to be the last full-blood speaker of a Tasmanian language;[225] however, Fanny Cochrane Smith, who spoke one of the Tasmanian languages, outlived her.
  9. ^ Last full-blooded speaker, though partial knowledge of this language continued among mixed Cayuga-Tutelo descendants for some time.
  10. ^ Possibly the last fluent native speaker of the Cornish language, was monoglot until her twenties. See Last speaker of the Cornish language.
  11. ^ Last person known to speak, read, and write in Khitan.

References

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  181. ^ Stilo, D. L. (1994). Phonological systems in contact in Iran and Transcaucasia. Ibex Publishers, Inc. p. 90. As to the present status of Kilit, it is a moribund, or more likely extinct, language mentioned and transcribed two or three times by nonlinguists from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries. The last known data collected was in the 1950s when speakers numbered only a few old men using it probably only as a trade jargon or secret language.
  182. ^ "Pijao". Ethnologue.
  183. ^ Tunica Texts, Mary R. Haas, 1950, University of California Press
  184. ^ Ullendorff, Edward. The Ethiopians: An Introduction to Country and People, Second Edition (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 131.
  185. ^ Handbook of North American Indians, V. 14, Southeast. Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160876165.
  186. ^ The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (David Crystal, editor); Cambridge University Press, 1987; p. 303: "The Isle of Man was wholly Manx-speaking until the 18th century... the last mother-tongue speakers died in the late 1940s"
  187. ^ "Historic Monterey: Photo Gallery - Isabel Meadows". City of Monterey. 2009. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  188. ^ Seaburg, William R.; Pamela T. Amoss. Badger and Coyote were Neighbors: Melville Jacobs on Northwest Indian Myths and Tails. Oregon State University Press. pp. 6–26.
  189. ^ Marianne Mithun (7 June 2001). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge University Press. pp. 431–. ISBN 978-0-521-29875-9. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  190. ^ "Narungga". Ethnologue.
  191. ^ Einaudi 1976, pp. 1–3
  192. ^ Paris Achen (11 January 2008). "Pair breathe life into dead language". Mail Tribune. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
  193. ^ a b c d e George van Driem (2001), Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region : Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language, BRILL, ISBN 90-04-12062-9, ... The Aka-Kol tribe of Middle Andaman became extinct by 1921. The Oko-Juwoi of Middle Andaman and the Aka-Bea of South Andaman and Rutland Island were extinct by 1931. The Akar-Bale of Ritchie's Archipelago, the Aka-Kede of Middle Andaman and the A-Pucikwar of South Andaman Island soon followed. By 1951, the census counted a total of only 23 Greater Andamanese and 10 Sentinelese. That means that just ten men, twelve women and one child remained of the Aka-Kora, Aka-Cari and Aka-Jeru tribes of Greater Andaman and only ten natives of North Sentinel Island ...
  194. ^ "Science: Last of the Kitsai." Time Magazine. 27 June 1932 (retrieved 3 May 2010)
  195. ^ "Ajawa". Ethnologue.
  196. ^ Amery, Rob; University of Adelaide, (issuing body.) (2016), Warraparna Kaurna! : reclaiming an Australian language (PDF), University of Adelaide Press, pp. 1, 17, ISBN 978-1-925261-24-0
  197. ^ Dagikhudo, Dagiev; Carole, Faucher (2018). Identity, History and Trans-Nationality in Central Asia. Andreev explains that 100 years ago there was an ancient Vanji language used by people of Vanj valley. He then provides as example that in 1925, when travelling to Vanj Valley, him and his travel companion met an old man who told that, when he was 11 years old, he was speaking Vanji language. Unfortunately, the old man could remember only 20-30 words, but even then, he was not sure if they were all correct.
  198. ^ Luthin, Herbert (2002). Surviving through the Days. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22270-0.
  199. ^ Kathryn Klar; Margaret Langdon; Shirley Silver (30 November 2011). American Indian and Indoeuropean Studies: Papers in Honor of Madison S. Beeler. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 14–. ISBN 978-3-11-080868-1.
  200. ^ "Ethnologue report for language code: chg". archive.ethnologue.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  201. ^ George van Driem (2001), Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region : Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language, BRILL, ISBN 90-04-12062-9, The Aka-Kol tribe of Middle Andaman became extinct by 1921.
  202. ^ "mutual-intelligibility-among-the-turkic.pdf" (PDF). Retrieved 8 April 2024. This lect is the descendant of the Fergana Kipchak language that went extinct in the late 1920's.
  203. ^ Campbell 1997:166
  204. ^ Klar, Kathryn (Winter 1991). "Precious Beyond the Power of Money to Buy: John P. Harrington's Fieldwork with Rosario Cooper". Anthropological Linguistics. 33 (4): 379–391. JSTOR 30028218.
  205. ^ Parkvall, Mikael. 2006. Limits of Language, London: Battlebridge; p. 51.
  206. ^ "Siraya". Ethnologue.
  207. ^ Fawcett, Melissa Jayne. Medicine Trail: The Life and Lessons of Gladys Tantaquidgeon
  208. ^ "Smith, Fanny Cochrane (1834–1905)". Fanny Cochrane Smith. Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  209. ^ "Fanny Cochrane Smith". Archived from the original on 19 July 2010. Retrieved 30 June 2010. She is probably best known for her cylinder recordings of Aboriginal songs, recorded in 1899, which are the only audio recordings of an indigenous Tasmanian language.
  210. ^ "UNESCO RED BOOK ON ENDANGERED LANGUAGES: NORTHEAST ASIA". Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2024. Present state of the language: EXTINCT probably in the early 20th century, no exact date available
  211. ^ "The Jangil (Rutland Jarawa)". www.andaman.org. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013.
  212. ^ Gurdon, P.R.T (1903). "The Morāns". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 72 (1): 36.
  213. ^ "Ethnologue report for language code: myz". Archived from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  214. ^ Magocsi, Paul R. (2015). With their backs to the mountains: a history of Carpathian Rus' and Carpatho-Rusyns. Budapest: Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-386-107-3. OCLC 929239528.
  215. ^ Siporin, Steve (24 October 2001). "Venice and the Jews". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 10 October 2024. ...the Jewish-Venetian dialect that survived into the 20th century.
  216. ^ Bakker, P. & Nielsen, F.S., 2011. Goddeis genter! Mål & mæle, 34(1), pp.13–18.
  217. ^ Linn, Dubh (18 July 2014). "Dublin Irish: When was Dublin Irish last spoken - and where?". Dublin Irish. Retrieved 2 September 2018.
  218. ^ George van Driem (May 2007). Matthias Brenzinger (ed.). "Endangered Languages of South Asia". Handbook of Endangered Languages: 303. Retrieved 20 October 2024. Rangkas was recorded in the Western Himalayas as recently as the beginning of the 20th century, but is now extinct.
  219. ^ "Mbara". Archived from the original on 7 January 2015.
  220. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  221. ^ "Ethnologue report for language code: nwa". Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  222. ^ "Waling". Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  223. ^ Roegiest, Eugeen (2006). Vers les sources des langues romanes: un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania (in French). ACCO. p. 138. ISBN 978-90-334-6094-4.
  224. ^ Brahms, William B. (2005). Notable Last Facts: A Compendium of Endings, Conclusions, Terminations and Final Events throughout History. Original from the University of Michigan: Reference Desk Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-9765325-0-7.
  225. ^ Crowley, Terry (2007). Field linguistics: a beginner's guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199213702.
  226. ^ "tinet.ie".
  227. ^ Horatio Hale, "Tutelo Tribe and Language", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 21, no. 114 (1883), 9-11.
  228. ^ Inoue, Aya (2006). "Grammatical Features of Yokohama Pidgin Japanese: Common Characteristics of Restricted Pidgins" (PDF). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa: 55. Retrieved 15 September 2024. A pidginized variety of Japanese called Yokohamese or Japanese Ports Lingo evolved during the reign of Emperor Meiji from 1868 to 1912, and largely disappeared by the end of the nineteenth century.
  229. ^ Ethnologue has mixed this up with Carapana-tapuya. The languages clearly belong to different families.
  230. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  231. ^ "History", Nanticoke Tribe, accessed 8 Oct 2009
  232. ^ "Historic Nantucket Magazine".
  233. ^ "Ethnologue report for language code: smp". archive.ethnologue.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  234. ^ Munro, P. (1994). Halvorson, W. L.; Maender, G. J. (eds.). "Takic foundations of Nicoleño vocabulary" (PDF). Fourth Multidisciplinary Channel Islands Symposium: 659–668. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  235. ^ North-western European language evolution: NOWELE, vols. 50-51 (Odense University Press, 2007), p. 240
  236. ^ "Area Guide Unst".[permanent dead link‍]
  237. ^ "Ethnologue report for language code: pli". archive.ethnologue.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  238. ^ "Biography: Shanawdithit". Discovery Collegiate High School Bonavista, Newfoundland. K-12 school Web pages in Newfoundland and Labrador. Archived from the original on 30 December 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
  239. ^ Parkvall, Mikael. 2006. Limits of Language, London: Battlebridge; p. 52.
  240. ^ "Krevinian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2024. Material from 15th-19th centuries AD.
  241. ^ The language may have survived in isolated pockets in Upper Egypt as late as the 19th century, according to James Edward Quibell, "When did Coptic become extinct?" in Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 39 (1901), p. 87. In the village of Pi-Solsel (Az-Zayniyyah, El Zenya or Al Zeniya north of Luxor), passive speakers were recorded as late as the 1930s, and traces of traditional vernacular Coptic reported to exist in other places such as Abydos and Dendera, see Werner Vycichl, Pi-Solsel, ein Dorf mit koptischer Überlieferung in: Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo, (MDAIK) vol. 6, 1936, pp. 169–175 (in German).
  242. ^ "- Ethnologue". Archived from the original on 23 December 2007.
  243. ^ "- Ethnologue".
  244. ^ Haarmann, Harald. 2002. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. München: Beck; p. 125.
  245. ^ Maticsák, Sándor; Zaicz, Gábor; Lahdelma, Tuomo (2001). "REFLECTIONS ON THE VERB SUFFIX -OM IN RUSSENORSK AND SOME PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON "DOCKING" IN LANGUAGE CONTACT" (PDF). Folia Uralica Debreceniensia 8.: 315–324. Retrieved 2 September 2024. Solombala-English, first investigated by Broch (1996), probably developed during the "English period" in the history of the city of Archangel, from the eighteenth to the nineteenth century.
  246. ^ "- Ethnologue".
  247. ^ "The notebooks of William Dawes". School of Oriental and African Studies and NSW Department of Aboriginal Affairs. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
  248. ^ McLaughlin, John (15 March 2008). "ISO 639-3 Registration Authority Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3" (PDF).
  249. ^ a b c Warren Christopher (2013). "Smallpox at Sydney Cove – Who, When, Why". Journal of Australian Studies. 38: 68–86. doi:10.1080/14443058.2013.849750. S2CID 143644513.
  250. ^ Ken George, "Cornish", and George & Broderick, "The Revived Languages: Cornish and Manx", in Ball & Müller, eds., 2009, The Celtic Languages, 2nd edition
    • Christopher Mosely, ed., 2007, Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages
    • Hadumod Bussmann, 1996, Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics
    • P.J Payton, "Cornish", in Brown & Ogilvie, eds., 2009, Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
    • Bernard Comrie, ed, 2009, The World's Major Languages, 2nd edition
    • James Clackson, 2007, Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction
    • Gareth King, 2003, Modern Welsh: A Comprehensive Grammar, 2nd edition
  251. ^ Melnyk, Mykola (2022). Byzantium and the Pechenegs. István Varró, a member of the Jász-Cuman mission to the empress of Austria Maria Theresa and the known last speaker of the Cuman language, died in 1770.
  252. ^ Kapović, Mate (2008), Uvod u indoeuropsku lingvistiku [An introduction to Indo-European linguistics] (in Croatian), Zagreb: Matica hrvatska, p. 109, ISBN 978-953-150-847-6
  253. ^ "Ethnologue report for language code: ghc". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  254. ^ "- Ethnologue".
  255. ^ "Ethnologue report for language code: dep". Archived from the original on 9 April 2015.
  256. ^ |Jackson, Peter Webster (2001). A Pictorial History of Deaf Britain.
  257. ^ Williams, Roger (1827). A key into the language of America. Providence: John Miller. p. 110. Retrieved 11 December 2008. Reprint of a book first published in 1643.
  258. ^ "Ethnologue report for language code: juc". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  259. ^ a b Raymond G. Gordon Jr., ed. 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. 15th edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  260. ^ Abdurrazak Peler, Gökçe Yükselen (2015). "Tarihte Türk – Ermeni Temasları Sonucunda Ortaya Çıkmış Bir Halk: Ermeni Kıpçakları veya Gregoryan K" [A People Emerged as A Result of Historical Turkic – Armenian Contact: The Armeno-Kipchaks or Gregorian Kipchaks]. Journal of Turkish Studies (in Turkish). 10 (8): 253. doi:10.7827/turkishstudies.8215.
  261. ^ "AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  262. ^ Hualde, Jose Ignatio. "Icelandic Basque pidgin". Retrieved 13 June 2024. ...translation of two manuscripts written in Iceland in the seventeenth century. Since the contact situation was interrupted in the first part of the eighteenth century and was of intermittent nature, the contact pidgin probably never developed much further than the stage recorded in the manuscripts.
  263. ^ Borjian, Habib (2008). The Extinct Language of Gurgān: Its Sources and Origins. p. 681. Hence, Gurgani must have died out sometime after the fifteenth but certainly before the nineteenth century
  264. ^
  265. ^ "Guanche". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 27 September 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
  266. ^ Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. p. 521.
  267. ^ "A HISTORY OF THE PRONOMINAL DECLENSION IN THE NOVGOROD DIALECT OF OLD RUSSIAN FROM THE ELEVENTH-CENTURY TO THE SIXTEENTH-CENTURY". ProQuest. Retrieved 9 April 2024. the 11th century, to the end of the 15th century
  268. ^ Loporcaro, Michele (2015). Vowel Length from Latin to Romance. Oxford University Press. p. 47. Became extinct between 1920 and 1940.
  269. ^ "Yassic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2024. 15th century AD?
  270. ^ "Old Nubian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2024. 8th - 15th centuries AD.
  271. ^ Alexander Vovin (2017). "Origins of the Japanese Language". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. p. 1,6. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
  272. ^ "Mozarabic:General overview". Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
  273. ^ Mehdi Marashi, Mohammad Ali Jazayery, Persian studies in North America: studies in honor of Mohammad Ali Jazayery, Ibex Publishers, Inc., 1994, ISBN 0-936347-35-X, 9780936347356, p. 269.
  274. ^ "francoveneto" (in Italian). Zanichelli DizionariPiù: La lingua, il sapere, la cultura. 27 October 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
  275. ^ Kane, Daniel (2009). The Kitan Language and Script. Brill. p. 4. ISBN 978-90-04-16829-9.
  276. ^ "ISO 639-3 Registration Authority Request for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). Retrieved 19 April 2024. Siculo Arabic is the term used for the variety (or varieties) of Arabic spoken in Sicily under the Arabs and then the Normans from the 9th to 13th centuries.
  277. ^ "Балтийские языки". lingvarium.org (in Russian). Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  278. ^ "Jewish Babylonian Aramaic". Ethnologue.
  279. ^ Post, Rudolf (2004). "Zur Geschichte und Erforschung des Moselromanischen". Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter. 68: 1–35. ISSN 0035-4473.
  280. ^ "iso639-3/psu". Retrieved 29 June 2024. Most of the material in this language originates from the 3rd to 10th centuries AD...
  281. ^ "Sogdian". Archived from the original on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 100 BC - 1000 AD.
  282. ^ "Syriac". Ethnologue.
  283. ^ "Samaritan Aramaic". Ethnologue.
  284. ^ "Paisaci Prakrit". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2024. Most of the material in this language originates from the 3rd to 10th centuries AD, though it was probably spoken as early as the 5th century BC.
  285. ^ Alexandru Magdearu (2001). Centrul de Studii Transilvane, Bibliotheca Rerum Transsylvaniae (ed.). Românii în opera Notarului Anonim (in Romanian). Vol. 27.
  286. ^ "Aghwan". Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2024. 6th-8th Centuries AD.
  287. ^ Charles-Edwards, Thomas (29 November 2012). Wales and the Britons, 350-1064. Oxford University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0198217312.
  288. ^ Savelyev, Alexander; Jeong, Choongwon (7 May 2020). "Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West". Cambridge University Press. 2. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.18. PMC 7612788. PMID 35663512. the Khüis Tolgoi inscription must have been erected between 604 and 620 AD.
  289. ^ "Ethnologue report for language code: ave". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  290. ^ a b c d Martine Robbeets (2020). Oxford University Press (ed.). "Archaeolinguistic evidence for the farming/language dispersal of Koreanic". p. 6. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
  291. ^ Cooper, Eric; Decker, Michael J. (2012). Life And Society In Byzantine Cappadocia. p. 14. The echoes of native Cappadocian could be heard into the sixth century and perhaps beyond.
  292. ^ Lockwood, William (1972). A Panorama of Indo-European Languages. Hutchinson. ISBN 0091110211.
  293. ^ Alexander Vovin (December 2015). "Some notes on the Tuyuhun (吐谷渾) language: in the footsteps of Paul Pelliot". Journal of Sino-Western Communications. 7 (2). Academia.edu: 157–166. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  294. ^ Haarman, Harald, Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen (Munich: Beck, 2002), p. 125
  295. ^ "Hieroglyphics Cracked 1,000 Years Earlier Than Thought". ScienceDaily. 7 October 2004. Retrieved 16 June 2024. Following the Roman invasion of Egypt in 30 BC the use of hieroglyphics began to die out with the last known writing in the fifth century AD.
  296. ^ "Alanic". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 27 May 2024. 5th century AD.
  297. ^ Swain, Simon; Adams, J. Maxwell; Janse, Mark (2002). Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Word. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. p. 252. ISBN 0-19-924506-1. The last mention of Phrygian in use dates from the fifth century AD.
  298. ^ "Hismaic". Retrieved 10 May 2024. i.e. first century BC to fourth century AD
  299. ^ O'Leary, De Lacy Evans (2000). Comparative grammar of the Semitic languages. Routledge. p. 23.
  300. ^ "THE ARABIC WORDS IN PALMYRENE INSCRIPTIONS". ResearchGate. Retrieved 11 May 2024. The earliest dated Palmyrene inscription is from the year 44 BC and the latest discovery has been dated to the year 274 AD.
  301. ^ Al-Jallad, Ahmad. "Al-Jallad. 2018. The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification". Academia.edu. Retrieved 10 May 2024. These inscriptions are concentrated in northwest Arabia, and one occurs alongside a Nabataean tomb inscription dated to the year 267 CE.
  302. ^ "KHAROSTHI MANUSCRIPTS: A WINDOW ON GANDHARAN BUDDHISM". Retrieved 13 May 2024. ... the Kharosthi script was used as a literary medium, that is, from the time of Asoka in the middle of the third century B.C. until about the third century A.D.
  303. ^ Al-Jallad, Ahmad. "Al-Jallad. 2020. The month ʾdr in Safaitic and the status of spirantization in "Arabian" Aramaic". Academia.edu. Retrieved 29 April 2024. A minority of dated texts suggest that the practice of carving Safaitic inscriptions spanned at least from the second century BCE to the third century CE.
  304. ^ "Marsian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2024. 300-150 BC.
  305. ^ "Linguist List - Description of Akkadian". Archived from the original on 25 December 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
  306. ^ "Armazic - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2024. 1st-2nd centuries AD.
  307. ^ "Etruskisch - MultiTree". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2024. 7th century BC - 100 AD.
  308. ^ "Hasaitic". Retrieved 10 May 2024. They are thought to date from the first two centuries AD.
  309. ^ "Median". Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  310. ^ "Cisalpine Gaulish". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2024. ca. 150-50 BC
  311. ^ "Paelignian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2024. Very few inscriptions exist, all from the 1st century BC.
  312. ^ "Vestinian". Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  313. ^ Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh K. (2003). The Indo-Aryan Languages. p. 164. The inscriptions of Asoka - a king of the Maurya dynasty who reigned, based in his capital Pataliputra, from 268 to 232 BC over almost the whole of India - were engraved in rocks and pillars, in various local dialects.
  314. ^ Dharmadāsa, Kē. En. Ō (1992). Language, Religion, and Ethnic Assertiveness: The Growth of Sinhalese Nationalism in Sri Lanka. p. 188. The ingredients of group consciousness mentioned above were kept alive principally because the Sinhalese people had a literate culture starting from about the third century B.C.
  315. ^ Scheu, Frederick (1964). The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society.
  316. ^ Joseph, Brian; Klein, Jared; Wenthe, Mark; Fritz, Matthias (11 June 2018). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Vol. 3. De Gruyter. p. 1854. ISBN 978-3110542431.
  317. ^ "Berbère". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2024. c. 200 BC.
  318. ^ "Kassites". Crystalinks. Retrieved 22 September 2024. Kassite (Cassite) was a language spoken by Kassites in northern Mesopotamia from approximately the 18th to the 4th century BC.
  319. ^ "South Picene". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2024. 6th century BC to 4th century BC.
  320. ^ "Marrucinian". Archived from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2024. The tablet seems to have dated to the mid 3rd century BC.
  321. ^ "Tartessian". Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  322. ^ Matteo Calabrese (2021). "The sacred law from Tortora". Academia.edu. pp. 281–339. Retrieved 10 October 2024. Datable between the end of the 6th and the beginning of the 5th century B.C., the inscription from Tortora is an Oenotrian text,
  323. ^ "Dadanitic". Retrieved 10 May 2024. Dadanitic was the alphabet used by the inhabitants of the ancient oasis of Dadan, probably some time during the second half of the first millennium BC.
  324. ^ Haarman, Harald, Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen (Munich: Beck, 2002), p. 124.
  325. ^ Kootstra-Ford, Fokelien. "The Language of the Taymanitic Inscriptions and its Classification". Academia.edu. Retrieved 8 May 2024. Therefore, at least part of the Taymanitic corpus can safely be dated to the second half of the 6th century BCE.
  326. ^ Piwowarczyk, Dariusz R. (2011). "Formations of the perfect in the Sabellic languages with the Italic and Indo-European background" (PDF). Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis (128): 105. Retrieved 10 October 2024. ...and Pre-Samnite (500 BC).
  327. ^ Ivantchik, A.I. (2001). The current state of the Cimmerian problem. The development of the Classical tradition on the subject of the Cimmerians after their disappearance from the historical arena, no later than the very end of the 7th or very beginning of the 6th century BC
  328. ^ "Dumaitic". Retrieved 10 May 2024. According to the Assyrian annals Dūma was the seat of successive queens of the Arabs, some of whom were also priestesses, in the eighth and seventh centuries BC.
  329. ^ "The Sam'alian Language". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2024. 820-730 BC.
  330. ^ ברוך מרגלית (October 1998). "עלילות בלעם בר-בעור מעמק סוכות" (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2024.
  331. ^ "Historical Memory about Migration of the Kaskians in Western Georgia". Retrieved 27 May 2024. The Kaška first appear on the territory of the Hittite empire in the 15th c. B.C. and are mentioned till 8th c. B.C.
  332. ^ Schwemer, Daniel (2024). Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi (in German). Vol. 71. Mainz: Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. p. XIX.
  333. ^ "FROM PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN TO MYCENAEAN GREEK:A PHONOLOGICAL STUDY" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2024. ... no tablets or any other inscribed vessels were found from ca. 1200 BC onwards.
  334. ^ History of Humanity: From the Third Millennium to the Seventh Century B.C. UNESCO. 31 December 1996. p. 196. ISBN 978-92-3-102811-3. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  335. ^ "Indus Valley Language". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2024. 2500-1900 BC.
  336. ^ Joan Oates (1979). Babylon [Revised Edition] Thames and Hudston, Ltd. 1986 p. 30, 52-53.
  337. ^ "Palaeosyrian". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2024. 3rd Millenium BC.
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