List of earthquakes in Guatemala
Earthquakes are relatively frequent occurrences in Guatemala. The country lies in a major fault zone, known as the Motagua and Chixoy-Polochic fault complex, which cuts across Guatemala and forms the tectonic boundary between the Caribbean plate and the North American plate. In addition, along Guatemala's western coast line, the Cocos plate pushes against the Caribbean plate forming a subduction zone known as the Middle America Trench, located approximately 50 km off Guatemala's Pacific coast. This subduction zone led to formation of the Central America Volcanic Arc, and is an important source of offshore earthquakes.[1] Both these major tectonic processes have generated deformations within the Caribbean plate and produced secondary fault zones, like the Mixco, Jalpatagua, and Santa Catarina Pinula faults.[2]
The most destructive earthquake in recent Guatemalan history was the 1976 quake with a magnitude of 7.5 Mw and a hypocenter depth of just 5 km. This shallow-focus earthquake, originating from the Motagua Fault, caused 23,000 fatalities, leaving 76,000 injured and causing widespread material damage. Surprisingly, the 7.9 Mw earthquake of 1942 -though higher in magnitude- was much less destructive, in part because of its substantially deeper hypocenter depth of 60 km.[3]
A number of earthquakes with low magnitudes caused major damage in very localized areas, which may in part be explained by their relatively shallow depth. This was the case with the 1985 Uspantán earthquake of 5.0 Mw with a depth of 5 km, which destroyed most buildings in the town of Uspantán, but caused little or no damage in the rest of the country.[4]
Recent earthquakes
Notable earthquakes in recent Guatemalan history include the following[3]:
| Name | Date | Epicentre | M | MM | Depth (km) |
Notes | Deaths | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1717 Guatemala earthquake | 1717-09-29 |
n/d Antigua Guatemala[5] |
7.4 | ~IX | n/d | Modified Mercalli intensity estimated at IX | n/d | |
| 1765 Guatemala earthquake | 1765-10-24 |
Ostuncalco (Quetzaltenango)[5] | 7.6-8.2 | ~VII | n/d | Modified Mercalli intensity estimated at VII. Duration of shaking reported at 7–8 minutes, which may indicate possible rupture up to Chiapas.[5] | n/d | |
| 1816 Guatemala earthquake | 1816-07-22 |
n/d Alta Verapaz[6] Chixoy-Polochic Fault |
7.5 | ~VII | n/d | Modified Mercalli intensity estimated at VII, covering 13,000 km2 | n/d | |
| 1902 Guatemala earthquake | 1902-04-18 08:55 hrs |
14°54′N 91°30′W / 14.90°N 91.50°W Quetzaltenango |
7.5 | n/d | 25 [60] | See also: 1902 Guatemala earthquake | 800-900 | |
| 1913 Guatemala earthquake | 1913-03-08 20:23:50 hrs |
n/d near Cuilapa Jalpatagua Fault[7] |
n/d | 5 | n/d | Destroyed the town of Cuilapa | n/d | |
| 1917 Guatemala earthquake | 1917-12-26 05:21:00 hrs |
n/d Guatemala City |
n/d | VII-IX | n/d | Several foreshocks since November 27, 1917 have preceded this quake. | 250 | |
| 1918 Guatemala earthquake | 1918-01-04 04:30.10 and 04:32.25 LT |
n/d near Guatemala City |
6.0 | VI | n/d | Magnitude estimate by INSUVIMEH[3] | n/d | |
| 1942 Guatemala earthquake | 1942-08-06 23:36.98 hrs |
13°54′N 90°48′W / 13.9°N 90.8°W [3] Western Guatemala[8] |
7.9 | - | 60 | Mainly widespread material damage | 38 | |
| 1959 Guatemala earthquake | 1959-02-20 18:16.33 hrs |
15°56′N 90°35′W / 15.94°N 90.59°W Ixcán |
n/d | - | 48 | n/d | ||
| 1976 Guatemala earthquake | 1976-02-04 03:03:33 hrs |
15°19′N 89°06′W / 15.32°N 89.10°W Motagua Fault |
7.5 | X | 5 | Activated destructive aftershocks in the Mixco Fault near Guatemala City. See also:1976 Guatemala earthquake | 23,000 | |
| 1985 Guatemala earthquake | 1985-10-11 03:39.17 hrs |
15°18′N 90°54′W / 15.3°N 90.9°W Uspantán |
5.0 | VII | 5 | Major damage in the town of Uspantán (80% of buildings affected) | n/d | |
| 1988 Guatemala earthquake | 1988-11-03 14:14.10 hrs |
13°52′52″N 90°27′00″W / 13.881°N 90.450°W San Vicente Pacaya |
6.0 | VI | 69 | 5 casualties[9] | 5 | |
| 1991 Guatemala earthquake | 1991-09-11 03:48:13 hrs |
14°24.12′N 91°03.06′W / 14.40200°N 91.05100°W Pochuta |
5.3 | VII | 32 | Destroyed 80% of the town of San Miguel Pochuta | 25 | |
| 1993 Chiapas earthquake | 1993-09-10 19:12:54 hrs |
14°43′01″N 92°38′42″W / 14.717°N 92.645°W offshore Chiapas, San Marcos department |
7.2 | - | 34 | Caused 1 casualty and considerable material damage in southwestern Guatemala where some roads were blocked due to rockslides. Some damage in parts of Chiapas.[10] | 1 | |
| 1995 Guatemala earthquake | 1995-12-19 14:56:06 hrs |
15°18′04″N 90°09′14″W / 15.301°N 90.154°W Tucurú |
5.3 | IV | 10 | 1 | ||
| 1998 Guatemala earthquake | 1998-01-10 02:20:10 hrs |
14°22′26″N 91°28′23″W / 14.374°N 91.473°W Santo Domingo Suchitepéquez |
6.6 | VII, VI | 33 | 16 people injured in Quezaltenango, 3 injured in San Marcos, 5 injured in Guatemala city. Buildings damaged in the Quezaltenango and San Marcos Departments. A number of houses destroyed in Solola Department.[11] | n/d | |
| 1998 Guatemala earthquake (March) | 1998-03-02 20:24:46 LT |
13°52.92′N 91°52.38′W / 13.88200°N 91.87300°W offshore Pacific Ocean |
5.6 | V, III | 33 | n/d | ||
| 2007 Guatemala earthquake | 2007-06-13 02:29:41 hrs |
13°37′23″N 90°47′49″W / 13.623°N 90.797°W offshore Pacific Ocean 115 km southwest of Guatemala City |
6.7 | - | 23 | See also: 2007 Guatemala earthquake | n/d | |
| 2008 Guatemala earthquake | 2008-05-27 11:28:01 UTC |
13°42′54″N 90°55′16″W / 13.715°N 90.921°W offshore Pacific Ocean[12] 120 km southwest of Guatemala City |
5.7 | - | 78 | n/d | ||
| 2009 Guatemala earthquake | 2009-05-03 16:21:47 UTC |
14°35′N 91°05′W / 14.58°N 91.08°W South of Patzún 55 km (35 miles) ESE of Quezaltenango [13] |
6.2 | - | 124 | n/d | ||
| 2010 Guatemala earthquake | 2010-02-23 15:16:00 UTC |
15°59′02″N 91°23′10″W / 15.984°N 91.386°W 20 km north of San Mateo Ixtatán[14] |
5.6 | - | 10 | The earthquake was preceded by a magnitude 5.3 quake on February 23, 2010 at 10:52:15 UTC with its epicenter located at 16°02′53″N 91°13′48″W / 16.048°N 91.230°W (10 km depth)[15] | n/d |
See also
Notes
- ^ Cáceres Calix, José Diego (2003). "Earthquake Sources and Hazard in Northern Central America" (pdf). Upsala.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|access_year=ignored (help) - ^ INSIVUMEH. "Marco tectónico para Guatemala".
{{cite web}}: Text "access" ignored (help) - ^ a b c d INSIVUMEH. "Principales eventos sísmicos del siglo XX en Guatemala".
{{cite web}}: Text "access" ignored (help) - ^ INSIVUMEH. "Marco tectónico para Guatemala".
{{cite web}}: Text "access" ignored (help) - ^ a b c Rose, William Ingersol, Natural Hazards in El Salvador, pp.394 Geological Society of America. Retrieved May 30, 2009
- ^ White, Randall A. "The Guatemala earthquake of 1816 on the Chixoy-Polochic fault". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 75 (2). http://www.seismosoc.org/: Seismological Society of America: 455–473. Retrieved 2008.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); External link in|location= - ^ Tucker e.a. 1994. Issues in Urban Earthquake Risk.
{{cite book}}: Text "access" ignored (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) page 241 - ^ USGS. "Historic Earthquakes - Guatemala, 1942 August 06".
{{cite web}}: Text "access" ignored (help) - ^ NOAA database
- ^ USGS - Significant Earthquakes of the World: 1993
- ^ USGS. Significant Earthquakes of the World, 1998
- ^ USGS. "Pager: M 5.7 - OFFSHORE GUATEMALA".
{{cite web}}: Text "access" ignored (help) - ^ USGS. "Magnitude 6.2 GUATEMALA".
{{cite web}}: Text "access" ignored (help) - ^ USGS. "Magnitude 5.6 GUATEMALA, 2010 February 23 15:16:00 UTC".
{{cite web}}: Text "access" ignored (help) - ^ USGS. "Magnitude 5.3 GUATEMALA, 2010 February 23 10:52:15 UTC".
{{cite web}}: Text "access" ignored (help)
References
- Marshall, Jeffrey S. (2007). "The Geomorphology and Physiographic Provinces of Central America". In Bundschuh, Jochen & Guillermo E. Alvarado (Eds) (ed.). Central America: Geology, Resources and Hazards. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1–30. ISBN 978-0415416474.
{{cite book}}:|format=requires|url=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|origmonth=,|month=,|origdate=, and|coauthors=(help); External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Tucker, Brian E., Mustafa Erdik, Christina N. Hwang (Eds.) (1994). Issues in Urban Earthquake Risk. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-2914-7.
{{cite book}}: templatestyles stripmarker in|author=at position 1 (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Sources
- Seismic data of Guatemala, Retrieved on July 28, 2008
- details on Historic Earthquakes in Guatemala. Retrieved on July 28, 2008.